添加生物质炭对红壤性水稻土Cd2+吸附解吸特性的影响

为探讨生物质炭对红壤性水稻土中镉(Cd)元素吸附解吸特性的影响,采用一次平衡法研究添加生物质炭后Cd2+在红壤性水稻土中的吸附动力学、等温吸附和解吸过程。结果表明:施用CK(0t/hm^2)、A10(10t/hm^2)、A20(20t/hm^2)、A30(30t/hm^2)和A40(40t/hm^2)生物质炭后,红壤性水稻土对Cd2+的吸附过程是以化学吸附为主、非均匀的多表面吸附。施用CK(0t/hm^2)、A10(10t/h2)、A20(20t/hm^2)、A30(30t/hm^2)和A40(40t/hm^2)生物质炭处理的最大吸附量和最大解吸量分别为2933~3346mg/kg和171~192mg/kg。添加生物质炭可以提高红壤性水稻土对Cd2+的吸附固持能力,同时增强土壤对外源Cd2+的缓冲能力。生物质炭添加量对红壤性水稻土的吸附解吸能力的改良效果具体表现为:A30>A40>A20>A10。高剂量的生物质炭处理使土壤吸附点位饱和,生物质炭吸附能力相对降低。因此,添加30t/hm^2生物质炭是一种有效预防和治理红壤性水稻土镉污染的措施。     

生物质炭与氮肥配施对土壤氮素变化和烤烟氮素利用的影响

为探明生物质炭与氮肥配施对土壤中氮素循环和烤烟氮素利用的影响,采用盆栽试验,设置4个处理:5 g/盆纯氮(CK),5 g/盆纯氮+100 g/盆生物质炭(T1),3.5 g/盆纯氮+100 g/盆生物质炭(T2),2 g/盆纯氮+100 g/盆生物质炭(T3),利用~(15)N标记的氮肥,测定生物质炭与氮肥配施条件下烤烟生长不同时期土壤中~(15)N的残留量、不同形态氮素的含量、土壤微生物生物量氮含量和移栽后90 d烤烟烟叶对不同氮源氮素的累积量。试验结果表明:相同施氮量时,生物质炭的施用可以提高土壤中~(15)N残留量、土壤无机氮、碱解氮、微生物量氮的含量和叶片对氮素的累积量。生物质炭与氮肥配施时提高了肥料氮在烟叶中的占比,使~(15)N利用率提高了25.4%~63.3%。与对照相比,T2处理植烟土壤中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~–-N、碱解氮在烤烟移栽后75 d比对照分别提高了17.3%、8.0%、7.2%,碱解氮和微生物生物量氮的含量在烤烟移栽后90 d也高于对照。在本试验条件下,生物质炭与氮肥配施对土壤氮素的影响是显著的,施用生物质炭时减少30%氮肥用量是可行的。     

秸秆与生物质炭施用对土壤温室气体排放的影响差异

采用室内培养试验,向土壤中添加小麦秸秆和不同量生物质炭,同时比较探究秸秆与生物质炭施用对土壤温室气体排放及微生物活性的影响差异。试验共设5个处理:土壤(S)、土壤+1%小麦秸秆(WT)、土壤+1%生物质炭(BC1)、土壤+2%生物质炭(BC2)和土壤+4%生物质炭(BC4)。在培养期内,施秸秆处理土壤CO2排放量比对照处理S显著增加约12.60%~2005.63%,而施生物质炭处理降低约51.49%~97.93%。施秸秆处理的温室气体增温潜势(GWP)是对照处理S的1.12~19.24倍,而施生物质炭处理,即处理BC1、BC2和BC4的GWP分别降低了0.27%~64.06%,15.78%~94.01%和29.43%~92.28%。小麦秸秆施用会明显增加土壤温室气体排放,增加温室效应;而添加生物质炭对土壤CO2、N2O排放表现出一定的抑制作用,并明显减弱温室气体增温潜势,即生物质炭能明显减弱温室效应。添加小麦秸秆促进土壤微生物生物量碳的增加,提高FDA水解酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶活性;生物质炭施用一段时间后对土壤过氧化氢酶活性表现为显著激活作用。     

