农杆菌介导的小麦成熟胚遗传转化影响因素分析

为解决农杆菌介导的小麦成熟胚遗传转化效率较低的难题,以春小麦Bobwhite成熟胚为外植体,分析植物激素、愈伤组织预培养时间、侵染时间和共培养阶段干燥处理对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织遗传转化的影响,并在遗传转化处理中辅以3个组织再生相关基因(TaSERK1、TaSERK2、TaNiR)的qRT-PCR分析。结果表明,愈伤组织预培养阶段添加适量的2,4-D和Picloram均可诱导成熟胚愈伤组织的形成,但是2mg·L~(-1)Picloram培养基中愈伤组织的胚萌发率为20.78%,远高于2,4-D诱导的胚萌发率(11.38%);共培养阶段对农杆菌侵染的愈伤组织进行干燥处理能适当提高愈伤组织的转化效率;qRT-PCR分析发现再生相关基因TaNiR相对表达量的增加能适当提高愈伤组织的转化率。     

基本培养基及激素对野生一粒小麦幼胚培养的影响

为建立适于野生一粒小麦遗传转化的高效组培再生体系,以野生型一粒小麦幼胚为外植体,研究了MS、MSE3和N6三种基本培养基和激素对愈伤组织诱导、分化和成苗的影响。结果表明,愈伤诱导培养基以MES3为基本培养基并添加2.0mg·L~(-1) 2,4-D效果最佳,愈伤组织出愈率最高可达90.5%,胚性愈伤率为80.0%。愈伤组织分化过程在添加0.25mg·L~(-1) IAA的MS培养基中加入0.5mg·L~(-1) 6-BA分化效果最佳,分化率能达到50.7%,成苗率为26.5%。     

二穗短柄草成熟胚再生体系建立及农杆菌介导转化研究

为建立二穗短柄草组织培养及遗传转化体系,以二穗短柄草BD21-3成熟胚为外植体,对成熟胚愈伤诱导、分化以及农杆菌侵染条件进行了研究。结果表明,在含有2.5mg·L~(-1) 2,4-D的培养基上,愈伤组织出愈率最高为93.83%;在含有0.2mg·L~(-1) KT的分化培养基上,分化率最高为38.18%;对二穗短柄草胚性愈伤组织农杆菌转化和GUS染色结果表明,侵染的过程中农杆菌菌液浓度OD_(600)为0.6、侵染时间为5min时转化率最高。     

大麦单粒种子起源的小孢子培养再生频率研究

为提高单株小孢子培养的再生效率,以大麦品种花30为材料,在人工气候室研究了离体穗、离体小花预处理时间和诱导培养基中无机氮、有机氮含量以及添加PEG对愈伤组织产量、绿苗产量和再生能力的影响。结果表明,离体穗5℃处理19 d的愈伤组织和绿苗产量及再生能力均优于32 d的,离体小花预处理1～2 d可促进愈伤组织的形成和绿苗的分化;降低无机氮浓度[KNO_3降至707.5 mg·L~(-1),(NH_4)_2SO_4降至115.75 mg·L~(-1)]可提高愈伤组织和绿苗产量及再生能力;提高有机氮浓度(谷氨酰胺从400 mg·L~(-1)提高到1 600 mg·L~(-1),水解酪蛋白从100 mg·L~(-1)提高到400 mg·L~(-1))可增加小孢子愈伤组织和绿苗产量;培养基中添加4%PEG可提高小孢子愈伤组织产量和质量。     

节节麦幼胚再生体系的建立

为建立高效的节节麦幼胚再生体系,以节节麦幼胚为外植体,通过正交设计,探索基本培养基、2,4-D、碳源、KT等因素对幼胚愈伤组织诱导、分化及植株再生效果的影响。结果表明,4种因素中,基本培养基对节节麦幼胚愈伤组织诱导的影响最显著(P0.05),2,4-D浓度对节节麦幼胚愈伤组织诱导也有显著影响(P0.05),添加3.0mg·L~(-1) 2,4-D的培养基诱导出的愈伤组织质量高,淡黄色,表面呈不规则颗粒状,质地致密,再生频率可以达到17.62%。KT浓度对节节麦愈伤分化影响最显著,基本培养基、2,4-D和碳源对节节麦幼胚愈伤分化均无显著影响。不同碳源对节节麦幼胚愈伤组织诱导和分化的影响均不显著,为节约成本可直接选用30g·L~(-1)蔗糖作为碳源。节节麦幼胚组织培养的最佳组合是:愈伤诱导培养基为MS培养基+3mg·L~(-1) 2,4-D+15g·L~(-1)蔗糖+15g·L~(-1)甘露醇,愈伤分化培养基为MS培养基+15g·L~(-1)蔗糖+15g·L~(~(-1))甘露醇+1.0mg·L~(-1) KT。     

