开都河流域下游绿洲土壤盐分特征分析

以开都河流域下游绿洲为研究区,通过野外调查、采样与室内实验分析,采用数值统计方法与主成分分析方法对区域土壤盐分特征进行研究。研究结果表明：(1) 0～10 cm土层,土壤盐分含量为0.7348 g·kg^-1,10～30 cm土层为0.2070 g·kg^-1,30～50 cm土层为0.1852 g·kg^-1。随土层深度增加土壤盐分含盐量减少,土壤盐分含盐量的变异系数分别为319%、211%和193%,呈现强变异性。(2) 0～10 cm、 10～30 cm和30～50 cm土层中,随着土层深度的增加,Cl^-、SO₄^2-、Mg²⁺ 和K⁺+Na⁺离子的均值逐渐减少,总体上盐分分布具有较强的表聚性。(3）土壤盐渍化状况的特征因子是Cl^-与SO₄^2-。(4）未利用地土壤总盐分均值高于其它土地利用类型,耕地次之,林地的最小,分别为0.4420 g·kg^-1、0.0755 g·kg^-1和0.0414 g·kg^-1。     

博斯腾湖西岸湖滨带土壤剖面盐分特征分析

以博斯腾湖西岸湖滨带为研究区,采集三个时期不同土壤剖面样品,结合样品实验分析,探究土壤盐分特征。研究结果表明：(1) 0～10 cm土层中平均盐分含量为3.919 g·kg^-1,土壤盐分表聚现象强烈; (2) 垂直方向上盐分离子中Mg²⁺变异系数为1.034,变化程度较大,HCO₃^-变异系数为0.080,变化程度较小; (3) 通过相关分析,硫酸盐与氯化物在表土中积聚强烈,其中SO₄^2-与Na⁺+K⁺之间相关系数为0.96,Cl^-与Mg²⁺相关系数为0.79;Cl^-和Na⁺+K⁺相关系数为0.72; (4) 通过对比柽柳剖面下土壤盐分含量,夏秋两个季节土壤剖面土壤盐分呈现明显的表聚现象,0～10 cm土层中盐分含量占总体的27.37%和21.88%,春季盐分在剖面上呈现强烈的底聚现象,90～100 cm土层盐分含量占总体的21.53%; (5) 对比不同植被下土壤盐分特征,裸地、草地、林地、耕地四种地表类型土壤中(Na⁺+K⁺)∶Mg²⁺∶Ca²⁺含量之比依次为85∶2.5∶1,16∶2.5∶1,9∶0.9∶1,10∶1.3∶1,裸地中Ca²⁺含量为0.104 g·kg^-1,明显高于其它植被类型中Ca²⁺含量;Na⁺+K⁺含量差异不大,平均含量为1.181 g·kg^-1;草地中Mg²⁺平均含量为0.081 g·kg^-1,是裸地中Mg²⁺含量的4.4倍。     

盐渍化灌区耕地-荒地-沙地水盐分布及盐分累积特征

以河套灌区不同利用类型土地为研究对象,旨在探究耕地、荒地、沙地土壤水分变异及土壤积盐特征与盐分离子对土壤积盐量的影响。结果表明：耕地、荒地、沙地土壤水分分布不均,含水率变异系数随土层深度加深而减小,沙地表层变异性较大,变异系数为104.5%;耕地积盐主要集中在春季和秋季收获期,春汇后土壤脱盐约2.1 t·hm^-2,灌水间歇期毛管作用下土壤积盐约0.76 t·hm^-2;荒地70%盐分聚积在表层,春汇后最多可积聚39.85 t·hm^-2;耕地积盐量与荒地积盐量呈显著负相关关系,与沙地积盐量呈显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.249、0.712;HCO^-₃、Na⁺在耕、荒地间随水移动性较强,耕、沙地间SO^2-₄、Mg²⁺随水移动性较强。主成分分析表明影响耕地积盐量主要是SO^2-₄和Cl^-,影响荒地和沙地积盐量主要是Na⁺和Cl^-。采用逐步回归分析方法建立耕、荒、沙地1.2 m深土壤积盐回归预测模型。     

艾比湖湿地芦苇生长土壤的化学特性

以艾比湖湿地不同样点芦苇生长的土壤为研究对象,对土壤中盐分、可溶性离子、pH值以及速效养分指标进行测定。结果表明：芦苇适生土壤中,总盐分布呈现出较强的表聚性并且均值不大于10 g·kg^-1,总盐与HCO₃^-具有显著相关性;阳离子中K⁺+Na⁺含量最多,阴离子则为HCO₃^-含量最多;养分含量中水解氮和速效磷丰富;土壤pH值变幅在8.28～8.46之间。研究结果说明艾比湖湿地芦苇生长的土壤盐分含量高、养分含量低,以碱性土壤为主。     

