冻融循环对黑土容重和孔隙度影响的试验研究

反复的冻融循环会通过改变土壤容重、孔隙度等物理性质而使其侵蚀加剧,该文探讨了土壤容重及孔隙度在冻融循环作用下的变化.试从机理上分析冻融作用对土壤抗蚀性的影响规律.以东北黑土为研究对象,考虑冻融温差和土壤含水率两个影响因素.通过室内冻融试验研究了黑土容重及孔隙度的变化规律.结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增大,土壤的容重和孔隙度分别呈现缓慢减小及增大趋势,且变化幅度越来越小,最后达到基本稳定的状态;冻融温差越大,冻结温度越低,同一含水率土壤的容重变得更低,而孔隙度相对较高,并且两者的变化量最大;在同一冻融温差下,高含水率土壤经过冻融循环后较低含水率土壤容重更低,而孔隙度更高,且数值的变化量最大.     

冻融作用对黑土力学性质的影响研究

反复的冻融循环会通过改变土壤黏聚力、内摩擦角等土壤力学性质而使其侵蚀加剧。探讨了冻融循环作用对土壤黏聚力及内摩擦角的影响,从冻融机理上分析了冻融作用对土壤抗蚀性的影响机制。以黑土为试验对象,考虑冻融循环周期和土壤含水率2个影响因素,通过室内冻融试验研究了黑土黏聚力c和内摩擦角ψ的变化规律。结果表明,冻融作用对黑土黏聚力影响较大,而对内摩擦角影响较小。随着冻融循环次数的增加,同一含水率下,黑土黏聚力c呈减小趋势,3次冻融循环以后,c值趋于稳定。在冻融循环次数一定时,随着土壤含水率的增加,黑土黏聚力c呈先减小后增大的趋势。在冻结温度一定时,1次冻融循环对土壤黏聚力c的扰乱较大,其后扰动程度则基本不变。与土壤黏聚力不同,土壤内摩擦角在整个冻融循环过程中没有明显变化。     

冻融交替作用对表层黑土结构的影响

通过室内实验模拟冻融交替作用,研究冻融交替作用对表层黑土结构的影响。结果表明:1)冻融作用使表层黑土体积增大,导致表层黑土密度降低,土壤大团聚体破碎为小团聚体,团聚体的平均质量直径减小,团聚体稳定性能降低;2)土壤含水率大小、冻融循环次数是土壤结构破坏程度的重要影响因素;3)冻融作用破坏了表层黑土物理性状,降低了黑土黏聚力和抗冲能力,致黑土区春季产生严重的冻融侵蚀。     

基于CT研究冻融对高寒草甸土壤孔隙结构的影响

冻融是影响高寒地区土壤结构的重要物理因素,以青海湖流域高寒草甸作为研究对象,通过野外采集原状土柱、室内冻融循环模拟、CT扫描和图像解译等方法,研究冻融循环对高寒草甸冻胀丘和丘间地的土壤大孔隙结构特征的影响。结果表明,随着冻融循环次数的增加,高寒草甸冻胀丘和丘间地土壤大孔隙度均呈现“减小—增加—减小”的趋势,冻融循环对土壤大孔隙度的降低主要在第1次冻融循环内形成的,且大孔隙的平均等效直径、平均体积、平均分枝长度、分枝密度和节点密度的变化规律与大孔隙度变化规律基本一致;冻融循环对高寒草甸冻胀丘土壤大孔隙的影响明显大于丘间地,其土壤大孔隙度随土层深度变化存在2个峰值,受冻融循环的影响,峰值大小和位置有所变动,且30—80 mm土层深度的土壤孔隙结构较草毡层其他位置更为敏感。     

交替冻融对坡面产流产沙的影响

冻融作用使土壤更容易成为侵蚀的物质来源,进而加剧土壤侵蚀程度。为了揭示冻融作用对坡面土壤水蚀的影响,该文通过室内交替冻融循环试验和人工模拟降雨试验,研究了交替冻融作用下坡面的降雨产流产沙特征。试验以未经过任何冻融作用的风干土壤为对照,设计了2种交替冻融循环周期处理(3和6)、2种土壤质量含水率水平(10%和20%)、4种降雨强度(25、50、75、100 mm/h)。结果表明,相对于对照,降雨强度相同时,2种土壤含水率下的交替冻融作用都可以使产流产沙强度增大,且产沙强度的增大幅度大于产流强度。交替冻融循环周期相同时,各降雨强度下的产流产沙强度随含水量的增加而增加。质量含水率相同时,各降雨强度下的产流产沙强度随冻融循环周期的变化相对较为复杂,当质量含水率为10%时,产流产沙强度随冻融循环周期的增加而增大,当质量含水率为20%时,产流产沙强度随冻融循环周期的增加而减小。当质量含水率为10%,交替冻融循环周期为3和6时,增流百分比分别为3.52%、4.71%,增沙百分比分别为6.13%、16.95%。当质量含水率为20%,交替冻融循环次数为3和6时,增流百分比分别为10.24%、5.01%,增沙百分比分别为81.99%、53.07%。相同降雨强度下,土壤质量含水率对产流产沙强度的影响大,交替冻融作用对产流产沙强度的影响小。该研究为冻融侵蚀机理的研究提供参考依据。     

