四种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对枸杞蚜虫的毒力及对三磷酸腺苷酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性的影响

为寻找防治枸杞蚜虫的适用药剂,采用玻璃管药膜法,测定了4种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对枸杞蚜虫的毒力及对其三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)活性的影响。结果表明:枸杞蚜虫对联苯菊酯最敏感,LC50值为4.34 mg/L;氯菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯的LC50值分别为17.08、40.50和184.84 mg/L。4种杀虫剂对枸杞蚜虫两种ATPase活性均有抑制作用,药剂浓度为1×10-4mol/L时,4种药剂对Na+-K+-ATPase活性的抑制率均高于对Ca2+-M g2+-ATPase的抑制率,其中对Na+-K+-ATPase活性的抑制率从高到低依次为:联苯菊酯高效氯氰菊酯氯菊酯甲氰菊酯,而对Ca2+-M g2+-ATPase的抑制率则是联苯菊酯最高(46.41%),高效氯氰菊酯最低(33.04%)。4种药剂对枸杞蚜虫GSTs活性的影响差异较大:联苯菊酯在低浓度时对GSTs具有诱导作用,高浓度时则表现为一定的抑制作用;不同浓度高效氯氰菊酯和氯菊酯对GSTs活性均表现为抑制作用,抑制率最高达85.02%;而甲氰菊酯处理后GSTs的活性则升高了193.07%~249.96%。     

4种菊酯类杀虫剂对亚洲小车蝗的毒力和对ATPase活性的抑制

化学防治是草原蝗虫防治的主要应急措施,亚洲小车蝗是内蒙古草原的优势种。采用点滴法测定了4种菊酯类杀虫剂联苯菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯对亚洲小车蝗3龄蝗蝻的毒力。结果表明,联苯菊酯对亚洲小车蝗3龄蝗蝻的毒力最强,LD50值为0.004 8 μg/头,高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯的LD50值分别为：0.022 7、0.012 2和0.005 1 μg/头。同时明确了4种菊酯类杀虫剂对亚洲小车蝗3龄蝗蝻离体ATPase活性都有一定程度的抑制作用。当药剂浓度为1×10-4mol/L时,高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、联苯菊酯和甲氰菊酯对Na+-K+-ATPase的抑制分别为：57.62%、55.34%、45.70%和20.94%,对Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase的抑制分别为：58.30%、58.05%、41.80%和19.35%。在浓度范围为1×10-4~1×10-8 mol/L,4种杀虫剂对亚洲小车蝗ATPase活性的抑制存在明显的剂量效应关系。     

抗联苯菊酯枸杞蚜虫羧酸酯酶活性及4种常用杀虫剂对酶的抑制作用

采用玻璃管药膜法,测定了联苯菊酯对中国内蒙古地区枸杞蚜虫的毒力,同时研究了不同抗性水平枸杞蚜虫羧酸酯酶（CarE）的活性,比较了敏感种群Ⅰ和高抗性种群Ⅴ的Km和Vmax值,以及毒死蜱、三唑磷、灭多威及氧乐果4种常用杀虫剂对联苯菊酯不同抗性水平枸杞蚜虫CarE的抑制作用。结果表明:与实验室饲养的敏感种群Ⅰ（LC50值为0.057 mg/L）相比,不同地区枸杞蚜虫对联苯菊酯均产生了一定程度的抗性,其中种群Ⅴ的LC50值为4.344 mg/L,抗性倍数达76.2,已达到高抗性水平。随着对联苯菊酯抗性水平的提高,枸杞蚜虫CarE的比活力逐渐增大,高抗性种群Ⅴ的比活力[0.533 μmol/（min·mg）]是敏感种群Ⅰ[0.287 μmol/（min·mg）]的1.9倍。进一步比较敏感种群Ⅰ和高抗性种群Ⅴ的Km和Vmax值,发现Km值几乎无变化,但高抗种群Ⅴ的Vmax值是敏感种群Ⅰ的2.08倍。4种杀虫剂对不同抗性水平枸杞蚜虫CarE的抑制作用不同,但均随着试虫抗性水平的升高,抑制中浓度（I50）值增大。表明羧酸酯酶在枸杞蚜虫对联苯菊酯的抗性中具有重要作用。     

