玉米秸秆木质纤维含量与应力松弛特性关联度研究

应力松弛是玉米秸秆重要的流变特性,直接影响到玉米秸秆打捆的压缩变形、生产率和功耗.利用INSTRON 3367材料试验机和自制压缩筒组件进行了玉米秸秆闭式压缩应力松弛试验,并测定了北京、辽宁、山东、湖北、陕西和重庆等地13个不同品种的成熟期玉米秸秆纤维素、半纤维素和木质素质量分数.以拟合应力松弛曲线得到的应力松弛时间、平衡弹性模量等作为应力松弛特性考核指标,采用灰色关联法分析玉米秸秆的应力松弛特性与木质纤维组成的相关性.研究表明,不同品种的玉米秸秆纤维素、半纤维素和木质素质量分数差异均显著(P＜0.05),应力松弛时间和平衡弹性模量主要与木质素质量分数相关,半纤维素质量分数主要与应力松弛时间相关,而三参数与纤维素质量分数相关度均较低.从微观角度来看,其关联度主要取决于各成分在细胞壁中的位置和功能.     

挤压膨化参数对玉米秸秆纤维成分含量的影响

针对秸秆纤维制取酒精过程中纤维利用率低问题,利用小型单螺杆秸秆挤压机,采用五因素五水平正交旋转组合试验方法,研究了挤压膨化系统参数:模孔环隙B、螺杆末端至模板内表面的距离δ、套筒温度T、螺杆转速N和物料含水率W,对玉米秸秆纤维(纤维素、半纤维素和木质素)成分比例的影响规律,得出最优参数组合为:B=4 mm、δ=5 mm、T=120℃、N=90 r/min、W=20%,纤维成分含量为:纤维素35.11%,半纤维素31.83%,木质素6.77%.研究结果为秸秆纤维制取酒精的挤压膨化预处理工艺提供参考.     

膨化预处理玉米秸秆提高还原糖酶解产率的效果

为了提高玉米秸秆的可发酵还原糖转化率,采用膨化技术对玉米秸秆木质纤维素进行预处理。扫描电镜观察,玉米秸秆的纤维束受到破坏,木质素包裹作用减弱,纤维素酶的空间作用面积提高。红外光谱分析表明有部分半纤维素和少量木质素水解;X射线衍射测定纤维素结晶度降低了12.68%。通过进一步纤维素酶解试验,与未处理的相比膨化处理后原料酶解时间可缩短16 h,未经膨化处理原料还原糖的酶解产率为13.48%,膨化处理后原料还原糖的酶解产率可达24.91%。结果表明,膨化预处理技术可明显提高玉米秸秆木质纤维素的能源化利用效率。该     

尿素预处理玉米秸秆降解木质素动力学研究

为探究尿素预处理玉米秸秆降解木质素的动力学特性,解析尿素对玉米秸秆木质素的作用规律,研究了总固体质量分数（10%、30%、50%和70%）和尿素添加比例（1∶100、1∶20、1∶10、1∶2和7∶10）对玉米秸秆木质素含量的影响,并进行模型拟合,获得了尿素预处理玉米秸秆降解木质素动力学模型。结果表明：总固体质量分数在50%以内时,随着尿素添加比例的增加,玉米秸秆的木质素去除率先增加、后降低,总固体质量分数为70%时木质素去除率随着尿素添加比例的增加而增加,当总固体质量分数为10%和70%、对应尿素添加比例为1∶20和7∶10时,获得的最大木质素去除率分别为71.05%、68.69%;不同预处理条件下,玉米秸秆的残余木质素质量与总固体回收量均呈现较好的线性关系,在整个尿素预处理过程中脱木质素选择性系数稳定在0.32~0.48g/g之间;尿素预处理玉米秸秆的脱木质素过程符合初始脱木质素、大量脱木质素和残余脱木质素3个阶段连续一阶动力学模型,大量脱木质素阶段的最大可脱除木质素质量比可达0.71,在低、高总固体含量下,尿素转化的液态铵和气态氨对玉米秸秆均具有较好的脱木质素作用。     

挤压膨化参数对玉米秸秆纤维成分含量的影响

针对秸秆纤维制取酒精过程中纤维利用率低问题,利用小型单螺杆秸秆挤压机,采用五因素五水平正交旋转组合试验方法,研究了挤压膨化系统参数：模孔环隙B、螺杆末端至模板内表面的距离δ、套筒温度Τ、螺杆转速N和物料含水率W,对玉米秸秆纤维（纤维素、半纤维素和木质素）成分比例的影响规律,得出最优参数组合为：B=4mm、δ=5mm、T=120℃、N=90r/min、W=20%,纤维成分含量为：纤维素35.11%,半纤维素31.83%,木质素6.77%。研究结果为秸秆纤维制取酒精的挤压膨化预处理工艺提供参考。     

热化学预处理温度对玉米秸秆干发酵的影响

为研究热化学处理方法对生物质干发酵制备沼气的影响,采用鼓泡流化床热解反应器在150℃、170℃、190℃和210℃下对玉米秸秆进行了热化学预处理,并与未处理的玉米秸秆原料分别进行了35℃中温发酵42d的实验研究。结果表明,一定温度范围的热化学预处理能够改变木质纤维的束状结构,能使半纤维素的质量分数有效降低5.98%～22.25%,木质素的质量分数降低1.75%～20.99%,从而加快启动,提高甲烷产量。其中190℃处理组30d内的累积甲烷产量比未处理组提高了16.30%,启动时间提前了2.10d。结果表明热化学预处理能有效提高玉米秸秆干发酵甲烷产量,加快干发酵的启动速率,提高干发酵效率。     

