养猪发酵床垫料不同时期碳氮和微生物群落结构变化研究

该研究以短、长期养猪发酵床垫料为对象,采用16Sr RNA基因高通量测序技术研究垫料微生物的群落组成,分析细菌群落结构与垫料碳氮组成的相关性。结果表明:微生物发酵床优势菌为拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、变形菌门和放线菌门。漠河杆菌属和梭菌属是垫料中相对丰度最高的物种。细菌群落多样性和主成分分(principal component analysis)析的结果表明:养殖时间一定程度上影响了发酵床垫料的微生物群落多样性和组成,但差异不显著。随着养殖时间的延长,在门水平上,放线菌门、绿弯菌门的细菌相对丰度显著增加,由21.3%、1.64%分别提高到28.4%和4.34%;在属水平上,甲基暖菌属、甲基杆菌属、马杜拉放线菌属、分枝杆菌属、红球菌属、副球菌属等11个物种相对丰度显著增加,甲基暖菌属、马杜拉放线菌属的相对丰度由0.405%、0.570%分别提高到2.862%、2.190%;假单孢菌属、嗜冷杆菌属、鞘氨醇杆菌属、黄杆菌属等7个物种显著降低,假单孢菌属、嗜冷杆菌属的相对丰度由2.51%、2.13%分别下降到0.93%、0.18%。硝态氮的含量显著增加,有机质、纤维素和木质素的含量显著降低。Mantel test分析的结果表明:垫料细菌群落与纤维素含量显著正相关(r=0.333,P=0.042)。Spearman相关性分析表明不动细菌属、假单胞菌属与纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量显著正相关,Gelidibacter、嗜冷杆菌属与纤维素含量显著正相关。垫料纤维素是影响微生物发酵床细菌群落的重要因素。该研究可为发酵床初期选择垫料及不同垫料的合理配比,提高粪便原位转化效率提供参考。     

西北半干旱荒漠草原与耕地土壤可培养微生物多样性及分布特征比较

采用稀释涂布平板、分离培养和16S r DNA序列分析法对我国甘肃白银地区半干旱荒漠草原土壤可培养细菌、放线菌、真菌数量及群落分布特征进行了分析,比较了荒漠草原和耕地土壤微生物多样性。发现荒漠草原土壤可培养细菌、放线菌、真菌数量分别为1.23×106、0.19×106、0.18×106cfu·g-1,耕地三类微生物数量分别是3.03×106、0.53×106、0.05×106cfu·g-1。荒漠草原可培养细菌、放线菌数量明显低于耕地,而真菌数量高于耕地。从荒漠草原分离出14株细菌,分别属于γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)噬冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter),放线菌门(Actinobacteria)皮球菌属(Kytococcus),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、亮氨酸芽孢杆菌属(Lysinibacillus)、土壤芽孢杆菌属(Solibacillus)、气球菌属(Aerococcus),优势菌为芽孢杆菌属和噬冷杆菌属。耕地分离出可培养细菌19株,分别属于ɑ-变形菌纲(ɑ-Proteobacteri)根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium),γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),放线菌门(Actinobacteria)微杆菌属(Microbacterium)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)、考克氏菌属(Kocuria),以放线菌门细菌为主(占57.9%)。从荒漠草原分离放线菌共8株,分别属于链霉菌属(Atreptomyces)、小单孢菌属(Micromonspora)、间孢囊菌属(Intrasporangium),而耕地主要为链霉菌属(Atreptomyces)、小单孢菌属(Micromonspora)。荒漠草原真菌主要是交链孢霉属(Alternaria)、芽枝霉属(Cladosporium),耕地土壤真菌包括青霉属(Penicillium)、交链孢霉属(Alternaria)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、毛霉属(Mucor)、链孢霉属(Coniothecium)。试验结果表明,荒漠草原与耕地土壤微生物都具有较丰富的多样性,但微生物群落结构存在一定差异,同一区域不同深度土壤中微生物数量和种类也存在差异,耕地土壤微生物多样性明显高于荒漠草原。     

市售散装白斩鸡表面四环素耐药菌污染初探

为探究市售散装白斩鸡表面四环素耐药菌的污染特征,评价耐药基因的迁移潜势,本试验从上海市4个区的25个熟食店中采集25份散装即食白斩鸡样品,采用梯度稀释法和脑心浸液肉汤培养基对四环素耐药菌(TETr)进行计数,利用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术分析6种四环素耐药基因(tet A、tet B、tet C、tet ...     