几种杀虫剂对大型蚤的慢性毒性

主要进行了氰戊菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱和三唑磷对大型蚤的21 d 慢性毒性试验。浓度≥0.5 μg/kg的毒死蜱和≥0.05 μg/kg的高效氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯能显著延长大型蚤的第一次怀卵和产卵时间,而三唑磷在所测范围(0.05~2.0 μg/kg)内对这两项指标未产生显著影响。与第一次怀卵时间和第一次产卵时间相比,第一次产卵数、21 d产卵总数、产卵次数、内禀增长力等似乎是更为敏感的生殖毒理学指标。21 d试验结束时,毒死蜱和三唑磷对大型蚤体长变化没有显著影响,而0.025 μg/kg及以上浓度氰戊菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯显著缩短了大型蚤的体长。综合各项指标,氰戊菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱和三唑磷对大型蚤最大无影响浓度(NOEC)分别为0.005、0.005、0.01、0.05 μg/kg。相对有机磷杀虫剂而言,体长可以作为衡量菊酯类杀虫剂亚慢性毒性的一个特殊指标。将48 h急性毒性数据与NOEC相对照,求得4种杀虫剂的应用因子(AF)介于0.004~0.012之间。研究结果表明,杀虫剂通过漂移和地表径流进入水体后形成的残留量,有可能对以大型蚤为代表的水生无脊椎动物造成急性和慢性毒害。由于不同药剂之间AF值相差较大,应当通过实测而不是预测来确定特定农药对水蚤的安全浓度。     

菊酯类药剂对草地贪夜蛾的毒力及对钠离子通道的诱导特性

为明确菊酯类药剂对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的防治效果,采用点滴法在室内测定高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、溴氰菊酯和茚虫威原药对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定3龄幼虫在这5种药剂诱导不同时间下其体内钠离子通道基因片段的表达量变化。结果显示,高效氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、茚虫威和高效氯氰菊酯这5种药剂处理草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫24 h后的LD50值分别为74.911、83.280、152.662、179.372、567.250 mg/L;处理48 h后的LD50值分别为18.946、67.874、120.888、132.790、461.635 mg/L;同时发现草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫钠离子通道基因的表达均呈现不被诱导或诱导下调现象,表明草地贪夜蛾幼虫可通过降低靶标基因的表达量进而减少药剂对其的毒性。表明供试4种拟除虫菊酯类药剂和1种氯虫苯甲酰胺类药剂可作为草地贪夜蛾田间应急防控药剂施用。     

北京地区西瓜蚜虫的发生规律及药剂防治研究

2011年调查,北京地区春茬和秋茬西瓜大棚内蚜虫的种群发生动态,采用室内浸叶法和田间喷雾法测定了6种杀虫剂对蚜虫的毒力及相对防效.结果表明,北京地区春茬棚内西瓜蚜虫于5月中旬开始快速上升.秋茬棚内于8月下旬快速上升,秋茬棚内蚜虫数量明显低于春茬.供试的6种杀虫剂中,阿维菌素毒力最高,LC50值为0.072 mg/L,其次是烟碱类杀虫剂,其中啶虫脒LC50值为0.45 mg/L,联苯菊酯和毒死蜱的毒杀活性较低,LC50值均大于8.00mg/L.田间防治试验中,除了10％联苯菊酯EC 10000倍液的防效较差以外,其他各药剂处理的速效性和持效性良好,防效均超过85％,彼此差异不显著,可在田间轮换使用.     

阿维菌素等几种杀虫剂对大型溞的慢性毒害

主要进行了阿维菌素、联苯菊酯、氯菊酯和氟氯氰菊酯对大型不溞的48h急性毒性试验和21d慢性毒性试验.综合各项生物学指标,阿维茵素、联苯菊酯、氯菊酯对大型潘最大无影响浓度(NOEC)分别为0.0125、0.05、0.04μg/L,最低有影响浓度LOEC分别为0.025、0.1、0.08μg/L.将48h急性毒性数据与NOEC和LOEC的几何平均数相对照,求得4种杀虫剂的安全因子(ACR)介于6.17-134.4之间.     