生物炭和秸秆添加对海南热带水稻土氮素淋溶的影响

通过室内土柱模拟淋洗试验,研究不同水分条件下添加秸秆和生物炭对海南热带水稻土氮淋失的影响。物料添加设对照(CK)、添加生物炭(B)、生物炭+水稻秸秆(BCS)、水稻秸秆(CS)4个处理,培养水分设75%田间持水量(WHC,模拟旱作土壤)和淹水(模拟水田)2个水平。结果表明,生物炭和秸秆添加均可以提高土壤pH,增加土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾和有效磷含量。75%WHC条件下,相比CK,BCS和CS处理显著增加土壤NH_4~+—N的淋失量,分别增加16.30%和48.56%,B处理无显著差异;CS处理增加土壤NO_3~-—N淋失,BCS处理降低土壤NO_3~-—N淋失,B处理对硝、铵态氮淋失无显著影响;BCS和CS处理显著增加土壤硝、铵态氮总量(S)淋失,B处理对S无显著影响。淹水条件下,相比CK,B处理降低土壤的NH_4~+—N和S的淋失,分别降低16.30%和12.81%,而对NO_3~-—N淋失量无显著影响;CS处理土壤降低土壤NH_4~+—N、NO_3~-—N和S的淋失,分别降低19.26%,33.96%和22.37%;BCS处理降低土壤NH_4~+—N和S的淋失,分别降低14.52%和14.19%,但对NO_3~-—N淋失影响不显著。综上,海南热带地区稻菜轮作种植模式下,旱作条件秸秆还田增加土壤NH_4~+—N和NO_3~-—N的淋失,但生物炭对硝、铵态氮淋失无影响;水田时,生物炭添加可以降低土壤NH_4~+—N淋失,对NO_3~-—N无影响,秸秆还田后土壤NH_4~+—N和NO_3~-—N的淋失均降低。     

稻草生物质炭对3种可变电荷土壤吸附Cd（Ⅱ）的影响

按土重的3%和5%向采自海南和广西的3种可变电荷土壤中添加由稻草制备的生物质炭,混合培养30 d后用一次平衡法研究了生物质炭对土壤吸附Cd（Ⅱ）的影响及其与土壤表面电化学性质的关系,旨在阐明生物质炭促进可变电荷土壤吸附和固定Cd（Ⅱ）的机制。结果表明,添加稻草炭显著提高了3种土壤的阳离子交换量（CEC）和土壤pH,并使土壤胶体Zeta电位向负值方向位移。因此,添加稻草炭增加了土壤表面的负电荷量,土壤表面对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附容量增强,使3种可变电荷土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附量增加,且Cd（Ⅱ）吸附量的增幅随稻草炭添加水平的提高而增加。Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程可以拟合3种土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附等温线,但Freundlich方程拟合效果更好,该方程表征吸附容量的常数k也随着稻草炭添加水平提高而增大。研究表明在pH3.0~5.0范围内,稻草炭均增加土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附量。添加稻草炭提高土壤pH,促进Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附,因为Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附量随pH升高而增加。解吸实验表明,添加稻草炭处理Cd（Ⅱ）的解吸量高于对照处理,说明生物质炭提高了土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的静电吸附量。     