堆肥中纤维素降解菌的筛选及复配菌降解性能研究

为加快堆肥过程中秸秆纤维素的降解速率,本研究从玉米秸秆堆肥中分离纤维素分解菌,并通过测定羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)活力、滤纸条崩解能力及兼容性,筛选出优良菌株,进而构建复合菌系,并对降解性能进行评价。结果共获得29株纤维素分解菌,对其中的高效菌株进行配伍,构建了6组复合菌系。除复合菌系F外,其他复合菌系的滤纸酶活力均显著高于单一菌株(P<0.05),尤以复合菌系B(xw1、xw3、xw8)、D(xw16、xw21、xw31)的酶活力最高,分别为22.8、20.4 U·mL^-1,比其中的最强单菌株xw3、xw21高出58.3%、68.6%,且所产酶具有耐高温(40～55℃)性。复合菌系B、D培养5 d可将滤纸条崩解为糊状,10 d内对秸秆的降解率达24.5%、21.9%,较单菌株xw8、xw31增加9.4和4.7个百分点。经16S rDNA分子鉴定,复合菌系B由微杆菌属(Microbacterium sp.)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus sp.)组成,复合菌系D由芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillu ...     

荔枝园间作平托花生对土壤理化性质、酶活性和细菌群落结构及多样性的影响

研究荔枝间作平托花生对荔枝园土壤理化性质、酶活性及细菌多样性的影响,为荔枝健康栽培提供理论依据和技术支撑。分别选取荔枝/平托花生间作和荔枝单作模式下10～20 cm土层的土壤样本,测定酸性有效磷、全磷和速效钾等理化因子的含量以及蔗糖酶、蛋白酶和脲酶等酶活性,并在此基础上,利用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对荔枝/平托花生间作模式和荔枝单作模式下土壤的细菌群落进行16S rRNA V4～V5区检测。结果表明:与荔枝单作模式相比,在理化因子方面,荔枝间作平托花生模式下的速效钾含量极显著提高138.9%,碱解氮含量显著降低19.6%,pH稍降低但无显著差异性;在土壤酶活性方面,蔗糖酶、酸性蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶均极显著或显著提高;在土壤细菌群落多样性方面,Chao1、ACE和Simpson指数分别显著提高5.5%、5.2%和3.7%。在土壤细菌群落结构方面,两组样本的主要优势菌门为酸杆菌门、变形菌门、绿弯菌门和放线菌门;主要优势菌属为Gp1、Gp2、Gp3、Gp4、Gp6、芽孢杆菌属和Gaiella等菌属;间作后变形菌门、放线菌门、红游动菌属、Gaiella和黄杆菌属相对丰度明显提高,酸杆菌门、芽孢杆菌属和Gp2相对丰度显著降低。冗余分析结果表明,碱解氮、pH、全磷和有效磷是影响土壤细菌菌属结构的主要理化因子;单作模式的土壤细菌群落结构差异主要是由pH的变化引起的,而间作模式细菌群落结构主要受碱解氮的影响;此外,在酸杆菌门亚群中,Gp1、Gp2、Gp3及Gp7与pH呈正相关;Gp4、Gp5、Gp6与pH呈负相关;芽孢杆菌属与碱解氮呈正相关;Gaiella、红游动菌属和黄杆菌属等绝大多数菌属均与理化因子呈负相关。因此,荔枝园间作平托花生不仅能改善土壤理化性质以及酶活性,还能提高土壤细菌丰富度和多样性,促进荔枝根系对营养元素的有效吸收,为农民有效利用荔枝园行间空地、实现荔枝健康栽培探索出一条新的路径。     

