施氮对苜蓿根茎叶光合产物分配及抗蓟马的影响

为了探究施氮对苜蓿抗蓟马的影响,本试验在大田网室盆栽条件下,以'甘农3号'和'甘农9号'苜蓿品种为材料,以牛角花齿蓟马Odontothrips loti为研究对象,设4个施氮处理(N1,N2,N3,N4)和1个不施氮的对照,评价不同施氮水平下苜蓿的受害程度,并测定苜蓿根茎叶生物量和可溶性糖含量.结果 表明:1)施氮后2...     

刈割强度对不同根型苜蓿主要非结构性碳水化合物含量的影响

本研究以直根型‘陇东’紫花苜蓿、根蘖型‘甘农2号’杂花苜蓿和根茎型‘清水’紫花苜蓿为试验材料,设置4个刈割强度(距离上次刈割恢复生长分别为20、27、34、41 d),研究不同刈割强度对各根型苜蓿根、茎、叶的贮藏营养物质含量(可溶性糖、蔗糖、淀粉、还原性糖)的影响,为探明不同根型苜蓿刈割后翌年再生状况,为其合理有效利用提供理论依据。结果表明:6月份可溶性糖含量在叶中最高,还原性糖含量在茎中最高,淀粉和蔗糖含量在根中最高,其均值分别为5.75%、2.32%、3.16%、4.38%;9月份可溶性糖、还原性糖、淀粉、蔗糖含量均在根中最高,其均值分别为18.43%、2.57%、5.78%、14.12%。不同根型苜蓿在每27 d刈割强度下可溶性糖、淀粉、蔗糖含量高于其他处理,在每41 d刈割强度下还原性糖含量高于其他处理。根蘖型‘甘农2号’杂花苜蓿和根茎型‘清水’紫花苜蓿秋季根的贮藏营养物质含量接近并高于直根型‘陇东’紫花苜蓿,表明根蘖型、根茎型苜蓿抗寒越冬性较强。     

4个苜蓿品种对两种体色豌豆蚜的抗生性

在抗蚜鉴定的基础上,在室内20℃条件下,选用4个抗蚜性不同的苜蓿品种,测定了不同苜蓿品种上两种体色豌豆蚜的生物学参数。结果显示,两种体色豌豆蚜在‘金皇后’上的发育历期、净生殖率、平均世代周期差异显著(P0.05),绿色豌豆蚜若虫的发育历期长于红色型,而红色豌豆蚜的净生殖率、平均世代周期大于绿色型;在‘甘农5号’上两种色型豌豆蚜的内禀增长率、周限增长率、种群加倍时间差异显著(P0.05),绿色豌豆蚜的内禀增长率、周限增长率高于红色型,种群加倍时间低于红色型。以内禀增长率作为测定抗生性的指标,4个苜蓿品种对两种色型豌豆蚜的抗性表现不同,其中‘金皇后’对绿色豌豆蚜的抗性较高,‘甘农5号’对红色豌豆蚜的抗性较高,‘猎人河’对两种色型豌豆蚜的抗性均较低,4个苜蓿品种对绿色豌豆蚜抗性的大小顺序为‘金皇后’‘甘农5号’‘甘农3号’‘猎人河’,对红色豌豆蚜抗性大小依次为‘甘农5号’‘甘农3号’‘金皇后’‘猎人河’。     

不同苜蓿品种对镰孢菌的抗性鉴定

为探明苜蓿不同品种对能引起苜蓿根腐病的茄镰孢(Fusarium solani)、半裸镰孢(F. semitectum)、弯角镰孢(F. camptoceras)等3种镰孢菌的抗性差异,提供筛选抗耐病性材料的新来源,通过室内盆栽法,对30个苜蓿品种(系)进行了苗期抗病性鉴定,结果表明,各品种之间抗病性差异显著,其中‘德里兰德’、‘新疆大叶’、‘苜蓿王’对半裸镰孢表现为抗病,病情指数分别为18.11、19.93、19.96,占鉴定总数的10%;总体来看,‘猎人河’等7个品种表现耐病,病情指数为25.30～39.95,占鉴定总数的23.3%;‘甘农2号’等18个感病品种,病情指数为40.55～59.56,占鉴定品种总数的60.0%;‘德宝’等5个品种为高感,平均病情指数为61.7~68.6,占鉴定总品种数的16.7%,无免疫和抗病品种。     

四个苜蓿品种无性系大田抗蓟马性能评价

本研究选用室内筛选的4个不同抗性级别的苜蓿品种（HA 3、Ta、M8和Ja）的无性系,以大田苜蓿地牛角花齿蓟马为虫源,任其自然受害,以喷药小区为对照,于现蕾期测定分析各品种无性系的受害指数、虫量、农艺性状和产量损失率,结果表明,7月和8月,4个苜蓿品种无性系的受害指数的排列顺序均为HA 3＜Ta＜M8＜Ja,HA 3与Ja之间受害指数存在显著差异（p<0.05）;受害指数与虫口密度之间无相关性;各无性系受害株的株高、茎粗、节间长、叶面积及干重均显著低于对照（p<0.05）,但分枝数和节间数均显著高于对照（p<0.05）,其中HA 3的各农艺性状表现均优于其他苜蓿品种,产量损失率也最低。苜蓿对蓟马的抗性主要表现为耐害性,其中HA 3的耐害性最强。     