水洗处理对秸秆生物质炭吸附解吸Cd2+和Pb2+的特性影响

水洗处理在不影响生物质炭性质的前提下,可以去除附着在其表面的热解副产物,从而保证对重金属离子的去除能力。以小麦和玉米秸秆为原料,比较两种秸秆类生物质炭对溶液Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附解吸特点及其水溶性盐分含量的影响。结果表明,小麦和玉米秸秆生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附过程均更好地符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir方程。小麦秸秆生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的最大吸附量达12.82 mg g?1和9.91 mg g?1,为玉米秸秆吸附量的1.31 ~ 1.76倍和1.06 ~ 1.53倍。洗脱水溶性盐分可以降低生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附,水洗后小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆生物质炭对Cd2+的最大吸附量分别降低42.36%和60.13%,对Pb2+的最大吸附量分别降低29.47%和62.72%。水洗处理提高了两种秸秆生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的解吸率,其中小麦秸秆生物质炭提高幅度较大,由原来对Cd2+的解吸率为1.84% ~ 13.05%提高到7.88% ~ 20.19%,对Pb2+的解吸率为1.57% ~ 11.82%提高到6.34% ~ 16.94%。因此,可溶性盐分在秸秆生物质炭吸附Cd2+和Pb2+的过程中具有重要作用,该研究结果将为制备高效修复重金属污染土壤的生物质材料提供技术支撑。     

酸化沸石对尿素氮淋失和玉米籽粒氮素利用的影响

在尿素减量施用条件下,探究添加酸化沸石(SF)对氮素淋失及籽粒氮肥利用率的影响。通过等温吸附试验,结合土柱淋溶和玉米盆栽试验,研究酸化沸石对NH_4⁺—N和NO_3^-—N的吸附性能,以及不同施氮梯度下,酸化沸石对氮素淋失和氮肥利用率的影响,试验分别设置农民习惯施肥(CN)、氮肥减量15%(CN1)、氮肥减量30%(CN2)3个施氮梯度并分别添加土重0.2%的酸化沸石(CN+SF、CN1+SF、CN2+SF)。结果表明,酸化沸石对NH_4⁺—N和NO_3^-—N的最大吸附量分别为25.44,31.59 mg/g,吸附过程可用Langmuir模型较好拟合。在减氮15%和30%时,添加酸化沸石,使NH_4⁺—N累计淋失量较CN1、CN2分别降低7.10%,8.76%。在减氮30%时,酸化沸石可有效降低NO_3^-—N累计淋失量,较CN2处理减少15.90%。酸化沸石可有效提高土壤氮素含量和玉米籽粒氮肥利用率,添加酸化沸石(CN+SF、CN1+SF、CN2+SF)较单施尿素(CN、CN1、CN2)籽粒氮肥利用率分别提高10.37%,20.79%,47.14%。综上,酸化沸石在减施尿素条件下可有效降低土壤氮素淋失,提高玉米籽粒氮肥利用率,具有一定的农艺价值。     

不同电解质对牛粪生物质炭中腐殖酸吸附–解吸的影响

本文研究了NaCl、Na_2SO_4、Na_3PO_4 3种背景电解质对牛粪生物质炭中腐殖酸吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明:在这3种背景电解质作用下,牛粪生物质炭对腐殖酸的吸附量和吸附率随着加入液腐殖酸浓度的增加而增加,但是增加速度逐渐变缓。3种背景电解质相比,NaCl中牛粪生物质炭对腐殖酸的吸附量和吸附率均为最高,吸附量范围为0.13～6.10 mg/g,吸附率范围为25.40%～87.14%。随着加入液腐殖酸浓度的增加,吸附态腐殖酸的解吸量逐渐增加,解吸率逐渐减小。3种背景电解质相比,Na_2SO_4中牛粪生物质炭吸附的腐殖酸的解吸量最高,解吸量范围为0.15～0.78 mg/g。加入液腐殖酸浓度为140 mg/L,3种背景电解质中牛粪生物质炭吸附的腐殖酸的解吸量均达到最大值,解吸量的大小顺序为Na_2SO_4Na_3PO_4NaCl。Na_3PO_4对腐殖酸的解吸率影响最大,解吸率范围为17.24%～90.55%,NaCl对腐殖酸的解吸率影响最小,解吸率范围为8.22%～53.54%。用Langmuir拟合3种背景电解质中腐殖酸的等温吸附曲线和等温解吸曲线,其相关系数都达到显著水平。研究结果揭示了不同背景电解质对牛粪生物质炭吸附和解吸腐殖酸的影响,可为土壤保土保肥提供理论参考。     

