亚临界水萃取米糠蛋白工艺与功能特性研究

以米糠蛋白提取率为指标,通过单因素和正交试验,优选出米糠蛋白的亚临界水萃取工艺参数并对其功能特性评价.结果表明,压力为8.0 MPa、体系pH值9.0、萃取温度200℃、水料比15 mL/g、提取时间25 min时,米糠蛋白提取率达55.9％,其蛋白乳化活性为119.8 mL/g,乳化稳定性为81.3 min,起泡性为71.5％,起泡稳定性为37.4％,持水性为5.6％,持油性为3.7％,溶解度为68.4％.与碱水浸提法和超声波辅助碱水提取法相比,米糠蛋白的亚临界水萃取法在提取时间和提取率方面均具有明显的优势(碱水提取法和超声波辅助碱水提取法的提取时间和提取率分别为120 min、35.6％和30 min、48.1％).     

射流空化对大豆蛋白美拉德反应及产物乳化特性的影响

为改善美拉德反应改性大豆分离蛋白效率低、反应时间长、能耗高等缺陷,研究了不同射流空化压力对大豆分离蛋白-葡聚糖美拉德反应进程的影响,并进一步研究射流空化压力对产物结构及乳化特性的影响。结果显示:当射流空化压力为1. 5 MPa时,SPI与葡聚糖美拉德反应进程最大,A420达到0. 55,褐变程度提高了17. 02%,增加了中间产物含量(P 0. 05),接枝度从32. 54%增加到57. 89%; SDS-PAGE验证了射流空化促进大豆分离蛋白-葡聚糖美拉德反应;射流空化处理后,SPI的荧光强度和紫外吸收峰升高,表明空化处理改变了蛋白分子空间,表面疏水性增强,但SPI-葡聚糖反应产物的荧光强度和紫外吸收峰降低,说明葡聚糖共价结合到处理后的SPI表面,其亲水基团增多,疏水性降低; SPI-葡聚糖美拉德反应产物的乳化活性、乳化稳定性分别提高了40. 61%和48. 46%。     

7s和11s球蛋白分离方法的研究

大豆蛋白是以低温豆粕为原料,分离提取的大豆分离蛋白、大豆组织蛋白等新型大豆制品,是目前市场上的主导型蛋白产品,其蛋白含量和功能特性各不相同,因而用途也不尽相同。大豆分离蛋白的蛋白质含量高达90%以上,具有良好的乳化性、溶解性、起泡性、吸油性被广泛应用于鱼制品、肉制品、面制品、冷食制品和糖制品中,并且可以改善食品的营养成份和口感,降低成本,延长保质期。为此,主要阐述了大豆7s球蛋白和11s球蛋白的分离富采集方法及其在食品加工中的应用。     

低压均质处理对大豆分离蛋白溶解性及结构的影响

通过测定大豆分离蛋白的粒径分布、溶解性、乳化性、三级结构及热稳定性等,分析探讨了低压均质处理(0～40 MPa)对大豆分离蛋白的溶解性及其结构的影响。结果显示,低压均质处理能够降低大豆分离蛋白的粒径,显著改善溶解性,并且溶解度与乳化活性指数、乳化稳定性指数呈正相关;得到了溶解度与乳化活性指数、乳化稳定性指数的线性拟合模型函数,其相关系数分别为0. 956 8和0. 962 5。荧光光谱分析表明,随着均质压力的增大,大豆分离蛋白结构展开,最大吸收波长红移,内部色氨酸基团暴露,荧光强度增大; 30 MPa时,荧光强度最大,均质压力进一步增大时,由于蛋白分子发生聚集,之前暴露的活性基团内卷,导致荧光强度略有降低。热稳定性的分析结果验证了上述结论。     

空化微射流对米糠蛋白热聚集体结构及特性的影响

以米糠蛋白为研究对象,采用加热处理(p H值7. 2、100℃、20 min)制备热可溶性聚集体,分别对热聚集体进行空化微射流(0、30、60、90、120 MPa)处理,以未经处理的可溶性米糠蛋白作为对照,探究空化微射流处理对可溶性米糠蛋白聚集体结构特性(3D微观结构、粒径分布、电位、表面疏水性、官能团、二三级结构)和乳化特性(乳化性和乳化稳定性)的影响。结果表明:与热可溶性聚集体相比,经过空化微射流处理(90 MPa)后,3D微观结构高度和颗粒大小、总游离巯基含量、平均粒径和β-折叠含量降到最低,结构变得疏松;表面疏水性、乳化性指数及乳化稳定性指数提高了798. 05、90. 32 m~2/g和281. 68 min。低压(30～90 MPa)处理减小了热可溶性聚集体颗粒粒径,将不溶性聚集体转化为可溶性聚集体,使其乳化特性增大;而高压(120 MPa)处理则会使蛋白发生聚集,乳化特性降低。     

异硫氰酸苄酯纳米乳液射流空化制备与冻融稳定性研究

利用大豆分离蛋白-磷脂酰胆碱作为复合乳化剂包埋异硫氰酸苄酯(BITC),通过射流空化机制备成纳米乳液以提高其冻融稳定性。以出油率和乳层析指数为稳定性指标,研究了射流空化压力及冻融循环次数对纳米乳液冻融稳定性的影响;通过乳液冻融过程热特性分析,研究了不同射流空化压力下改性大豆分离蛋白-磷脂作为乳化剂时冻融过程中乳液结晶及融化的热行为。结果发现:当空化压力为0. 8 MPa时,所制得的BITC纳米乳液乳层析指数比未处理样品降低了51. 39%,出油率较未处理样品下降83. 64%,平均粒径为(252±6. 2) nm,PDI为0. 114±0. 034,ζ-电位为(-27. 2±0. 6) m V;通过光学显微镜观测到,BITC被包埋于复合乳化剂中,且均匀分布在乳液体系,处于相对稳定状态;样品热特性的差异对比表明,射流空化改性蛋白-磷脂能显著增加乳液冻融稳定性。     

