黄土高原南北样带不同土层土壤容重变异分析与模拟

为探明黄土高原南北样带土壤容重空间分布特征,为土壤水文过程模拟与预测提供水力参数,采用经典统计学方法,分析了样带不同土层深度(0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~40 cm)土壤容重的空间变异特征,并用多元逐步回归、传递函数方程和一阶自回归状态空间模型方法分别对土壤容重的空间分布进行了模拟。结果表明:样带0~20 cm深度土壤容重的变异为中等程度变异,20~40 cm为弱变异。状态空间方程转换系数表明,不同土层深度土壤容重的影响因素不同,0~10 cm主要为有机碳含量、黏粒和砂粒体积分数,10~20 cm为有机碳含量、黏粒和砂粒体积分数和降水量,20~40 cm为黏粒和砂粒体积分数、降水量和土地利用。状态空间模型的模拟效果均优于经典统计的多元逐步回归方程和传递函数方程,基于黏粒和砂粒体积分数、降水量和土地利用的状态空间模型可以解释样带20~40 cm容重92.3%的变异。一阶自回归状态空间模型可用于田间条件下土壤容重分布特征的预测。     

长期免耕对不同土层土壤结构与有机碳分布的影响

为探明长期翻耕与免耕条件下不同土层深度土壤结构稳定性及其有机碳分布特征,在长期定位试验中分层(0~10 cm、10~20 cm、…、90~100 cm)采集免耕和常规耕作处理下混合土样和原状土样进行土壤结构与有机碳的测定,结果表明:(1)随着土层的加深,0.5~2.0 mm和大于2.0 mm粒级团聚体含量表现为逐渐降低的趋势,而其他粒级团聚体含量呈增加趋势。免耕更利于提高大粒级团聚体(0.5 mm)的含量,且土壤结构的稳定性显著提高,其作用深度在50 cm以上。(2)随着土层的加深,土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳均表现为先增加后降低再趋于稳定的趋势。免耕处理在0~80 cm土层的土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳均高于常规耕作处理。(3)随着土层的加深,不同粒级团聚体总有机碳含量呈降低趋势,大粒级团聚体中含有较高的有机碳。免耕更利于0~40 cm土层不同粒级团聚体总有机碳含量的提高。随着土壤团聚体粒级的降低,土壤活性有机碳含量呈降低趋势。与常规耕作相比,除0.053~0.250 mm粒级团聚体外,免耕提高了0~20 cm土层各粒级团聚体中活性有机碳含量。(4)随着土层的加深,各粒级团聚体中有机碳对土壤总有机碳的贡献率表现为先降低后增加再降低的趋势。不同粒级团聚体中,大于2.0 mm和小于0.053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率在0~100 cm土层均低于其他粒级团聚体。在0~20 cm、30~40 cm和90~100 cm土层,免耕处理各粒级团聚体有机碳累积贡献率均高于常规耕作。     

东北旱作区土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征及其影响因素

为探究旱作农田土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征,基于2017年采集的132个耕层(0～20 cm)土壤样品,运用地统计学和冗余分析等方法,分析了东北旱作区土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征的空间变异性及影响因素。结果表明:研究区土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)的平均含量(质量比)分别为16. 79、1. 43、0. 77 g/kg,且彼此间存在显著正相关关系(P 0. 05);土壤C/N、C/P、N/P质量比的平均值分别为11. 45、22. 82、2. 03,均低于全国农田土壤平均值。从空间分布规律来看,SOC、TN、TP含量均呈现由西南向东北递增的趋势,高值区主要分布在黑龙江省旱作区北部,低值区在吉林省和辽宁省旱作区西部平原区。土壤C/N、C/P的高值区主要分布在黑龙江省旱作区,低值区位于吉林省和辽宁省旱作区连片分布,N/P则整体变化较小。研究区土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征受人为活动、环境及土壤性状的综合影响,化肥施用强度和土地利用强度是影响土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征的重要人为因素,土壤容重和含水率则是影响研究区土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征分布规律的主要环境因子。     

耕作方式对稻田土壤有机碳与易氧化有机碳的影响

以稻田免耕长期定位试验站为平台,研究不同耕作方式对紫色水稻土有机碳以及易氧化有机碳剖面分布的影响。结果表明:连续耕作20年后,不同耕作处理稻田剖面(0～60cm)中有机碳含量随着采样深度加深而降低,土壤有机碳含量最高值和最低值分别出现在垄作免耕(稻油)表层(0～10cm)和水旱轮作(稻油)底层(40～60 cm),其中垄作免耕(稻油)处理中0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层有机碳含量和常规平作(中稻)、垄作免耕(中稻)之间差异并不显著,但其20～40cm土层有机碳含量则显著高于其他耕作处理(P<0.05),表明长期耕种20年后,耕层(0～20cm)土壤有机碳含量已趋于平稳;另外,同传统耕作处理相比,长期垄作免耕(稻油)的固碳潜力主要表现在20～40cm土层。常规平作(中稻)和垄作免耕(中稻)处理剖面土壤易氧化有机碳含量均随土层加深而降低,而垄作免耕(稻油)和水旱轮作(稻油)则分别在20～40cm和10～20cm土层出现易氧化有机碳含量增加的现象,表明耕作和轮作方式对土壤有机碳稳定性具有明显的影响。对不同耕作处理稻田土壤有机碳与易氧化有机碳、易氧化有机碳分配比例之间的关系分析,其一元线性回归方程分别为:y=1.990 1x+6.521 4,R=0.881 9,n=16;y=0.270 4 x+7.345 7,R=0.542 2,n=16,表明稻田土壤易氧化有机碳与其有机碳关系密切,可用于表征该区域土壤碳库的变化大小。     