菊酯类农药对泰山茶区小绿叶蝉的防效及农残调查

为提升泰山茶区防治茶园小绿叶蝉的效果,选择4种菊酯类杀虫剂,各设高、低两剂量进行喷施处理,调查并比较各处理的防虫效果及茶叶农残情况。结果表明,4种菊酯类农药对茶园小绿叶蝉均具一定防效,处理间存在一定差异,基本上均在药后第3天达到防效最高值,并保持较高水平至药后第7天,表现出较好的速效性与持效性。药剂处理区茶鲜样与茶成品样中的残留量均随采样时间的延长而降低,消解动态符合一级动力学方程;联苯菊酯的半衰期最短,高效氯氟氰菊酯次之,二者的消解速率整体优于另外两种药剂。综合防效、成本与安全性进行评价,10%联苯菊酯水乳剂与25 g/L高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油应用于泰山茶区小绿叶蝉防治的效果最佳,在害虫未大暴发的情况下,以低剂量施用即可。     

多种杀虫剂对枸杞蚜虫的田间药效试验

以5%吡虫啉乳油为对照,进行了11种药剂对枸杞蚜虫的田间药效试验。结果表明：11种药剂对枸杞蚜虫均有较好的防效,药后7 d防效均>75%,在p=0.05水平,与对照药剂无显著差异。     

氧化锌、氧化铜纳米材料与杀虫剂混配对斜纹夜蛾毒杀的增效作用

采用浸渍法,将氧化锌、氧化铜纳米粉混入杀虫剂氯氰菊酯和辛硫磷中,测定对斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura Fabricius)毒杀增效作用。同时也采用普通粒子氧化锌、氧化铜做对照试验,试验结果表明:两种纳米材料与氯氰菊酯杀虫剂混配具有一定的增效作用,而普通粒子氧化锌、氧化铜与其混配并没有增效作用。纳米氧化锌与氯氰菊酯按1∶4混配,其24 h的共毒系数分别为146;纳米氧化铜与氯氰菊酯按1∶4混配,其24 h的共毒系数为116;纳米氧化锌、氧化铜与辛硫磷按1∶4混配,其24 h的共毒系数分别为128和116,试验结果表明:氧化锌、氧化铜纳米材料与杀虫剂混配对斜纹夜蛾毒杀有一定的增效作用。     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

Inactivation of soil-borne plant pathogens during small-scale composting of crop residues

Samples of heavily infested crop residues were incorporated in static compost heaps (2.5–4.6 m³) of the Indore type. Temperature increased to 50–70°C within 6 days depending on the type of crop residues used and the location within the heap. The heat phase (>40 °C) lasted 2–3 weeks and was followed by a c. 5-months maturation phase (<40 °c).=" among=" the=" 17=" pathogens=" tested,=">Olpidium brassicae and one of the four formae speciales ofFusarium oxysporum that were tested survived composting, but also their inoculum was greatly reduced.Survival during specific phases of composting was studied by incorporation and retrieval of samples at various stages of the process.F. oxysporum f. sp.melonis was completely inactivated andO. brassicae andPlasmodiophora brassicae were almost completely inactivated during the short heat phase. The three pathogens survived the long-lasting maturation phase without loss of viability. Heat evolved during composting was found to be the most important factor involved with sanitation of crop residues. The possible involvement of fungitoxic conversion products and microbial antagonism is discussed.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。     

Identification and pathogenicity of Pythium species causing damping-off of kidney bean

Five Pythium species (Pythium irregulare, P. mamillatum, P. myriotylum, P. spinosum and P. ultimum var. ultimum) were isolated from the hypocotyls and roots of kidney bean plants with damping-off from a commercial field and from experimental plots that have undergone either continuous cropping with kidney bean or rotational cropping with arable crops. In inoculation tests, all five Pythium species were pathogenic to kidney bean. This is the first report of damping-off of kidney bean caused by Pythium species; we named this disease damping-off of kidney bean. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB291811, AB291944 and AB291945.     

Aetiology and causal agents of mango sudden decline disease in the Sultanate of Oman

Mango sudden decline is a recently introduced, economically serious disease in Oman. Affected mango trees have wilting symptoms that usually begin on one side and later spread to involve the entire tree. Trees exude amber-coloured gum from the bark of their trunks or branches and vascular tissues are discoloured. Having entered Oman in the recent past, survey data is presented that shows the disease to have spread throughout the northern part of the country. Evidence is presented that the vascular wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata causes mango sudden decline disease in Oman, possibly in concert with Lasiodiplodia theobromae and the recently described Ceratocystis omanensis. Isolates of these fungi from affected trees, cause infection and can be recovered from inoculated seedlings. Bark beetles (Hypocryphalus mangiferae) are shown to carry C. fimbriata and L. theobromae and are presumably responsible for transmitting both pathogens to healthy mango trees. Acting as a wounding agent and vector, the bark beetle is likely to have assisted the rapid spread of the disease across Oman.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.