冻融循环作用对黑土有效磷含量变化的影响

[目的]分析冻融循环作用和土壤含水率对土壤磷素的有效性产生的影响,为控制农业非点源污染、明确冻土区土壤的磷素循环过程和准确评估区域的磷素收支提供依据。[方法]以东北黑土为研究对象,研究冻融次数、土壤含水率和土壤有效磷背景值对黑土有效磷含量的影响。采用室内模拟冻融循环的方法,冻融循环次数为30次,冻融温差为-10~7℃,监测冻融条件下黑土有效磷含量的变化。[结果]随着冻融循环次数的增加,它对有效磷含量的影响逐渐下降,至20~30次循环中不具有显著性影响,有效磷背景值的影响在5~20和20~30次循环中占主导地位;在0~30次冻融循环中,有效磷含量的变化表现出双峰型曲线特征,相邻冻融循环次数有效磷含量的变化大多具有显著性差异,变化由剧烈到平缓;土壤含水率越高,有效磷含量变化越剧烈;土壤有效磷背景值越高,有效磷含量越稳定。[结论]冻融循环次数、土壤含水率、土壤有效磷背景值3个控制因子对有效磷含量的影响程度随冻融循环次数的增加而变化。     

鄂尔多斯红色砒砂岩冻融循环变形特性

砒砂岩区的产沙量是以非径流的冻融风化侵蚀为主形成的,冻融循环作为一种特殊的强风化作用,其对砒砂岩进行结构性的破坏.为揭示砒砂岩冻融破坏机制,使用LDMD-A三温冻融循环试验仪,以内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯准格尔旗红色砒砂岩为研究对象,模拟自然条件进行单向冻融,研究分析冻融次数及含水率对原状砒砂岩冻融循环的影响规律.结果表明:冻融循环过程可以很清晰地反映砒砂岩在冻结和融化过程中,其固相、液相相互转化时内部热量的变化,以及砒砂岩冻结、融化过程的体积变化;在冻结过程中,砒砂岩冻胀率与含水率、冻融次数密切相关,含水率对冻胀率影响更显著.当含水率为8.56％和10.27％时,冻胀率随冻融次数增加而增大;但含水率为8.56％时,冻胀量很小,当含水率＞10.27％时,发生冻胀明显,试样冻胀量会随冻融次数增加而增大;当含水率≥11.53％时,冻融循环＞6次,冻胀率趋于平缓.其结果揭示了不同因素下,砒砂岩冻融循环变形规律,为砒砂岩冻融侵蚀机理的深入研究提供参考.     

冻融对东北黑土风干团聚体与水稳性团聚体组成及稳定性的影响

为保护我国黑土资源,实现可持续利用,研究冻融作用对黑土团聚体稳定性的影响及冻-融作用机制具有重要的理论价值和实际意义。本文以黑龙江省克山、嫩江农田表层(0～20 cm)黑土为材料,通过室内冻融交替模拟试验,分别测定初始含水率和循环次数对黑土风干团聚体与水稳性团聚体组成及稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:风干团聚体与水稳性团聚体中较大粒径组( 2 mm)团聚体随着冻融循环次数的增加呈逐渐减小的趋势,而较小颗粒粒径组(0.5 mm)团聚体则呈增加趋势。冻融过程中土壤初始含水量显著影响风干团聚体和水稳性团聚体的稳定性。随着初始含水量的增加,冻融显著降低黑土风干团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD)。土壤含水率为50%田间持水量时,冻融明显增加黑土水稳性团聚体的MWD。随着冻融循环次数的增加,风干团聚体小团聚体含量(WSA 0.25)、团聚体破坏率(PAD0.25、PAD1.0)和MWD均明显降低。本研究结果显示:冻融过程中适宜的土壤含水量有助于增加黑土水稳性团聚体的稳定性。这些发现有助于深入了解冻融过程对黑土侵蚀过程的影响与作用机制。     

冻融作用对黑土区侵蚀沟发育的影响

[目的]冻融作用是黑土区的主要自然现象之一。研究黑土区冻融作用对侵蚀沟发育的影响,以便防止冻融侵蚀,保护黑土资源。[方法]采取室内试验与野外定点定位观测相结合方法,开展冻融作用对黑土物理性状、冻胀量以及侵蚀沟岸冻裂融塌的试验观测。[结果]冻融作用使土壤水分增加,容重减小,孔隙度增大,土壤团聚体总量降低,冻胀量加大。[结论]冻融作用导致土壤抗蚀能力降低,是加剧侵蚀沟发育的主要影响因素之一。     

冻融对土壤分离能力及侵蚀阻力的影响

冻融后坡面为水力侵蚀产沙提供了大量有效物质源,是河道泥沙的主要策源地。该研究利用室内模拟冻融和径流冲刷试验,设置不同冻融循环次数、坡度和流量梯度,分析冻融对土壤分离能力及侵蚀阻力的影响机制。结果表明,冻融条件下,坡度、流量和冻融循环次数均对土壤分离能力有显著影响（P<0.05）,贡献率分别为17.94%、19.96%和18.43%。冻融前后,土壤分离能力基本均随坡度和流量的增加而增大,冻融后的均值（5.28±2.48 g/(cm2·min)）显著大于冻融前（2.39 ±1.71 g/(cm2·min)）,但冻融后的增幅明显小于冻融前。不同坡度和流量条件下,冻融1次后,土壤分离能力均显著增大（P<0.05）,但其随冻融循环次数增加的变化趋势差异较大,只有在坡度与流量同时较小（10°和≤18L/min）或较大（15°和≥18L/min）时,呈显著增大趋势。冻融循环1、5、10次后,土壤细沟可蚀性分别增大1.25、1.66和1.72倍,随冻融次数的增加逐渐趋于稳定;土壤临界剪切力冻融后显著降低,与冻融次数无明显关系。冻融后土壤平均容重、水稳性团聚体和抗剪强度分别降低了6.61 %、24.77 %和21.35 %,土壤孔隙度和三相结构指数变化与之相反。冻融条件下,土壤细沟可蚀性与水稳性团聚体和抗剪强度呈显著负相关关系,而与孔隙度呈显著正相关关系。     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。