胶东果园果蝇发生动态调查

2015年6—8月对胶东地区樱桃、苹果、枣、桃、葡萄5种果园的果蝇进行调查研究,结果表明,主要为害种类有黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)、铃木氏果蝇(Drosophila suzukii Matsumura)、海德氏果蝇(Drosophila hydei Sturtevant)和伊米果蝇(D.immgrans),分别占果蝇发生总量的93.97%、4.59%、0.64%和0.80%。5种果园中,均以黑腹果蝇为优势种,发生高峰期在6月下旬至7月下旬,占调查期内黑腹果蝇发生总量的91.38%。5种果园中樱桃树、葡萄树为果蝇的主要寄主,占5种果树上果蝇发生总量的77.03%。     

山东省樱桃主产区果蝇的调查与鉴定

为了解山东省樱桃主产区果蝇的发生情况,本研究选择了山东省主要樱桃产区的7个地点进行调查,并通过形态学特征和分子鉴定法对果蝇的种类进行鉴定。结果发现,山东省樱桃主产区有4种果蝇,通过形态特征与分子鉴定法最终确定4种果蝇,分别为斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii、黑腹果蝇D.melanogaster、海德果蝇D.hydei和伊米果蝇D.immigrans。这4种果蝇对樱桃的为害程度与种植地区、果实腐烂程度和樱桃的品种均有关系;莱芜和泰安地区果蝇分别有4种和3种;烟台和威海地区则只有斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇2种。烟台地区果蝇为害率最高,且数量最多,其中烟台丁家夼村樱桃为害率高达45.16%,在第2次采集中烟台薛家村每100粒樱桃中斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇的数量最多。美早和先锋2个品种樱桃对果蝇的吸引力较强;采摘后期腐烂的果实可吸引大量的果蝇产卵。因此,应对烟台地区进行重点预防、早期防治,并减少美早和先锋品种樱桃在山东省的种植。     

铃木氏果蝇对不同品种蓝莓为害情况调查

在我国蓝莓是重要的浆果类作物, 而铃木氏果蝇对蓝莓的为害特征及为害程度尚无报道?本研究通过诱捕器监测蓝莓园中成虫的种群发生动态, 并采用随机取样法每周调查‘瑞卡’‘北陆’‘美登’和‘蓝金’4个蓝莓品种的果实受害率, 同时研究了受害果实内幼虫取食为害蓝莓的持续期?在连续13周的诱捕调查中, 共捕获到9 999头铃木氏果蝇, 其诱捕高峰期是8月22日, 首次诱捕到成虫是7月13日, 而通过采样首次调查到受害果是7月24日?表明诱捕器能够有效监测铃木氏果蝇的种群动态变化, 并提前11 d预警果实受害?各品种果实成熟初期受害率均很低?仅为0~2%, 然而随着果实成熟度增加受害率均明显增加, 其中‘美登’受害率最低为34%, 而其他3个品种的受害率均高于80%, ‘蓝金’最高, 达90%?25℃条件下, 铃木氏果蝇所产卵次日即发育为幼虫, 且持续8 d后仍为幼虫在果实内为害, 可见蓝莓果实一旦被害即使采摘也无法避免损失?     

六种农药对两种果蝇成虫室内毒力和主要解毒酶活性的影响

为明确田间常用农药对伊米果蝇Drosophila immigrans和海德氏果蝇D. hydei的毒力和解毒机制,采用药膜法在室内测定6种田间常用农药原药对2种果蝇实验种群成虫的LC_(10)、LC_(20)和LC_(50),并研究其中3种农药的亚致死剂量(LC_(10)、LC_(20))对果蝇谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)3种主要解毒酶活性的影响。结果表明,乙基多杀菌素对伊米果蝇的毒力最大,LC_(10)、LC_(20)和LC_(50)分别为0.29、0.51和1.51 mg/L;甲维盐对海德氏果蝇的毒力最大,LC_(10)、LC_(20)和LC_(50)分别为0.14、0.36和2.09 mg/L;吡虫啉对2种果蝇的毒力均最低。不同亚致死浓度的乙基多杀菌素处理伊米果蝇24 h后,CarE和AchE活性均显著高于对照,而GST活性在低浓度时显著高于对照;高浓度甲维盐仅对海德氏果蝇AchE活性有显著抑制作用;吡虫啉可抑制伊米果蝇AchE和海德氏果蝇CarE活性。表明伊米果蝇和海德氏果蝇可通过改变3种解毒酶的活性来防御杀虫剂对其造成的影响。     