不同温度下镉在典型农田土壤中的吸附动力学特征

按土重的3%和5%向采自海南和广西的3种可变电荷土壤中添加由稻草制备的生物质炭,混合培养30 d后用一次平衡法研究了生物质炭对土壤吸附Cd（Ⅱ）的影响及其与土壤表面电化学性质的关系,旨在阐明生物质炭促进可变电荷土壤吸附和固定Cd（Ⅱ）的机制。结果表明,添加稻草炭显著提高了3种土壤的阳离子交换量（CEC）和土壤pH,并使土壤胶体Zeta电位向负值方向位移。因此,添加稻草炭增加了土壤表面的负电荷量,土壤表面对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附容量增强,使3种可变电荷土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附量增加,且Cd（Ⅱ）吸附量的增幅随稻草炭添加水平的提高而增加。Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程可以拟合3种土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附等温线,但Freundlich方程拟合效果更好,该方程表征吸附容量的常数k也随着稻草炭添加水平提高而增大。研究表明在pH3.0~5.0范围内,稻草炭均增加土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附量。添加稻草炭提高土壤pH,促进Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附,因为Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附量随pH升高而增加。解吸实验表明,添加稻草炭处理Cd（Ⅱ）的解吸量高于对照处理,说明生物质炭提高了土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的静电吸附量。     

生物质炭对黑土硝态氮淋失的影响

为探究不同类型和不同用量生物质炭对黑土硝态氮(NO_3~-—N)淋失的影响,采用室内土柱模拟法进行淋溶试验,探究了3种来源(玉米秸秆、稻壳、松木)和4个添加比例(0.6%,1.2%,3.6%,6%)的生物质炭对黑土淋溶液的pH、电导率(EC)、体积、淋溶液中NO_3~-—N浓度及土壤NO_3~-—N淋失量的影响。结果表明:淋溶液的pH和EC与生物质炭的施用量呈正比,且3种生物质炭对淋溶液pH的影响表现为玉米秸秆稻壳松木;对淋溶液EC的影响表现为稻壳松木玉米秸秆。淋溶液体积与生物质炭的施用量呈反比,CK处理中累积淋溶液体积为2 530ml,玉米秸秆、稻壳和松木生物质炭的各处理中均为6%处理的累积淋溶液体积最低,分别比CK降低了16.91%,10.77%和10.70%。施用生物质炭可降低淋溶液中NO_3~-—N浓度,CK处理中淋溶液NO_3~-—N浓度范围为38.09~5.02 mg/L,玉米秸秆生物质炭中1.2%处理的淋溶液NO_3~-—N浓度最低,范围为21.31~0.74mg/L;稻壳、松木生物质炭中3.6%处理的淋溶液NO_3~-—N浓度最低,范围分别为21.86~1.06mg/L和22.76~1.11mg/L。施用生物质炭降低了土壤NO_3~-—N淋失量,不同生物质炭对其影响表现为玉米秸秆稻壳松木,当玉米秸秆生物质炭的添加比例为1.2%,稻壳及松木制备的生物质炭添加比例为3.6%时,土壤NO_3~-—N淋失量最低。因此,向黑土中施用生物质炭可以增加淋溶液的pH和EC,降低淋溶液体积和其中所含NO_3~-—N的浓度,从而减少了土壤中NO_3~-—N的淋失量。     

Evaluation of Biochar Effects on Nitrogen Retention and Leaching in Multi-Layered Soil Columns

Biochar can play a key role in nutrient cycling, potentially affecting nitrogen retention when applied to soils. In this project, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the adsorption properties of bamboo charcoal (BC) and the influence of BC on nitrogen retention at different soil depths using multi-layered soil columns. Results showed that BC could adsorb ammonium ion predominantly by cation exchange. Ammonium nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) concentrations in the leachate of the soil columns showed significant differences at different depths after ammonium chloride application to the columns depending on whether BC had been added. Addition of 0.5% BC to the surface soil layer retarded the downward transport of NH₄ ⁺-N in the 70-day experiment, as indicated by measurements made during the first 7 days at 10 cm, and later, in the experimental period at 20 cm. In addition, application of BC reduced overall cumulative losses of NH₄ ⁺-N via leaching at 20 cm by 15.2%. Data appeared to suggest that BC could be used as a potential nutrient-retaining additive in order to increase the utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizers. Nonetheless, the effect of BC addition on controlling soil nitrogen losses through leaching needs to be further assessed before large-scale applications to agricultural fields are implemented.     