当归不同生长时期根际土壤酶活性及微生物群落结构变化

  目的  研究当归（Angelica sinensis）不同生长时期根际土壤酶活性和微生物群落结构的动态变化及其关联性,为当归的健康种植和土壤改良提供科学依据。  方法  以甘肃产当归的根际土壤为研究对象,研究5个生长时期当归根际土壤5种初级代谢酶活性,并运用高通量测序对细菌和真菌群落门、属水平的变化进行研究。  结果  当归根际土壤细菌群落丰富度和均匀度不随生长时期变化,而真菌群落变化显著;生长后期细菌和真菌群落结构与前中期明显分离,这种分离主要由部分菌门和菌属丰度显著变化造成;细菌属间多以互利共生关系存在,细菌与真菌间更倾向于以此消彼长的关系存在;抽薹期根际土壤蔗糖酶活性最低,脲酶活性最高,相关性分析表明,细菌对酶活性的影响高于真菌,其中蔗糖酶与黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）显著正相关,脲酶与拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）、毛壳菌属（Chaetomium）显著正相关,与马赛菌属（Massilia）、鞘脂菌属（Sphingobium）、Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium属、新鞘脂菌属（Novosphingobium）显著负相关;酸性磷酸酶、淀粉酶、过氧化氢酶在不同时期维持稳定,而鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）、拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）、MND1属、芽单胞菌属（Gemmatimonas）和溶杆菌属（Lysobacter）在维持其活性上发挥着一定的作用。  结论  该研究反映出当归根际土壤细菌-真菌群落在其生长发育过程中的动态平衡,酶和菌属的生长周期波动及其关联性反映出与当归抽薹可能相关的酶和菌属,以及维持酶稳定的有关菌群。该研究为下一步当归促生菌的筛选及功能验证提供了科学参考。     

龙脊稻作梯田土壤细菌群落结构和功能类群及影响因子分析

为研究稻作梯田土壤细菌群落结构和功能类群特征,以龙脊稻作梯田为研究对象,在19个不同海拔高度的样地采集耕层土壤样品,采用16S rRNA高通量测序法对细菌群落结构进行分析,利用FAPROTAX功能预测软件对细菌的功能类群进行预测。结果表明,龙脊稻作梯田优势门为变形菌门和绿弯菌门,丰度分别为37.40%～63.28%和11.30%～40.78%;优势属为鞘氨醇单胞菌属和罗思河小杆菌属,丰度分别为7.13%～20.87%和2.34%～21.53%。土壤细菌优势OTUs聚类热图分析显示,与细菌丰度显著相关的环境因子为pH、碳氮比、海拔和碱解氮。共预测到51个功能类群,其中,反硝化类功能类群、硫呼吸类功能类群和烃降解类功能类群受以上几种环境因子影响显著。研究表明,龙脊稻作梯田土壤pH、碳氮比、海拔和碱解氮显著影响土壤细菌群落结构和功能类群。     

石油降解菌的筛选、鉴定及菌群构建

从胜利油田石油污染土壤中富集、分离得到236株能以石油作为唯一碳源和能源的石油降解菌株；采用选择性培养基进行复筛得到直链烷烃降解菌31株、环烷烃降解菌28株、芳烃降解菌3株以及表面活性剂产生菌24株；从3种不同烃类降解菌和表面活性剂产生菌中选择菌株，构建石油降解微生物菌群，结果表明，由菌株SL-51、SL-84、SL-133和SL-163组成的菌群c9降解石油能力最强，菌群C9在含原油浓度为0．5％的无机盐培养液中，5d内原油的降解率达到了55．5％；气相色谱分析结果证明，菌群C9能有效降解原油中的饱和烃和芳烃组分；通过16SrDNA序列分析，初步鉴定SL-51和SL-163属于红球菌属（Rhodococcus spp．），SL-84、SL-133两株菌分别属于苍白杆菌属（Ochrobactrum sp．）、铜绿假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp．）。     

