秸秆生物质旋转床反应器热解载气试验

为研究旋转床反应器在不同载气条件下的秸秆生物质热解影响,在无载气、以尾气作为载气、以N2作为载气的情况下,进行了秸秆生物质在旋转床反应器中的热解反应。分别收集了生物炭、生物油以及合成气,进行了产量测算;对生物炭进行了热值与元素分析,对生物油进行了热值、含水率和元素分析;分析了合成〖JP2〗气有机物组成与含量。结果表明：通尾气能够减少生物炭产率,增加生物油产率,并且生物炭的热值、含碳量较高,分别为22.99MJ/kg、51.24%;生物油的含水率降低30.45%、有机物质量分数升高11.11%,但是生物油的热值下降,合成气中轻质有机物质量分数最高,为67.04%;尾气能够更加快速带走热解气或者参与热解的二次反应,生物质反应最充分,能够增加H的活性,减少水含量,但是无法去除氧元素,氧元素保留在生物油中;通N2能够减少生物炭产率,增加生物油产率,并且生物炭的热值较高,为22.28MJ/kg,含碳量较高,为55.86%,生物油的含水率和有机物含量变化不大,但是生物油的热值升高到12.25MJ/kg;合成气中轻质有机物质量分数最小,为64.07%;通N2能够减少热解二次反应的发生,热解气能够快速离开反应器。     

温度对生物质三组分热解制备生物炭理化特性的影响

以纤维素、木聚糖和木质素为研究对象,利用真空气氛炉热解制备生物炭,探究温度对生物质三组分热解制备生物炭理化特性的影响规律,为生物炭的性能调控和机理研究提供理论依据。结果表明:纤维素和木聚糖的热解温度范围主要集中在300~500℃,纤维素生物炭产率由35.38%下降至20.93%,木聚糖生物炭产率由46.28%下降至29.40%,木质素热解温度范围主要集中在300~600℃,木质素生物炭产率由81.22%下降至51.53%;热解温度对生物质三组分制备生物炭的C、H、O、N元素含量的影响规律基本相同,即C元素含量逐渐升高,H、O、N元素含量逐渐降低,C元素质量分数分别由69.42%、72.92%、54.75%升至96.39%、77.26%、67.97%;热解温度对生物质三组分制备生物炭的灰分、挥发分、固定碳和热值的影响规律基本相同,即挥发分逐渐降低,而灰分、固定碳和热值均逐渐升高,挥发分分别由50.67%、44.89%、39.99%降至7.63%、5.52%、14.41%,固定碳分别由47.95%、55.03%、35.41%升至90.18%、94.11%、53.70%,热值分别由25 652.58、26 681.81、21 173.29 k J/kg升至34 602.52、33 965.15、24 142.62 k J/kg;热解温度对木质素生物炭的比表面积和孔径分布影响明显,对纤维素和木聚糖生物炭的影响较小,500℃时纤维素和木聚糖达到最优的比表面积和微孔体积,600℃时木质素达到最优的比表面积和微孔体积;热解温度在500℃时,纤维素和木聚糖制备的生物炭达到最大的碘吸附值,纤维素生物炭碘吸附值为422.46 mg/g,木聚糖生物炭碘吸附值为115.06 mg/g,热解温度在600℃时,木质素制备的生物炭达到最大的碘吸附值,为460.35 mg/g。     

变速升温对玉米秸秆热解产物特性的影响

通过玉米秸秆的变速升温及传统匀速升温热解试验,对不同热解形式下生成的生物炭、生物油及热解气进行检测分析,探究升温速率对其热解产物特性的影响。试验表明,玉米秸秆减速升温生物炭得率和热解气得率分别为29.82%和27.49%,而加速升温的产物中生物油所占比例较大。通过热重试验及气相检测,发现不同的升温设置改变了生物质热解进程。此外对非冷凝气体进行气相检测分析发现,CO、CO2先于CH4溢出,而H2的溢出浓度随着热解温度的升高而增大。对生物油主要成分的检测分析发现,减速升温所制生物油的主要成分为小分子物质,大分子有机物含量很少,而加速升温可以得到更加丰富的多环芳烃。通过对产物的对比分析发现,在相同的热解时间下,减速升温速率设置不仅可以保证热解产物中较高的生物炭得率,且热解气得率比匀速升温试验增加4.49%,生物油相得率减少4.51%,且稠环芳烃含量较少。优化升温速率设置可提高生产效率,从而为生物质热解工程中的炭气油联产提供新的思路。     

金属盐添加剂对生物质微波热解特性的影响

采用微波热解反应器系统与气相色谱和质谱分析仪以及等温吸附仪等研究了NaCl、K2CO3、MgCl2的添加对农业废弃物棉秆微波热解特性的影响.结果表明,3种金属盐添加剂均使液体产物产率下降,固体产物产率增加,且添加剂的加入对简化生物油组分以及提高生物油品质效果显著,产物中酚类物质含量明显降低,乙酸的相对含量由11.87％提升至37.57％,固体焦炭的表面孔隙结构也得到了明显改善.     