不同铵态氮水平对水稻根际固氮活性的影响

本试验观察了在杭州生态条件下土壤中不同NH₄⁺-N水平对水稻根际固氮活性的影响。试验的结果表明:1.NH₄⁺-N肥在一定时间内对水稻根际固氮活性具有明显的抑制效应,施用量越大,其抑制作用越严重。土壤速效氮浓度与水稻根际固氮活性之间呈高度(或中度)负相关,不同生育期两者的相关系数r值在-0.4288—0.9945之间。2.土壤速效氮对水稻土柱固氮活性抑制的起始浓度为20ppm。3.NH₄⁺-N对水稻根际固氮活性的抑制时间随施用量而不同,低氮区在20天左右,中氮区和高氮区在25—30天左右。此后施氮区对水稻根际固氮活性具有促进作用。     

生物炭改性黏土的渗水渗气特性及其函数关系

黏土中施加生物炭可改变土体的孔隙结构。生物炭掺量和干密度均会对土体的渗透系数产生影响,准确确定生物炭-黏土混合土的渗透系数对满足填埋场上覆层的功能需求就显得格外重要。采用自主研发设计的柔性壁水-气联合渗透测试装置,测定不同生物炭掺量和干密度的生物炭-黏土混合土的饱和渗透系数和渗气系数,得到生物炭掺量、干密度与渗气系数和渗水系数间的关系曲线。建立生物炭掺量和干密度双变化条件下的渗气渗水函数,并通过验证组验证该函数的适用性。研究结果表明：在干密度较小时,对比纯黏土的渗水率,添加5%、10%、15%和20%生物炭处理后的土样渗水系数k_w值分别为8.25×10^-17、8.89×10^-17、10.40×10^-17和18.25×10^-17 m²,掺20%生物炭土样的渗透率增加了将近一个数量级。渗气渗水函数基于易测定的渗气率作为自变量,同时又考虑了干密度和生物炭掺量的影响,能快速、准确地确定土样的渗水系数。结合验证组试验得出,利用该函数计算得到的渗水系数和试验实测值吻合程度较好,表明该函数具有一定的适用性。本研究结果可为快速、准确确定渗水系数,定量描述非饱和土孔隙中水气运动之间的相互影响提供理论支撑。     

Estimating soil ammonium adsorption using pedotransfer functions in an irrigation district of the North China Plain

Extensive use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture can induce high concentration of ammonium nitrogen(NH4⁺_-N) in soil. Desorption and leaching of NH4⁺_-N has led to pollution of natural waters. The adsorption of NH4⁺_-N in soil plays an important role in the fate of the NH4⁺_-N. Understanding the adsorption characteristics of NH4⁺_-N is necessary to ascertain and predict its fate in the soil-water environment, and pedotransfer functions(PTFs) could be a convenient method for quantification of the adsorption parameters. Ammonium nitrogen adsorption capacity, isotherms, and their influencing factors were investigated for various soils in an irrigation district of the North China Plain. Fourteen agricultural soils with three types of texture(silt, silty loam, and sandy loam) were collected from topsoil to perform batch experiments. Silt and silty loam soils had higher NH4⁺_-N adsorption capacity than sandy loam soils.Clay and silt contents significantly affected the adsorption capacity of NH4⁺_-N in the different soils. The adsorption isotherms of NH4⁺_-N in the 14 soils fit well using the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin models. The models’ adsorption parameters were significantly related to soil properties including clay,silt, and organic carbon contents and Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ion concentrations in the groundwater. The PTFs that relate soil and groundwater properties to soil NH4⁺_-N adsorption isotherms were derived using multiple regressions where the coefficients were predicted using the Bayesian method. The PTFs of the three adsorption isotherm models were successfully verified and could be useful tools to help predict NH4⁺_-N adsorption at a regional scale in irrigation districts.     