甘蔗黑穗病菌拮抗细菌的筛选及鉴定

从甘蔗根际土壤及甘蔗不同组织内分离到的928个细菌菌株中，对甘蔗黑穗病菌有拮抗作用的细菌菌株有301个．占32．4％．其中拮抗能力强(拮抗带大于10mm)的菌株有18个，占1．9％。经在KBA培养基上培养．发现具有拮抗作用的细菌主要是荧光菌和非荧光菌中的白色菌群。在18个拮抗性强的菌株中，13个菌株来自甘蔗的茎、芽(生长点)，占72％；5个菌株来自根际土壤，占28％；12个菌株为革兰氏阳性细菌中的芽孢杆菌属；6个菌株为革兰氏阴性细菌，其中4个菌株分别为假单胞杆菌属、不动杆菌属、伯克氏菌属及沙雷氏菌属，其余2个菌株有待进一步鉴定。     

烟草根表可培养细菌群落组成及典型菌群的促生特性研究

植物微生物组是维护植物生长发育、提升抗逆防病的重要调控因素。为发挥植物微生物促进烟草生长、改善烟草根区微生态功能作用,本研究从烟草根表分离筛选可培养细菌组,并对不同菌株的促生能力进行测定。结果表明：(1)从烟草根表分离并鉴定出可培养菌株310株,隶属于31个属,其中主要为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas);(2)对比分析发现假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)和成对杆菌属(Dyadobacter)为4种供试土壤烟草根表共有的细菌类群;(3)对进一步筛选得到的16株菌株进行促生能力的测定,发现6株菌具有固氮能力,5株菌产铁载体,4株菌可溶解无机磷,4株菌产IAA;(4)盆栽试验验证16株菌株的促生效果,其中37.5%的菌株对烟草生长具有显著促进作用,烟草株高、总鲜物质量和地下部干物质量分别比对照提高35.1%、27.9%和30.7%。总之,从烟草根表分离获得多种具有促生能力的菌株,为未来构建促进烟草健康生长的复合菌剂提供了理论基础。     

有机生活垃圾半干发酵菌群的分布变化特征

为了研究有机生活垃圾厌氧发酵中菌群的分布变化特征,以有机生活垃圾为生物质资源,进行半干式厌氧发酵试验。采用最大或然数法(most probable number,MPN)分析发酵过程中厌氧菌群时间和空间上的数量变化。结果表明:厌氧菌中产酸菌先于氨化菌达到最大值并占据优势地位,产甲烷菌在启动阶段初期基本没有增殖,第25天左右达到最大值3.2×109个/m L,随后产甲烷菌在整个盛产期数量维持在这一数量级上。厌氧纤维素降解菌菌数呈现缓慢增长的趋势,直到投料的第45天才增加到106个/m L。空间上厌氧产酸菌和甲烷菌的数量均是在基质条件稳定的中部位置和流动性较好的底部位置较多;厌氧氨化菌数量较多的为中部边缘和中部中心位置;厌氧纤维素降解菌主要在底部增殖。初步构建了产酸菌与产甲烷菌时间和空间的动力学模型,模型拟合效果良好,可为厌氧发酵工艺提供参考。该文对有机垃圾制取生物燃气的工艺过程具有理论指导意义。     

Low soil C:N ratio results in accumulation and leaching of nitrite and nitrate in agricultural soils under heavy rainfall

Nitrate (NO^-₃) and nitrite (NO₂^-) leaching threatens groundwater quality.Soil C:N ratio,i.e.,the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen,affects mineralization,nitrification,and denitrification;however,its mechanism for driving soil NO^-₃ and NO^-₂ accumulation and leaching remains unclear.Here,a field investigation in a fluvo-aquic soil and a soil column experiment were performed to explore the relation...     

Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: Their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization

In both managed and natural ecosystems, beneficial plant-associated bacteria play a key role in supporting and/or increasing plant health and growth. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can be applied in agricultural production or for the phytoremediation of pollutants. However, because of their capacity to confer plant beneficial effects, efficient colonization of the plant environment is of utmost importance. The majority of plant-associated bacteria derives from the soil environment. They may migrate to the rhizosphere and subsequently the rhizoplane of their hosts before they are able to show beneficial effects. Some rhizoplane colonizing bacteria can also penetrate plant roots, and some strains may move to aerial plant parts, with a decreasing bacterial density in comparison to rhizosphere or root colonizing populations. A better understanding on colonization processes has been obtained mostly by microscopic visualisation as well as by analysing the characteristics of mutants carrying disfunctional genes potentially involved in colonization. In this review we describe the individual steps of plant colonization and survey the known mechanisms responsible for rhizosphere and endophytic competence. The understanding of colonization processes is important to better predict how bacteria interact with plants and whether they are likely to establish themselves in the plant environment after field application as biofertilisers or biocontrol agents.     

沼泽红假单胞菌与枯草芽孢杆菌混施对水稻根域细菌多样性与功能的影响

[目的]微生物菌肥作为一种绿色环保的生物肥料,可以改善土壤质量,促进作物生长.以水稻根际和根表微生物为对象,探究不同微生物菌肥单施和混施对其群落多样性和功能的影响.[方法]采用盆栽试验,设单施沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris)、单施枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)及...     

兼具固氮、解磷功能菌株固氮特性的研究

试验研究 9株兼具固N、解P功能菌株在无N、N源充足不同P源条件和混合培养时菌株固N特性结果表明 ,供试菌株在无N培养基上均有固N活性 ,但固N量差异较大 ,菌株“N5 1”固N量最高达 5 5 .4mg/kg ,为固N量最低菌株“K10 2”的 3.1倍。在以Ca3 (PO4) 2 作P源、培养液N素供应充足时“K10 2”和“N17”菌株仍有较高固N能力 ,培养 3d后培养液全N含量增幅达 5 5 .2 % ;“N11”、“N12”和“P14 2”菌株固N量也维持在较高水平 ,全N含量增加30 %左右 ;“K16”菌株培养液全N含量略有增加 ,“N5 1”、“N13 1”和“K3”菌株则导致N的挥发损失。以磷矿粉作P源可使该过程逆转。在Ca3 (PO4) 2 P源培养基上混合培养能有效降低“N5 1”、“N13 1”和“K3”菌株单独培养时所造成的N损失。     

稻田固氮解磷解钾菌筛选及其复合菌剂对土壤培肥作用

用固氮、解磷、解钾培养基,分别从稻田土壤中分离获得9个固氮菌株(A1-A9)、7个解磷菌株(B1-B7)和6个解钾菌株(C1-C6)。对各菌株固氮、解磷、解钾能力及水稻促生效果分析表明,最突出菌株分别为A5、B2、C5;各菌株等比例混合组成复合菌剂接入灭菌稻田土壤,30 d后可使土壤总氮、有效磷、速效钾分别增加21.32%、32.17%、45.57%;初步鉴定各菌株分别为固氮菌属(Azotobacter sp.)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)。复合菌剂处理稻田土壤,水稻苗高、鲜重、干重及植株全氮、全磷、全钾显著优于对照组,说明筛选菌株可在稻田土壤氮、磷、钾转换及培肥过程中起重要作用。     

Characterization of nitrifying bacteria communities of soils from different ecological regions of China by molecular and conventional methods

Soil nitrification rate is very different among soil types, as a result of differences in physical and chemical properties. Little is known about the composition of the nitrifying bacteria community. In this investigation, three soils (fluvo-aquic soil, permeable paddy soil and red earth) from different geo-ecological regions in China were characterized for their nitrification activities and their nitrifying bacteria communities determined either by molecular approaches or by conventional culture methods. A 28-day long-term soil incubation showed that the maximum nitrification potential was found in the fluvo-aquic soil with almost 100% of inorganic N present as NO₃^–-N, while the minimum nitrification potential was in red earth with only a 4.9% conversion rate from ammonium into nitrate. There was no relationship between nitrification potential and numbers of nitrifiers in the soil. The conventional most probable number (MPN) method could enumerate ammonia oxidizers, but failed in enumerating nitrite oxidizers. Therefore, we used an MPN-PCR procedure which gave a convincing nitrite oxidizer count result, instead of MPN-diphylamine. Soils were characterized by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of DNA extracted from soils and amplified using a primer specific for the 16S rRNA gene and/or for the amoA gene. The DGGE columns of the three soils differed from each other. There were two similar bands present in DGGE columns of the fluvo-aquic and permeable paddy soils, but no similar band was found in DGGE columns of the red earth. The sequence of amoA indicated that all ammonia oxidizers in these soils were grouped into Nitrosospira clusters 1 and 3, and each soil had a common band similar to the other soils and a special band which differed from the other soils.     

