超磁致伸缩微致动器结构优化与静态特性试验

采用超磁致伸缩材料作为微致动器的主要材料,详细阐述了超磁致伸缩微致动器的结构及性能。通过建立超磁致伸缩微致动器的2D轴对称模型,利用有限元方法对微致动器的电磁结构进行优化。试验结果表明超磁致伸缩致动器在合适的偏置磁场及预压力作用下,能达到较佳的输出电流-位移及电流-输出力响应特性。     

超磁致伸缩伺服阀用电—机转换器传热及热误差分析

提出了一种超磁致伸缩伺服阀用超磁致伸缩电-机转换器的结构并阐述了其工作原理,此电-机转换器采用了油液冷却和反向补偿法来抑制因热产生的位移输出。为分析温升对超磁致伸缩电-机转换器控制精度的影响,基于导热和对流传热理论建立了其传热模型,给出了稳态时超磁致伸缩棒上的温度和热补偿装置上的温度,分析了冷却油液流速对稳态温度的影响,并采用温度场数值模拟的方法对仿真结果进行了验证。分析结果表明,当控制电流为额定值1 A时,若超磁致伸缩棒和控制线圈间油液速度大于0.1 m/s,热补偿装置和超磁致伸缩棒的温度在20.3℃附近且温差在0.2℃以下。由超磁致伸缩棒和热补偿装置上的温度,进一步推导出了超磁致伸缩电-机转换器因热而产生的误差位移。通过仿真分析得出,在超磁致伸缩棒和控制线圈间油液速度等于0.1 m/s时,棒和外壳温度接近且温升不大,热误差位移不大于0.1μm。     

柔性铰链放大的叠堆式超磁致伸缩致动器建模与实验

为满足新型电液伺服阀的驱动要求,设计了柔性铰链放大的叠堆式超磁致伸缩致动器(FASGMA),建立了FASGMA输出位移模型,并进行了实验验证和分析。首先,根据传统GMA偏磁施加方式的特点和不足,采用永磁体和GMM棒交替排布的结构形式,设计了叠堆式超磁致伸缩致动器(SGMA),并利用柔性铰链机构放大其输出位移;然后,根据SGMA的结构特点,建立了反映轴向分布不均匀性的SGMA应变模型;接着,利用力学基本原理和有限元法对柔性铰链机构的放大比和固有频率进行了分析,提出了结构优化设计的方法,完成了放大机构结构参数的确定;在此基础上,考虑SGMA与放大机构的相互作用以及SGMA轴向应变分布规律,建立了FASGMA多自由度位移模型,确定了自由度的合理取值;最后,搭建了FASGMA测试系统,进行了阶跃和正弦激励实验,完成了模型验证。结果表明:实验与模型计算结果吻合,证明了模型准确性;在阶跃激励下,FASGMA最大位移约为130μm,响应时间约为70 ms;正弦激励下,FASGMA工作频带为60 Hz,对激励信号有较好的跟随特性。     

阀用超磁致伸缩致动器弓张结构静、动态建模与优化

为满足大流量超磁致伸缩电液伺服阀的驱动需要,设计了一种结构紧凑的弓张放大式超磁致伸缩致动器;基于力学基本原理和振动理论知识建立了弓张结构的静、动态模型;分析了弓张结构尺寸参数对其静、动态性能的影响;结合弓张放大式超磁致伸缩致动器应用于电液伺服阀的要求,利用多目标优化法确定了其结构尺寸最佳参数值,并利用有限元法对其静、动态模型进行了验证;设计了弓张放大式超磁致伸缩致动器样机,搭建了实验系统,并进行了静、动态实验。实验结果表明,弓张结构的放大倍数在8.13~8.72间波动,输出端最大位移可达107.9μm,固有频率约为168 Hz,测试所得结果与其静、动态模型计算值基本吻合;通过与优化前的性能相比,弓张结构的静态放大倍数在满足要求的条件下,其动态固有频率提高了55.6%;所设计的弓张放大式超磁致伸缩致动器基本上能够满足伺服阀的驱动要求,证明了该优化设计方法的有效性。     

超磁致伸缩执行器全耦合非线性动态有限元模型

超磁致伸缩执行器在高频率下工作时,能量损失不仅包括磁滞损失、Terfenol-D棒涡流损失,还包括执行器导磁回路的附加涡流损失,同时执行器上存在磁场、电场、温度场及机械应力场四场之间的耦合.本文考虑超磁致伸缩执行器Terfenol-D棒质量、预压应力、偏置磁场、磁滞和涡流损失,从电场、磁场和机械应力场三场耦合角度,建立超磁致伸缩执行器三维非线性动态有限元模型.超磁致伸缩材料磁滞特性由Berqvist和Engdahl磁滞模型来描述.应用FEMLAB建模分析并与实验结果对比,发现模型与实验结果吻合较好,验证了所建立三维动态FEM模型的正确性.     