贺兰山东麓不同种植年限葡萄地土壤生态化学计量特征

以宁夏贺兰山东麓葡萄产区不同种植年限（1 a、7 a、20 a）葡萄地土壤为研究对象,未开垦的荒漠草原为对照（CK）,采集0~100 cm土层土壤,分析不同种植年限、不同土层深度土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、全钾（TK）含量及其生态化学计量特征。结果表明：（1）该地区土壤贫瘠,土壤C、N、P含量均值分别为4.88 、0.56 g·kg^-1和0.24 g·kg^-1,均低于全国平均水平（11.12、1.06 g·kg^-1和0.65 g·kg^-1）,土壤K含量均值为28.88 g·kg^-1,高于全国水平（16.6 g·kg^-1）。各年限土壤SOC均值变化范围为3.93~5.36 g·kg^-1,TN均值变化范围为0.39~0.73 g·kg^-1,TP均值变化范围为0.21~0.37 g·kg^-1,TK均值变化范围为27.88~30.16 g·kg^-1。随荒漠草原的开垦及种植年限的增加,土壤C、N含量呈现先降低后增加的趋势,土壤P含量逐渐增加,土壤K含量虽表现为逐渐减少但各年限之间并无显著性差异。（2）土地利用方式及植被覆盖的转变对土壤生态化学计量特征的影响程度各有不同。研究区土壤C∶N均值变化范围为8.70~10.60,C∶P均值变化范围为16.78~33.29,C∶K均值变化范围为0.14~0.22。随种植年限的增加,土壤C∶P、C∶K、N∶P都呈现先降低后增加的趋势,土壤C∶N虽趋于降低,但不同种植年限之间差异未达显著水平。不同种植年限葡萄地土壤N∶P在1.66~3.61之间,低于我国土壤N∶P的平均值（5.2）,表明贺兰山东麓葡萄生长主要受N的限制。在宁夏贺兰山东麓地区酿酒葡萄的种植过程中,应考虑合理匹配不同营养元素和适当增施有机肥,防止土壤肥力的下降。     

不同磁化水处理下盐渍化土壤脱盐效果研究

为了探究不同磁化强度的磁化水处理对土壤的脱盐效果及最佳磁感应强度,通过田间小区试验,设置了1 000mT（T₁）、2 000 mT（T₂）、3 000 mT（T₃）、3 600 mT（T₄）、对照（CK）等5组处理。各处理下盐渍土壤的脱盐效果表明：与灌前未磁化相比较,磁化水滴灌下各土层平均盐分含量均明显下降,其中,土壤含盐量、Cl^-、SO^2-₄含量分别降低了32.83%、54.35%和31.82%,表明磁化水滴灌能够有效增强对土壤盐分的淋洗作用。不同磁化强度处理下0~60 cm土壤盐分变化特征不一：T₂处理下土壤含盐量和Cl_-含量在10~20 cm和0~10 cm处变化最为明显,分别降低了71.68%和84.76%;T₄处理下SO^2-₄含量在20~40 cm降幅最大,下降76.47%;不同磁化处理下土壤脱盐效果均高于对照处理,且磁化强度与土壤脱盐效果不成比例;T₁处理下土壤含盐量的脱盐率达到了57.47%,较CK提高了46.1%,明显高于其他处理。因此,在本试验条件下1 000 mT磁化效果较佳。综上所述,磁化水滴灌能明显降低土壤中的盐分含量,提高土壤脱盐率,对改良新疆地区中、轻度盐渍化土壤是一种行之有效的方法。     