Vertical Distribution of Physico-Chemical Properties and Number of Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria in the Buried Layer of Soil Profiles with Marine-Reduced Sulfur Compounds

We observed the presence of reduced sulfur compounds in the buried soil layer of a paddy field on Sado Island, Niigata Prefecture. We sampled the paddy field soil from 0 to 300 cm depth and analyzed the physico-chemical properties of the soil and the numbers of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and iron-oxidizing bacteria in order to elucidate both the sulfur-oxidizing mechanism and the function of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the subsoil. Based on the physico-chemical properties of the soil, layers 4 and 5, which were located below 1 m in depth, were found to be potential acid sulfate soils and to be under semi-anaerobic conditions. However, the concentrations of water-soluble sulfate ions in layers 4 and 5 (88.2 to 444 mg S kg⁻¹) were higher than those in layers 1 and 3 (16.1 and 8.29 mg S kg⁻¹, respectively) and a significant number of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (10^2–6 MPN g⁻¹) was detected in layer 4. These results suggested that the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria had occurred in layer 4. Since no iron-oxidizing bacteria were detected in any layers, and it was reported that sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans could not oxidize pyrite directly, it was considered that the oxidation of the reduced sulfur compounds in layer 4 occurred through the following processes. At first, reduced sulfur compounds such as pyrite were oxidized chemically by ferric ions to intermediary sulfur compounds such as thiosulfate ions. Subsequently, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in layer 4 oxidized these intermediary sulfur compounds to sulfate ions. However, it was considered that the oxidation rate of the reduced sulfur compounds in layer 4 was far slower than would occur under aerobic conditions.     

Isolation of culturable phosphobacteria with both phytate-mineralization and phosphate-solubilization activity from the rhizosphere of plants grown in a volcanic soil

Chilean volcanic soils contain large amounts of total and organic phosphorus, but P availability is low. Phosphobacteria [phytate-mineralizing bacteria (PMB) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB)] were isolated from the rhizosphere of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), white clover (Trifolium repens), wheat (Triticum aestivum), oat (Avena sativa), and yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) growing in volcanic soil. Six phosphobacteria were selected, based on their capacity to utilize both Na-phytate and Ca-phosphate on agar media (denoted as PMPSB), and characterized. The capacity of selected PMPSB to release inorganic P (Pi) from Na-phytate in broth was also assayed. The results showed that from 300 colonies randomly chosen on Luria–Bertani agar, phosphobacteria represented from 44% to 54% in perennial ryegrass, white clover, oat, and wheat rhizospheres. In contrast, phosphobacteria represented only 17% of colonies chosen from yellow lupin rhizosphere. This study also revealed that pasture plants (perennial ryegrass and white clover) have predominantly PMB in their rhizosphere, whereas PSB dominated in the rhizosphere of crops (oat and wheat). Selected PMPSB were genetically characterized as Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, and Pantoea; all showed the production of phosphoric hydrolases (alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and naphthol phosphohydrolase). Assays with PMPSB resulted in a higher Pi liberation compared with uninoculated controls and revealed also that the addition of glucose influenced the Pi-liberation capacity of some of the PMPSB assayed.     

Improvement of preservation method for ammonia-oxidizing bacteria by freeze-drying

Long-term preservation of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria had been achieved until now by using the silica gel-freezing method. Recently, the freeze-drying method for the preservation of microorganisms has been widely used, and has been applied to the preservation of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. The 10% skim milk-l% pyruvate or glutamate ratio was optimum as a dispersion-medium, and the preservation temperature of the freeze-dried cells was effective at -80°C. This method of preservation was found to be considerably more effective than the silica gel-freezing method.