超声预处理对大豆蛋白聚集体结构和乳化特性的影响

以大豆分离蛋白为原料,采用超声对蛋白进行预处理,经加热(100℃、20 min)和离心得到可溶性热聚集体(STSPI),以可溶性大豆分离蛋白(SSPI)(原大豆分离蛋白溶于磷酸盐缓冲液后离心制备)作为对照,探究热诱导对超声预处理蛋白的结构特性(微观结构、粒径分布、官能团、二三级结构、电位、疏水性)和乳化特性(乳化性和乳化稳定性)的影响。结果表明:与STSPI相比,超声预处理再经加热、离心后得到的可溶性蛋白(USTSPI)在超声时间和超声功率为6 min、600 W时,其平均粒径、电位绝对值、蛋白质分散度指数(PDI)和浊度分别下降了273. 50 nm、6 m V、0. 33和288. 2;官能团中羰基和二硫键质量摩尔浓度分别降低了0. 26 nmol/mg和0. 38μmol/g,游离氨基和游离巯基质量摩尔浓度提高了0. 16μmol/mg和0. 59μmol/g;α-螺旋和β-转角结构增多,β1结构相对含量降低了11. 97个百分点;表面疏水性指数提高了364. 78,乳化性指数和乳化稳定性指数提高了123. 56 m2/g和360. 95 min。这说明对蛋白进行超声预处理后能在一定程度上阻碍因热效应导致的蛋白乳化活性降低,可为解决因加热引起蛋白乳化特性降低问题提供参考。     

菊芋渣蛋白氨基酸组成分析及其功能特性研究

采用日立835-50型高速氨基酸自动分析仪对鲜菊芋和从菊芋渣中提取蛋白的氨基酸含量进行了分析。结果表明:鲜菊芋中,总氨基酸含量约为1446.91mg/100g。菊芋渣蛋白中,总氨基酸含量百分比约为22.86%。采用碱提酸沉法从菊芋渣中提取蛋白质,对菊芋渣蛋白的功能特性进行了研究,并测定菊芋渣蛋白质等电点。结果显示,在其浓度3%、60℃、1.5h条件下持水性最好;蛋白质吸油性在80℃时最低,为5.10mL/g;其蛋白质分散指数(PDI)在60℃时最大,60℃以上PDI开始下降,70℃以后变化不大;菊芋渣蛋白质起泡性在浓度为3%时最高,泡沫稳定性在浓度为3%时最大;其乳化性在浓度为2%时最大,静置的温度对乳化稳定性影响很小;其等电点在4.00左右。     

蛋白分离方式对鱼肉蛋白质组成和功能特性的影响

为了研究2种不同蛋白分离方式对蛋白质组成和功能特性的影响,以白鲢背部肌肉、漂洗鱼糜蛋白和ISP分离蛋白为研究对象,研究其氨基酸组成、蛋白质模式、粒径分布、Zeta电位、保水性、乳化性和表面疏水性的差异。结果表明,与白鲢背部肌肉相比,ISP分离蛋白的总氨基酸含量没有损失,而漂洗鱼糜蛋白的总氨基酸含量减少;SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳表明,与背部肌肉的蛋白质组成相比,漂洗方式会使鱼肉的40 kDa原肌球蛋白(TM)、50 kDa肌钙蛋白(TN)和25 kDa肌球蛋白轻链(MLC)消失,而ISP蛋白分离法没有造成明显的组分损失。在蛋白质的功能特性方面,ISP提取蛋白的粒径分布范围较漂洗鱼糜蛋白广,而Zeta电位二者间没有显著性差异(p0.05);漂洗鱼糜蛋白其持水性显著高于ISP提取蛋白(p0.05);ISP提取蛋白乳化活性指数(EAI)显著低于漂洗鱼糜蛋白,但其乳化稳定指数(ESI)显著高于漂洗鱼糜蛋白(p0.05);ISP提取蛋白的表面疏水性(S0-ANS)显著高于漂洗鱼糜蛋白(p0.05)。综合分析可知,蛋白分离方式会显著影响鱼肉蛋白质的组成,且ISP蛋白分离方式一定程度上改善了鱼肉蛋白的功能特性。     

空化射流条件下大豆分离蛋白糖基化产物乳液特性研究

为探究空化射流对大豆分离蛋白糖基化产物乳液特性的影响,以大豆分离蛋白、葡萄糖、葡聚糖为原料,通过空化射流处理辅助糖基化制备大豆分离蛋白-葡萄糖共价复合物乳液、大豆分离蛋白-葡聚糖共价复合物乳液,探究空化射流技术对大豆分离蛋白糖基化产物乳液的粒径、ζ-电位、微观结构、蛋白吸附率、乳析指数及抗氧化性的影响。结果表明：经过一定时间的空化射流处理后的糖基化产物乳液平均粒径显著降低、ζ-电位增大、微观结构液滴逐渐变得均匀,蛋白吸附率升高、乳析指数降低、还原力和DPPH自由基清除能力均升高,并在空化射流处理80 min时,乳液特性达到最佳,且相比大豆分离蛋白-葡萄糖共价复合物乳液,大豆分离蛋白-葡聚糖共价复合物呈现出更好的乳液特性;但随着空化射流处理时间的进一步增加,糖基化产物乳液的平均粒径升高、ζ-电位减小、微观结构开始出现聚集情况,蛋白吸附率呈降低趋势,乳析指数逐渐升高。适当时间下的空化射流辅助处理可以改善糖基化产物的乳液特性,提高乳液的储藏特性和抗氧化特性。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。