基于生物质真空热解液化技术的生物油制

以杉木屑、玉米秸秆和稻壳等7种生物质为原料,在自行研制的真空热解装置上进行生物质真空热解制取生物油的实验研究.7种生物质的生物油产率均大于55%,杉木屑的生物油产率达67%以上.生物油成分分析结果表明,生物油是一种含氧量较高的有机混合物,7种生物油所含化合物类型相似,但具体化学组分及其相对含量有所差别.杉木屑生物油中苯酚及其衍生物的含量较高,达72.81%,仅杉木屑生物油中含有丁香酚,丁香酚的相对含量为4.12%.     

桉树热解产物热物性参数演变特性研究

在自行设计的生物质固定床热解装置上,进行了150~850℃温度范围内,每隔100℃的桉树芯材木屑的固定床热解实验,并进行固态产物的热物性参数测试。结果表明:随着温度的升高,桉树芯材热解炭的固态产率逐渐减小,低位热值逐渐增大,450℃热解炭的热值比木屑原料提高了95.53%;堆积密度先减小后增大,体积能量密度持续增大,750℃热解炭的体积能量密度比原料增大了63.21%;热解炭的比热容和导热系数与热解炭内部的含水率、骨架结构,即孔道开度和密度有密切的关系。随着热解温度的升高,热解炭的比热容呈U字型趋势先减小而后增大,导热系数先轻微减小后以指数形式大幅增大,得到比热容和导热系数随温度的变化曲线方程,拟合度分别为0.932 0和0.995 3。     

猪粪和猪粪渣生物炭理化性质及镉吸附性能研究

为研究不同处理方式对生物炭理化性质、表征及镉吸附性能的影响,以猪粪、猪粪渣为原料,采用2种不同的前处理方式(热解前、后过筛),分别于300~700℃制备生物炭,通过SEM、XRD和FTIR对其进行表征并分析其理化性质,探讨不同处理生物炭理化性质及镉吸附能力之间的相关关系。随着热解温度的升高,生物炭的产率、H/C减小,pH值、灰分含量、BET比表面积增加。猪粪生物炭的化合物的种类比猪粪渣生物炭复杂,且在热解温度较高时(500~700℃),猪粪生物炭镉吸附量(最大吸附量为36.4 mg/g)显著高于猪粪渣生物炭(最大吸附量为23.5 mg/g);4种不同处理生物炭的产率与灰分含量呈极显著的负相关关系,与H/C比值呈显著的正相关关系,灰分含量也与pH值有较强的正相关关系;生物炭的镉吸附量关键因子是H/C,其次是BET比表面积、灰分含量、O/C等。     

生物炭对砂壤土氮素淋失的影响试验研究

通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究了生物炭对砂壤土的p H值、电导率及氮素淋失的影响。试验设5个生物炭添加比例,分别为0(CK)、1%(T1)、2%(T2)、4%(T3)、6%(T4)。结果表明,p H值和电导率均随生物炭添加比例的增加呈逐渐升高的趋势,其中,各处理砂壤土的电导率较CK分别提高了2.79%、10.88%、11.30%、12.50%。土壤淋溶液中氮素随生物炭添加比例的增加,呈逐渐减小趋势,氮素累积淋溶量也逐渐减小。各处理淋溶液中氮素的淋失总量较CK分别降低了2.89%、7.41%、9.50%和12.25%。研究表明,生物炭能够有效改变砂壤土的理化性质,降低氮素的淋失量,降低地下水面源污染的风险。     

流化床热裂解影响因素的研究

为了研究温度、喂料速率及压差等对热解产物的影响,以玉米秸秆粉为原料,氩气为流化气体,石英砂为流化介质,在自行设计的流化床上进行了热裂解试验.试验探索了生物油收集率、炭收集率以及气体产率与温度、压差和喂料速率的关系.研究表明,自行设计的流化床在工况为温度480℃、喂料速率在10g/min、压差为30mm水柱时生物油收集率最高为31.8%.     

松木屑快速热解试验研究

用自行研制的小型流化床试验装置对松木屑进行了快速热解试验,考察了温度、流化气体流量和进料速率对热解产物产率分布的影响.结果表明,反应温度对松木屑的热解产物分布有很大影响,流化气体流量和进料速率对产物产率也有一定影响.在试验的参数范围内,随温度、流化气体流量和进料速率的增加,生物油产率先增加后降低.在温度为475℃、流化气体流量为3.50m3/h、进料速率为1.78kg/h时,生物油产率最高达58 83wt%.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。