不同覆膜连作年限对玛纳斯县棉田土壤质量的影响

为研究不同覆膜连作年限对玛纳斯县棉田土壤质量的影响,以新疆玛纳斯县覆膜连作0、5、10、20、30 a的棉田为研究对象,分别采集0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层土壤,测定其土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物量碳、氮含量等指标,并对不同覆膜连作年限玛纳斯县棉田的土壤质量进行综合评价。结果表明：（1）随覆膜连作年限的增加,土壤含水率和有机质含量逐渐增加,以覆膜连作30 a时最高,分别为11.52%和21.60 g·kg^-1,土壤速效磷呈先升高后降低趋势,在覆膜连作10 a时含量最高（49.60 mg·kg^-1）,土壤电导率、总盐、速效钾和碱解氮总体呈降低趋势,在覆膜连作年限30 a时含量最低,分别为0.50 mS·cm^-1、0.69 g·kg^-1、148.28 mg·kg^-1和25.27 mg·kg^-1;同一覆膜连作年限下,随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水率、电导率和总盐逐渐增加,pH值、有机质、速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮含量逐渐降低。（2）在不同覆膜连作年限下,土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性随覆膜连作年限的增加呈先升高后降低趋势,在覆膜连作10 a时活性最高,分别为10.57 mg·g^-1·d^-1、0.86 mg·g^-1·d^-1、0.40 mg·g^-1·d^-1,土壤过氧化氢酶活性随不同覆膜连作年限并无显著变化,为1.80~2.20 mL·g^-1;在同一覆膜连作年限下,土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性均表现为表层>深层,且差异显著。随覆膜连作年限的增加,土壤微生物量碳含量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,最高为205.26 mg·kg^-1,微生物量氮含量逐渐降低,最低在覆膜连作30 a时为11.40 mg·kg^-1,且不同土层土壤微生物量碳、氮表现为表层>深层。（3）土壤速效磷与过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性和微生物量碳呈极显著正相关关系,与蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关关系,表明土壤速效磷是影响土壤酶活性和微生物量碳、氮的主要因素。土壤质量综合评价表明,以覆膜连作10 a的土壤质量最佳,0 a和30 a的土壤质量相对较低。     

塔里木河上游棉区土壤盐分与速效养分的空间分布及相关关系

土壤盐渍化已成为制约塔里木河上游棉田生产的主要障碍因子。为查明塔里木河上游棉田土壤盐分现状以及盐分与土壤速效养分之间的关系,建立盐渍化土壤合理施肥理论标准,提高盐渍化土壤棉花生产能力,采用克里金插值、相关性分析等方法对研究区棉田土壤盐分与速效养分的累积量、分布规律及其相关关系进行研究。结果表明：塔里木河上游棉区棉田0~200 cm土层土壤全盐、硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别为1.17~2.44 g·kg^-1、18.9~65.1 mg·kg^-1、1.3~31.2 mg·kg^-1、64.9~107.9 mg·kg^-1。其中,盐分离子主要以Ca²⁺、Na⁺和SO^2-₄为主,0~40 cm土壤硝态氮、速效钾含量与全盐含量呈显著正相关关系,且0~40 cm土壤硝态氮、速效钾含量与全盐含量空间分布较为一致,说明施肥可以影响塔里木河上游棉田土壤盐分含量。因此,建议在生产过程中应合理施肥,以避免加重土壤盐渍化问题。     

水分对不同栽培年限日光温室土壤氮矿化的影响

采用室内短期（84 d）好气培养法评价了不同水分供应水平下（田间持水量的60%、80%及100%,分别用60FC、80FC和100FC表示）陕西杨凌地区不同栽培年限（种植前、种植第二年及种植第三年）日光温室土壤（0~20 cm及20~40 cm土层）氮素矿化特性。结果表明：随着日光温室栽培年限的延长,0~20 cm土层累积净矿化氮量显著增加,且随栽培年限的增加,20~40 cm 土层氮矿化势呈增加的趋势;土壤水分含量由60FC增加到80FC,土壤累积矿化氮量呈增加趋势,但当含水量达到100FC时,土壤累积矿化氮量降低。回归分析结果表明,土壤有机质含量每增加1 g·kg^-1, 60FC、80FC、100FC土壤含水量条件下土壤氮矿化势分别增加 1.62、1.88 mg·kg^-1和1.57 mg·kg^-1;土壤全氮含量每增加1 g·kg^-1,土壤氮矿化势分别增加28.93、33.42 mg·kg^-1和27.82 mg·kg^-1。因此,建议日光温室蔬菜栽培中应综合考虑温室年限及灌溉量对土壤氮素矿化过程的影响。     

黄河三角洲滨海棉田土壤盐分特征研究

采用相关分析和主成分分析方法对黄河三角洲棉田试验区土壤盐分特征进行研究,结果表明,试验区土壤为中度盐渍化,且盐分呈现一定的表聚现象;土壤各层盐基离子中,阳离子以Na⁺为主,阴离子以Cl^-为主,这两种离子对棉花生长的毒害作用尤为突出;土壤盐分含量与Na⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、NO₃^2-、HCO₃^2-离子含量均呈极显著正相关;Na⁺、Cl^- 及SO₄^2-是影响试验区棉田盐渍化的主要特征因子。本研究结果可为黄河三角洲地区盐渍化土地科学管理和农业可持续发展提供理论基础和实践依据。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.