Effect of biochar and nitrogen fertilizers on maize seedling growth and enzyme activity relating to nitrification

Maximizing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) involves synchronizing the interplay between nitrogen preferential crops and the nitrogen transformation pathways of soil. Biochar may benefit specific N-preference crops in relatively unsuitable soil environments; however, experimental data are lacking. This study tested eight treatments, consisting of four nitrogen treatments (N0 = control; N1 = NH₄Cl; N2 = NaNO₃; and N3 = 1:1 ratio of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻) each with biochar applied at 0% or 2% (w/w). The results show that biochar and/or nitrogen application enhanced maize seedling biomass and NO₃⁻-based fertilizer resulted in higher seedling biomass than NH₄⁺-based fertilizer. With the application of biochar and NH₄⁺-based fertilizer, maize seedling biomass increased and soil NH₄⁺-N content was significantly reduced compared with NH₄Cl sole application. Correlation analysis and redundancy analysis revealed that SOC content and inorganic nitrogen content were the main factors influencing maize growth and N absorption. Biochar with or without nitrogen fertilizer (except N1 treatment) significantly increased β-1,4-glucosidase (BG) activity. Co-application treatments also resulted in higher vector length, an indicator of C limitation—the increment might add to the risk of microbial C limitation. The activity of ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), a key enzyme in nitrification, decreased with the co-application of biochar and nitrogen, suggesting the alteration of nitrogen transformation.     

不同铵硝配比对弱光下白菜氮素吸收及相关酶的影响

以黑色遮阳网覆盖模仿弱光环境, 使光照强度为自然光的20%左右, 以自然光照为对照, 采用精确控制水培溶液氮素营养, 研究NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比例分别为0/100、25/75、50/50、75/25、100/0 对弱光下白菜氮代谢及硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性的影响。结果表明, 弱光下, 白菜的鲜重及叶片总氮量以NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为25/75 时最大, NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为100/0 时最低。随弱光处理的进行, 白菜叶片中硝酸还原酶活性及谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均呈下降趋势, 但NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为25/75 时, 可维持叶片内较高的硝酸还原酶活性及谷氨酰胺合成酶活性。试验表明, NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比25/75 是白菜在弱光下生长的较适宜氮素形态配比。     

不同铵硝比对菠菜生长、安全和营养品质的影响

通过水培试验,研究了等氮条件下5种不同铵硝比对菠菜生长和品质的影响。结果表明:(1)从铵硝比100∶0到0∶100,菠菜地上部鲜重不断增加,铵硝比为0∶100时,菠菜的鲜重达最大值;但铵硝比25∶75和0∶100两个处理菠菜的干物重没有显著差异(p<0.05)。(2)随着铵硝比的降低,菠菜茎叶中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的含量均表现为线性增加;菠菜茎叶中可溶性草酸的含量和营养液中铵硝比之间呈现出二次曲线相关,在铵硝比为25∶75时,菠菜茎叶中草酸含量最低。适当增施铵态氮有利于降低菠菜硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及草酸的含量。(3)增铵可以提高菠菜Vc含量,铵硝比为50∶50的处理菠菜Vc含量最高;随着铵硝比的下降,菠菜茎叶中可溶性糖的含量逐渐降低,而粗蛋白的含量则以铵硝比25∶75处理最高。     

Effects of Biochar and Biosolid on Adsorption of Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium in Two Soils