阀用超磁致伸缩致动器弓张结构静、动态性能优化设计

为满足大流量超磁致伸缩电液伺服阀的驱动需要,设计了一种结构紧凑的弓张放大式超磁致伸缩致动器;基于力学基本原理和振动理论知识建立了弓张结构的静、动态模型;分析了弓张结构的尺寸参数对其静、动态性能的影响;结合弓张放大式超磁致伸缩致动器应用于电液伺服阀的要求,利用多目标优化法确定了其结构尺寸最佳参数值,并利用有限元法对其静、动态模型进行了验证;设计了弓张放大式超磁致伸缩致动器样机,搭建了试验系统,并进行了静、动态试验。实验结果表明,弓张结构的放大倍数在8.13～8.72间波动,输出端最大位移可达107.9μm,固有频率约为168 Hz,测试所得结果与其静、动态模型计算值基本吻合;通过与优化前的性能相比,弓张结构的静态放大倍数在满足要求的条件下,其动态固有频率提高了55.6%;所设计的弓张放大式超磁致伸缩致动器基本上能够满足伺服阀的驱动要求,证明了该优化设计方法的有效性。     

超磁致伸缩作动器的混沌非线

激励电流与输出位移之间的非线性影响超磁致伸缩作动器的性能,混沌现象是超磁致伸缩作动器非线性的重要方面.为研究超磁致伸缩作动器的混沌行为,建立了其非线性动态力学模型,用数值方法得到了反映系统非线性响应特性的分岔图、最大Lyapunov指数图、相图、Poincaré截面图、幅值谱等.分析结果表明,在低频条件下,激励电流过大或系统刚度过低都会导致混沌现象的出现.     

磁流变阻尼器结构设计与能量采集效能仿真与试验

设计了一种集阻尼可控、位移自感应和振动能量采集功能于一体的自感应振动能量采集型磁流变阻尼器,对设计的单感应线圈式、双感应线圈式振动能量采集装置进行了电磁场仿真分析。搭建了试验测试系统,测试分析了单感应线圈式、双感应线圈式振动能量采集装置的能量采集效能,分析了弱导磁性不锈钢绕线架和不导磁PLA绕线架对能量采集效能的影响。测试结果表明,在幅值为7.5 mm、频率为4 Hz的正弦位移激励下,双感应线圈式振动能量采集装置采集的感应电压幅值为2.512 V、能量采集功率为1.5 W,其能量采集效能约为单感应线圈式的2倍;弱导磁性与不导磁绕线架的能量采集效能几乎相同。     

磁致伸缩位移传感器反射波电压特性与阻尼参数优化

为了提高磁致伸缩位移传感器的稳定性和测量准确性,降低反射波信号对输出电压有效信号的影响,对反射波电压产生原因及影响因素进行了研究。从阻尼与波导丝之间的弹性压力及其产生的摩擦力对应力波传播影响的角度,构建了阻尼作用下磁致伸缩位移传感器反射波电压模型,计算了磁致伸缩位移传感器的反射波电压幅值,利用搭建的实验平台,通过实验获得不同阻尼参数作用下的反射波电压幅值变化。结果表明,计算结果与实验结果的变化趋势基本一致,阻尼对反射波电压幅值有很大影响。基于反射波电压模型,确定了阻尼长度和邵氏硬度最佳取值范围分别为5~10mm、50~75,在直径为10mm、长度为10mm和邵氏硬度为50的最优阻尼作用下,反射波电压幅值从75mV降低至4mV,此时反射波电压幅值远小于有效信号,从而大大降低了对输出电压有效信号造成的影响。本研究可为磁致伸缩位移传感器阻尼选择提供理论依据。     

Fe-Ga合金磁致伸缩力传感器磁化模型建立与特性分析

磁致伸缩力传感器依靠材料磁化强度的改变来表征外部力载荷的大小,研究了基于Fe-Ga合金磁致伸缩逆效应的力传感模型,采用三维有限元方法对力传感磁路进行了优化与设计。为了研究不同磁场和负载对材料磁化强度的影响,以均质能量公式为基础,在均质能量公式中引入以应力和磁场为自变量的吉布斯自由能函数,建立了描述合金磁化强度随应力变化关系的模型。为对模型进行验证,建立了一套磁致伸缩力传感特性测试系统,分别对Fe-Ga合金和Terfenol-D力传感特性进行测试与对比,验证试验表明所建立的模型可以较好预测磁化强度的变化,并且可以预测偏置磁场的影响。在Fe-Ga合金与Terfenol-D的对比试验中发现,Fe-Ga合金对偏置磁场更为敏感,并且磁滞非线性较Terfenol-D更小,由于无退火应力,Terfenol-D在偏置较低时出现负方向的磁化强度。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。