山东青岛设施蓝莓果蝇发生动态及鲜果受害情况调查

于2019年在山东青岛采用糖醋液诱捕和鲜果抽样调查的方法对设施蓝莓果蝇发生及为害展开了调查。结果表明,设施塑料大棚内果蝇成虫主要有黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇,表面无伤的鲜果内果蝇幼虫则均为斑翅果蝇。鲜果内果蝇幼虫的检出量高峰比棚内果蝇成虫发生高峰大约延后4～5 d;幼虫检出量在果实采收期内总体呈增加趋势,在采收接近90%时果蝇幼虫检出量达到最高,为2.2头/500g鲜果。斑翅果蝇为害隐蔽、影响鲜果品质,应在防治中引起重视。     

果蝇毛锤角细蜂对黑腹果蝇蛹不同龄期的选择性

黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigen是浆果类水果的果实害虫之一,对葡萄果实为害严重。毛锤角细蜂Trichopria drosophilae是黑腹果蝇的蛹寄生蜂之一。本文在温度26℃、相对湿度50%、光周期14L:10D的室内条件下,研究了毛锤角细蜂对不同日龄黑腹果蝇蛹的选择性。结果表明:毛锤角细蜂可寄生黑腹果蝇各日龄的蛹,但偏爱寄生预蛹。在寄主预蛹时,毛锤角细蜂的出蜂量、寄生率和选择系数分别为14.00头、35%和0.13,均显著高于1~3日龄蛹;不同日龄的黑腹果蝇蛹对毛锤角细蜂后代发育历期和雌蜂比没有显著影响。综上所述,黑腹果蝇的预蛹是毛锤角细蜂寄生的最佳时期。以黑腹果蝇为寄主时,研究毛锤角细蜂的寄生规律对于黑腹果蝇及其他果蝇的生物防治具有重要的指导意义。     

黑腹果蝇和伊米果蝇在四川阿坝州发生初报

根据2003-2005年调查,四川阿坝地区发生黑腹果蝇和伊米果蝇危害樱桃,发生面积约350 hm²/年,虫果率10%-60%。本文报道了其发生特点及形态特征。     

烟台地区大樱桃黑腹果蝇发生概况及其防控措施

通过对山东烟台市大樱桃主要种植区的走访调查,明确了大樱桃果蝇在该市的发生分布概况,初步鉴定结果表明,主要为害种为黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melamogaster),大体掌握了该虫的发生规律。并结合陕西、四川、河南等地的防治经验,制定了相应的防治措施,对指导当地大樱桃果蝇防控具有一定的借鉴作用。     

铃木氏果蝇触角和下颚须感器的超微形态特征及分布

铃木氏果蝇Drosophila suzukii(Matsumura)是近年来在世界各地备受关注的一种重要入侵害虫,主要为害各种软皮水果和浆果。本研究采用扫描电镜技术观察了铃木氏果蝇雌、雄成虫的触角及下颚须上感器的超微形态。结果发现,铃木氏果蝇触角鞭节上分布着3种表面多孔的感器,分别为锥形、腔锥形和毛形感器。下颚须上分布着锥形和刺形感器。触角和下颚须上的感器形态和数量均无性二型现象。根据锥形感器的大小及表面孔口的形状和大小,又将锥形感器分为小感锥和大感锥。小感锥表面有序排列着凹陷的小孔。大感锥表面成行排列着"一"字形大孔。大感锥仅分布于触角鞭节上,推测是铃木氏果蝇独有的一类感器,或许是长期进化过程中为感受健康新鲜果实的气味而形成的特殊感器。     

果树新害虫叔白颜果蝇Drosophila triauraria在山东省的发生规律

正果蝇属双翅目果蝇科果蝇属昆虫,多数种类仅以腐烂果实为食物,少数可为害健康果实。已报道的为害多种水果的果蝇有斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii、黑腹果蝇D. melanogaster等(任路明等,2014)。2017年用装有糖醋酒液的诱捕器在山东省烟台市、泰安市、济南市、日照市4个市的樱桃园和葡萄园收集果蝇,调查发现一种新的果蝇——叔白     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.