Increasing the retention of nutrients by agricultural soils is of great interest to minimize losses of nutrients by leaching and/or surface runoff. Soil amendments play a role in nutrient retention by increasing the surface area and/or other chemical processes. Biochar (BC) is high carbon-containing by-product of pyrolysis of carbon-rich feedstocks to produce bioenergy. Biosolid is a by-product of wastewater treatment plant. Use of these by-products as amendments to agricultural soils is beneficial to improve soil properties, soil quality, and nutrient retention and enhance carbon sequestration. In this study, the adsorption of NH₄-N, P, and K by a sandy soil (Quincy fine sand (QFS)) and a silty clay loam soil (Warden silty loam (WSL)) with BC (0, 22.4, and 44.8 mg ha^?1) and biosolid (0 and 22.4 mg ha^?1) amendments were investigated. Adsorption of NH₄-N by the QFS soil increased with BC application at lower NH₄-N concentrations in equilibrium solution. For the WSL soil, NH₄-N adsorption peaked at 22.4 mg ha^?1 BC rate. Biosolid application increased NH₄-N adsorption by the WSL soil while decreased that in the QFS soil. Adsorption of P was greater by the WSL soil as compared to that by the QFS soil. Biosolid amendment significantly increased P adsorption capacity in both soils, while BC amendment had no significant effects. BC and biosolid amendments decreased K adsorption capacity by the WSL soil but had no effects on that by the QFS soil. Ca release with increasing addition of K was greater by the WSL soil as compared to that by the QFS soil. In both the soils, Ca release was not influenced by BC amendment while it increased with addition of biosolid. The fit of adsorption data for NH₄-N, P, and K across all treatments and in two soils was better with the Freundlich model than that with the Langmuir model. The nutrients retained by BC or biosolid amended soils are easily released, therefore are readily available for the root uptake in cropped soils.     

秸秆生物炭输入对冻融期黑土表层无机氮磷垂直迁移的影响

为研究秸秆生物炭输入对冻融期黑土表层无机氮磷垂直迁移的影响,采用室内模拟冻融循环试验,设置冻融与不冻融、冻融循环次数和生物炭施加量3个影响因素,分析冻融作用下不同秸秆生物炭输入量土壤表层无机氮磷垂直迁移特征。结果表明:(1)冻融与不冻融、冻融循环次数及生物炭施加量对黑土表层NO3-—N、NH4+—N和PO43-—P垂直迁移液总体积、迁移液总浓度及迁移总量均有极显著影响。(2)淋溶时间随冻融作用增强而缩短,随生物炭施加量增加而延长。所有处理迁移液总体积均随生物炭输入量的增加呈降低趋势。未冻融组迁移液总体积随培养期增加呈现缓慢下降趋势,冻融组处理迁移液总体积在第5次冻融循环试验出现急剧增加,而后趋于平稳。(3)分析冻融作用下秸秆生物炭施入对无机氮磷垂直迁移累积影响,同一控制时间内生物炭对冻融组无机氮磷垂直迁移量的抑制作用大于不冻融组,且随生物炭施入量增加对无机氮磷垂直迁移的抑制作用增强。由于土壤物理性质的改变,冻融组NO3-—N、NH4+—N和PO43-—P累积迁移量均在第5次冻融循环左右发生急剧变化。综上可知,生物炭在冻融期可以有效的固持养分,研究结果可为寒冷地区解冻期面源污染防治提供一定的理论支持。     

生物质炭施用量对旱地酸性红壤理化性质的影响

我国南方旱地酸性红壤区,土壤酸化与干旱等问题突出。近几年生物质炭在土壤改良方面的研究应用已有较多的文献报道,但针对南方旱地酸性红壤区土壤改良方面的研究与应用相对较少。对此,本研究设置了生物质炭施加量分别为1%、2%、3%、4%及对照CK共5个处理,每个处理5次重复的室内盆栽试验;每盆一次性均匀浇洒1 L蒸馏水后在温室内自然放置,模拟干旱30 d,随后测定土壤含水量、p H、电导率与氮、磷含量。结果表明:土壤pH、电导率、有效磷含量随生物质炭施加量的增加而显著提高,NH₄⁺-N含量降低,而NO₃^–-N含量无显著影响;模拟干旱后的土壤含水量与生物质炭施加量呈二次函数曲线关系,施加低量生物质炭(1%)显著降低了土壤含水量,而高量生物质炭(4%)的施加则使土壤含水量显著提高。本研究为生物质炭在我国南方旱地酸性红壤区土壤改良方面的应用提供了试验依据。