牛角花齿蓟马为害对紫花苜蓿生长及氮代谢的影响

为了明确牛角花齿蓟马为害对紫花苜蓿生长及氮代谢的影响,测定了不同牛角花齿蓟马虫口密度下抗、感蓟马苜蓿无性系R-1、I-1的受害指数、单株生物量及氮代谢的变化。结果表明：（1）随着牛角花齿蓟马虫口密度的增加,R-1、I-1无性系各接虫处理的受害指数均升高、单株生物量均下降,在相同牛角花齿蓟马虫口密度下,R-1无性系的受害指数及产量损失率均低于I-1无性系。（2）受牛角花齿蓟马为害后,R-1无性系各接虫处理硝酸还原酶活性上升后趋于稳定,硝态氮含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,游离氨基酸含量呈持续上升的趋势; I-1无性系各接虫处理的硝酸还原酶活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,硝态氮含量呈先下降后上升的趋势,游离氨基酸含量上升后趋于稳定或下降。结果说明：硝酸还原酶活性的升高是R-1无性系对蓟马诱导抗性的一种表现,而I-1无性系氮代谢失调是其感蓟马的主要原因之一,因此R-1无性系的适应能力强,受害较轻,对牛角花齿蓟马为害的抗性和补偿生长能力高于I-1无性系。     

西花蓟马为害对菜豆叶绿素及营养物质含量的影响

本文研究了西花蓟马不同虫口密度(0～40头/叶)为害菜豆叶片不同时间(2～8 d)后,对菜豆生理指标的影响.结果显示虫口密度的增加和为害时间的延长均能引起菜豆叶片内叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质及游离氨基酸含量的变化.其中叶绿素含量随取食时间的延长和虫口密度的增加呈递减趋势.可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白的变化趋势相同,不同虫口密度处理下可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量均低于对照,在相同处理时间下均随虫口密度的增加而降低,在同一虫口密度下均随取食时间的延长先下降,后升高,再下降.游离氨基酸的含量在为害前期(2～4 d)随虫口密度的增加而降低,为害后期(6～8 d)其含量在各虫口密度下没有显著差异.     

谷子抵御白发病菌侵染的生理生化及基因表达分析

白发病已成为我国谷子生产上的重要病害,不仅造成产量下降,还对谷子品质构成威胁。有关谷子品种响应白发病菌侵染的生理生化机制研究尚未见报道。本研究采用病菌卵孢子和谷粒混合的接菌方法分别接种抗病品种‘G1’和高感品种‘晋谷21’(JG21),并测定抗感谷子的植株形态指标、光合参数、防御酶活性、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量,同时结合基因表达分析,旨在明确谷子响应白发病菌侵染机制。结果表明,白发病菌侵染抗感品种后,植株高度及叶面积均表现出不同程度的下降,感病品种的株高降低幅度远大于抗病品种;与抗病品种相比,感病品种中除了胞间CO₂浓度显著升高外,其他光合参数显著下降,且均低于抗病品种。抗病品种中抗氧化酶和防御酶活性及脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量均升高,显著高于感病品种。抗病相关基因Seita.2G024600(PR1)、Seita.7G168700(PAL)、Seita.1G240200(PAL)和Seita.9G462500(POD)在抗病品种中上调,而在感病品种中表达受到抑制或下调。以上光合参数、酶活性、Pro和可溶性糖含量变化等生理生化指标可作为抗性鉴定和种质筛选的参考...     

茶树叶片理化性质对茶蚜取食选择性的影响

为明确茶蚜Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe寄主选择行为机理, 通过自由选择法研究有翅成蚜对7个茶树品种的取食选择性, 利用蚜量比值法对供试茶树品种进行抗性鉴定, 并进一步分析茶蚜取食选择性与茶树叶片物理性状及主要生化成分的相关性。结果表明, 有翅成蚜对7个茶树品种的取食选择性存在差异, 其中对‘黄金芽’的选择性最强, 而对‘黔茶1号’和‘黔茶10号’的选择性最弱。抗蚜性鉴定结果表明, 供试茶树品种中, ‘黔茶1号’‘黔茶10号’为抗虫品种; ‘福鼎大白茶’‘龙井43’‘黔茶8号’为中抗品种; ‘黔湄601’为感虫品种; ‘黄金芽’为高感品种。Pearson相关性分析显示, 茶蚜取食选择性与茶树叶片总厚度(r=-0.84)、下表皮厚度(r=-0.78)、栅栏组织厚度(r=-0.94)、咖啡碱含量(r=-0.91)、茶多酚含量(r=-0.94)呈显著负相关, 与气孔密度(r=0.93)、游离氨基酸含量(r=0.94)呈显著正相关, 而与海绵组织厚度(r=-0.27)、可溶性糖含量(r=0.75)无显著相关性。本研究可为我国抗蚜种质资源鉴选及利用、茶蚜的绿色防控提供理论依据。     

螺旋粉虱对不同甜椒品种的产卵选择性及与植物中化学物质的相互关系研究

［目的］ 明确螺旋粉虱对不同甜椒品种的产卵偏好性及其与甜椒体内化学物质含量的关系。［方法］ 采用非自由选择法测定了螺旋粉虱对不同甜椒品种的产卵偏好性,并测定不同甜椒品种体内单宁酸、总黄酮、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白等化学物质含量,分析其与螺旋粉虱产卵选择的相关性。［结果］ 螺旋粉虱对‘古风7号’的选择性最强,产卵量显著高于‘特大型牟一号’、‘吉星’、‘京椒’、‘特大甜椒八号’等8个品种（α=0.05水平）,而与‘国禧205’、‘郑椒甜宝’、‘古风5号’等7个品种差异不显著。不同甜椒品种间的单宁酸含量、总黄酮含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量存在显著差异。相关分析表明,螺旋粉虱对甜椒品种的选择性与单宁酸、总黄酮不相关,与可溶性蛋白呈负相关,与可溶性糖含量呈正相关。［结论］ 螺旋粉虱对不同甜椒品种的偏好性存在显著差异,这种差异与甜椒体内一些化学物质含量不同有关。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.