不同土层土壤粒径及有机质含量空间变异的相关性研究

为了探讨土壤粒径和有机质空间分布特点及其相互关系伴随土层的变化规律,本研究以内蒙古河套灌区沙壕渠分干渠灌域为研究目标,以灌溉区域内间隔1 km等间距77个取样点共308个样本为基础进行综合探讨,结果表明:土壤粒径及有机质不同土层及其相互之间均存在极显著的相关性(P0.01),且相关性随着土层间隔的增大而减小,同时有机质含量与黏粒含量的相关性最高,相关系数为0.583。土壤粒径及有机质在剖面上的层次组合及分布主要是成土过程和母质沉积过程所致,不同土层的空间变异性相关程度较高。而同一土层黏粒含量与有机质的空间变异性呈现出较强的正相关性;粉粒及砂粒含量体现出较强的负相关性。     

黄土丘陵区退耕还林土壤不同大小颗粒固碳过程与速率

为揭示黄土丘陵区退耕还林土壤固碳过程及其变化机制,采用物理分组法探讨了安塞纸坊沟退耕15~45 a刺槐与柠条林地土壤砂粒、粉粒、黏粒截存有机碳的效应与速率。结果表明,对比坡耕地,两种退耕林地土壤颗粒结合碳含量均随退耕年限延长显著增加,并且表层0~10 cm土壤增幅最高,10~60 cm各土层增幅基本接近。退耕15~45 a期间,刺槐与柠条林0~20 cm土层均以粉粒碳密度增速最高,分别达0.21、0.11 Mg/(hm2·a),砂粒碳和黏粒碳增速相近,平均分别为0.13、0.06 Mg/(hm2·a)。同样的变化发生在0~60 cm土层,但各颗粒碳密度增速为0~20 cm土层的1.6~2.5倍。按此增速到退耕45 a时柠条林地砂粒碳、粉粒碳、黏粒碳相比坡耕地分别增大了2.6、1.1、0.8倍,刺槐林地则分别增大了8.3、2.2、2.8倍,并且对总有机碳累积贡献的平均比率为:砂粒碳(23%)等于黏粒碳(26%)且均小于粉粒碳(51%)。此外碳库管理指数比碳库活度与土壤总有机碳库变化有更显著的线性相关性。综上分析,该区域退耕刺槐林比柠条林土壤有更强的固碳效应,两种林地均以粉粒碳为主要固碳组分,以砂粒碳周转速率最快。     

生态沃土机械化耕作对两熟区土壤理化特性的短期影响

以4年为一周期,设计一种生态沃土机械化耕作模式（MET）,周期内将翻耕、苗带旋耕、免耕、深松4种不同的耕作措施组合,对土壤进行适度耕作,并以连续免耕（CNT）和传统翻耕（CCT）为对照,研究MET对小麦玉米两熟区不同耕层土壤理化特性的短期影响。结果表明：MET能够显著提高土壤结构质量,增加土壤肥力,避免土壤板结,生态效应和沃土效果显著。显著增加0～30cm土层土壤大团聚体含量,提高土壤结构稳定性,平均水稳性团聚体含量分别比CNT和CCT高8.2%和30.4%;有效降低0～30cm土层土壤容重,平均容重分别比CNT和CCT小0.089、0.125g/cm3;增加0～30cm土层全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,对碱解氮含量影响不显著;增加土壤有机碳含量,平均有机碳含量分别比CNT和CCT高0.36、0.61g/kg,并且各层之间有机碳含量分布较均衡,CNT只增加0～10cm土层有机碳含量,CCT只增加10～20cm土层有机碳含量。MET显著增加小麦的平均单株分蘖数、有效穗粒数和千粒质量,从而显著增加小麦产量,分别比CNT和CCT增产14%和14.9%;小麦播前进行的耕作有一定的后效,对玉米产量有影响,MET与CNT通过增加玉米的有效穗粒数和千粒质量,增加玉米产量,两者产量的差异不显著,但均显著高于CCT,分别高7.4%和3.7%。     

基于GIS和地统计学的昌图县表层土壤有机碳密度空间变异分析

采用GIS和地统计学相结合的方法,分析昌图县表层土壤(0~20 cm)样品中的有机碳密度,探讨有机碳密度的空间变异特性。结果表明,表层土壤有机碳密度在0.55~3.41 g/kg之间,平均值为1.97 g/kg,具有强变异性;有机碳密度的理论变异函数符合线形模型,具有较强的空间相关性。     

乌梁素海沉积物中有机碳的空间分布与储量特征

以乌梁素海沉积物中有机碳为研究对象,用统计学方法,分析其空间分布特征,同时估算了有机碳储量,从而为湖泊湿地生态系统碳循环提供了一定的信息.结果表明,有机碳含量垂直分布总体呈随沉积物深度的增加而降低的趋势,且以12 cm为界将沉积物分为2部分;水平分布总体呈现从湖中央向湖南北逐减的规律,有机碳平均含量为8.22～28.2...     

紫色土小流域三种土地利用类型土壤颗粒特征

在三峡库区忠县虾子岭小流域选择林地、旱地、水田3种土地利用类型采集了63个土样,利用分形维数研究了不同土层深度的土壤颗粒特征。结果表明,紫色土剖面土壤颗粒体积分形维数在2.406~2.551之间,不同土地利用类型分形维数随土壤深度增加变化的趋势不同;土壤颗粒体积分形维数与土粒结构组成存在较强的相关性,受黏粒量影响最为显著,即土壤黏粒量(≤0.002mm)越高,分形维数越大;3种土地利用类型下,土壤颗粒体积分形维数平均值表现为水田林地旱地。3种土地利用类型之间,除0~20cm土层外其余各层土壤颗粒体积分形维数差异不显著。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。