农杆菌介导的小麦成熟胚转化的影响因素

为了研究农杆菌介导的小麦成熟胚转化的影响因素,以6个小麦品种成熟胚为外植体进行离体培养,以EHA105和LBA4404农杆菌为供体(含有pCAMBIA1305双元载体)材料,研究了诱导培养基、分化培养基、农杆菌菌株、愈伤组织诱导培养时间、农杆菌菌液浓度和侵染时间对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织诱导、分化、再生的影响。结果表明:(1)以小麦品种小偃22的成熟胚为材料,获得最佳的诱导培养基方案(MS+2mg.L-1 2,4-D+0.5mg.L-1 KT+500mg.L-1水解酪蛋白+150mg.L-1天门冬酰胺)和分化培养基方案(MS+2mg.L-1 ZT+0.5mg.L-1 KT);(2)6个小麦品种中,洛阳8176和张掖春小麦具有较强的再生能力,筛选培养后较多的愈伤组织分化出小绿点;(3)洛阳8716和张掖春小麦的成熟胚,经愈伤组织诱导培养6-7d,农杆菌侵染后愈伤组织再生能力强;(4)农杆菌侵染后愈伤组织的再生能力与农杆菌菌株的关系不明显,而与小麦品种基因型、侵染时间和菌液浓度有较明显的关系;(5)以小麦洛阳8716和张掖春小麦成熟胚愈伤组织为受体,黑暗条件下诱导培养6-7d,在24±1℃黑暗条件下共培养3d和500mg.L-1羧苄青霉素(Cb)除菌及10mg.L-1潮霉素筛选处理后,共得到分化植株23株,其中以洛阳8716为受体材料,由农杆菌LBA4404和EHA105转化得到的植株分别为11株和4株,植株分化率分别为3.57%和1.31%;以张掖春小麦为受体材料,由农杆菌LBA4404和EHA105转化得到的植株分别为5株和3株,植株分化率分别为1.57%和1.14%。     

α-硫辛酸对大豆农杆菌介导GUS瞬时表达和芽诱导的影响

以适宜转化大豆受体YC-2为材料,研究了抗氧化剂α-硫辛酸对农杆菌介导GUS瞬时表达和芽诱导率的影响.结果表明:在共培养基中添加不同浓度的抗氧化剂可显著降低外植体的褐化率,随α-硫辛酸浓度的增加外植体褐化率明显减少,但白化率增加,且这些白化的外植体在后期不易产生诱导芽;共培养中添加不同浓度的α-硫辛酸可增强GUS瞬时表...     

提高农杆菌转化水稻频率几个因素的研究

以6个重要的籼稻和粳稻品种为材料,研究了影响农杆菌转化水稻频率的几个重要因素。结果表明,对于籼稻品种而言,CC培养基是愈伤组织的最适诱导培养基;添加1.0~2.0 mg/L ABA能有效地改善愈伤组织的质量;在继代培养基中添加山梨醇能改善愈伤组织的生长状态,降低愈伤组织的褐化。而对于粳稻品种来说,适宜的诱导培养基是NB培养基,添加ABA对愈伤组织的改善效果不明显,对于多次继代的愈伤可以适当增加蔗糖浓度以提高抗性愈伤率。此外,在筛选时期适当加大筛选压力,分化时去掉筛选压力,壮苗时加适当的选择压力,可提高转化率。在分化时,采用适宜的激素配比有利于提高分化率。应用所优化的农杆菌转化系统,获得了一些有价值的转化植株。     

玉米成熟胚愈伤组织诱导及褐化控制研究

玉米成熟胚组织培养过程中发生褐化可影响愈伤组织的诱导、生长和组培过程的进行。实验研究探讨3种防褐剂硝酸银(AgNO3)、活性炭和PVP及培养条件对玉米成熟胚愈伤组织诱导和继代过程中褐化控制的作用。结果表明,一定浓度的AgNO3能明显减轻褐化,其中愈伤组织诱导时10.0 mg/LAgNO3控制外植体褐化的效果最佳;愈伤组织继代培养时7.0 mg/LAgNO3控制较为适宜。2.0 g/L活性炭能有效抑制外植体的褐化,高于此浓度会抑制愈伤组织的诱导;继代培养初期在含2.0 g/L活性炭的培养基中培养7 d,不仅能有效控制褐化,还在一定程度上促进了愈伤组织的生长。愈伤组织诱导时1.0 g/LPVP能在有效控制外植体褐化的同时促进愈伤组织的形成。暗培养能显著减轻褐化的发生,有利于愈伤组织的诱导。     

外源脱落酸缓解小麦幼苗铜胁迫伤害的生理机制初探

为了解脱落酸(ABA)缓解小麦幼苗铜胁迫伤害的生理机制,采用营养液培养方法,研究了外源ABA对0.5mmol·L~(-1) Cu~(2+)胁迫下小麦幼苗叶绿素、可溶性糖含量及抗氧特性的影响。结果表明,0.5mmol·L~(-1) Cu~(2+)胁迫对小麦幼苗伤害明显,降低了叶片叶绿素和可溶性糖含量及根、叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,提高了根和叶片丙二醛含量。铜胁迫下,添加1μmol·L~(-1) ABA可显著提高小麦幼苗叶片叶绿素和可溶性糖含量及根和叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、叶片SOD活性,降低叶片铜含量。说明适宜浓度的外源ABA可通过调节渗透调节物质含量、增强抗氧化酶活性来减轻铜胁迫对小麦幼苗的伤害,提高其抗铜胁迫能力。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.