木聚糖水热及其对生物质组分水热碳化的影响

为了研究木聚糖的水热碳化特性,在间歇式反应釜中,进行反应温度为160~240℃,停留时间为120min条件下的水热碳化实验研究,同时在220℃、120min的反应条件下,考察了木聚糖对纤维素和木质素水热碳化过程的影响。研究发现,200℃时,木聚糖水热焦开始出现,随反应温度的升高,木聚糖水热焦产率逐渐增加,至240℃时,产率达13%;以小麦秸秆中半纤维素与纤维素和木质素的质量比混合水热碳化,木聚糖对纤维素水热焦产率影响不大,而碳质量分数从纯纤维素水热焦的42%增加至纤维素和木聚糖混合物水热焦的48%,与纯木质素水热焦相比,木聚糖和木质素混合物水热焦产率减少了23个百分点,碳质量分数变化不大;木聚糖水热焦中特征官能团随温度升高而减少,而C=C、C=O和芳香特征峰红外吸收逐渐增强,同时热重分析表明木聚糖水热焦热稳定性较好。傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射分析及热重分析表明,在水热碳化过程中,木聚糖可以促进纤维素和木质素分子结构的断裂、聚合和芳香化反应,提高了水热焦的芳香特性。     

木聚糖对生物质组分水热碳化特性的影响研究

为了研究木聚糖的水热碳化特性,在间歇式反应釜中,进行反应温度为160~240℃、停留时间为120 min条件下的水热碳化实验研究,同时在220℃、120 min的反应条件下,考察了木聚糖对纤维素和木质素水热碳化过程的影响。研究发现,200℃时,木聚糖水热焦开始出现,随反应温度的升高,木聚糖水热焦产率逐渐增加,至240℃时,产率达13%;以小麦秸秆中半纤维素与纤维素和木质素混合水热碳化,木聚糖对纤维素水热焦产率影响不大,而碳质量分数从纯纤维素水热焦的42%增加至纤维素和木聚糖混合物水热焦的48%,与纯木质素水热焦相比,木聚糖和木质素混合物水热焦产率减少了23个百分点,碳质量分数变化不大;木聚糖水热焦中特征官能团随温度升高而减少,而CC、CO和芳香特征峰红外吸收逐渐增强,同时热重分析表明木聚糖水热焦热稳定性较好。傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射分析及热重分析表明,在水热碳化过程中,木聚糖可以促进纤维素和木质素分子结构的断裂、聚合和芳香化反应,提高水热焦的芳香特性。     

不同杂粮作物秸秆厌氧发酵产气特性研究

秸秆的开发与利用对于污染治理和资源循环利用意义重大,其中关于杂粮作物秸秆沼气发酵潜力的研究却鲜有报道。该研究采用批次试验,发酵体积700 m L,总TS为8%,中温(35℃±1℃)条件下探究了玉米、水稻、大豆、谷子、糜子和绿豆6种秸秆厌氧发酵产气特性。结果表明:发酵进行到11 d时,秸秆TS产气率从大到小依次为绿豆131. 0 m L·g~(-1),玉米126. 8 m L·g~(-1),糜子117. 5 m L·g~(-1),谷子114. 1 m L·g~(-1),水稻105. 3 m L·g~(-1)和大豆84. 0m L·g~(-1)。绿豆秸秆甲烷含量最高可达60. 2%,其次分别为糜子秸秆53. 5%,玉米秸秆52. 8%,谷子秸秆50. 0%,水稻秸秆49. 7%和大豆秸秆48. 4%。绿豆秸秆的总有机碳和总氮的减重率最大,分别为43. 25%和21. 77%。绿豆秸秆的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的降解率最大,分别为15. 43%,9. 86%和7. 24%。各秸秆发酵液C/N分别为玉米29. 04,水稻36. 58,大豆48. 69,谷子35. 90,糜子30. 54和绿豆23. 31。6种秸秆的累积产气量与其总氮减重率,纤维素和半纤维素降解率,C/N显著相关。该研究为不同种类秸秆,尤其是杂粮作物秸秆厌氧发酵提供了一定的数据支撑。     

PAM预处理玉米秸秆中半纤维素水解动力学分析

过氧乙酸复合马来酸(Peracetic acid and maleic acid, PAM)能有效将玉米秸秆中木质素和半纤维素脱除分离得到纤维素,同时将半纤维素降解为木糖,然而PAM预处理中半纤维素的降解机制尚不清楚。以单独过氧乙酸(Peracetic acid, PA)预处理为对照,考察了90～120℃PAM预处理玉米秸秆中半纤维素的水解动力学,采用双相水解动力学模型拟合分析了玉米秸秆中半纤维素的水解反应动力学参数。结果表明,半纤维素的水解由快速水解和慢速水解两个阶段构成,慢速水解部分的比例随着反应温度的升高而下降。与PA预处理对比发现PAM预处理可以将木聚糖快速反应和慢速反应的活化能分别降低至71.4 kJ/mol和79.1 kJ/mol,并且显著提高木聚糖的水解反应速率。研究结果证实了该模型可以有效模拟木聚糖的水解过程,揭示了PAM预处理促进半纤维素水解作用的动力学机制。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。