浅地下水对作物生长规律的影响研究

通过开展不同地下水埋深条件下冬小麦和玉米全生育期潜水蒸发试验,探讨浅埋深地下水对作物生长规律的影响,为地下水浅埋区制定灌溉制度提供参考。试验结果分析表明,不同埋深的地下水对作物的生长发育过程有着很大影响,根系生长在分蘖期和拔节期受地下水位影响较大;而冠的生长则是在孕穗期到灌浆期影响较明显;作物的腾发量也不同。     

冬小麦对地下水利用的研究

本文分析了气象因素与作物对地下水利用量相关性,不同地下水位对小麦生态、生理和产量的影响。并应用土壤水动力学原理分析小麦各生育期根系吸水规律。提出不同土壤类型地下水适宜埋深,为黄淮平原节水灌溉和排水标准提供依据。     

地下水埋深对作物的影响研究现状

根据国内外的研究成果,对地下水埋深对作物的影响的研究现状进行了分析和总结。地下水埋深影响作物土壤水分吸收和盐分运移,影响作物生长发育、产量。适宜的地下水位能够改善作物的土壤环境,提高根系活力,增加作物产量。最后提出了需要进一步研究的问题。     

不同地下水埋深对土壤水、盐及作物生长影响的试验研究

对20个地中测坑进行不同地下水埋深下土壤水、盐运移及作物生长的分析,研究了地下水埋深对土壤水分利用效率(WUE)、养分(NO3-N)及作物生物性状指标的影响.结果表明:埋深为1.5～2.5 m时,有利于作物生长,但从盐渍化控制角度看,地下水埋深宜控制在2.0 m左右为宜;当地下水埋深大于2.0 m时,目前的灌溉制度已经不能满足作物的正常生长需要,出现亏缺灌溉,需要增加灌水定额,本研究说明适宜地下水位的控制对于河套灌区节水改造具有重要的意义.     

地下水埋深对再生水灌溉的夏玉米生长影响

为探讨地下水埋藏较浅地区再生水灌溉对夏玉米生长的影响,利用地中蒸渗仪控制不同地下水埋深(2、3和4 m),对夏玉米进行再生水灌溉试验,灌水量设900 m3/hm2和1200 m3/hm2二个处理,并与清水灌溉进行对比。试验表明,与对照相比,再生水灌溉叶面积指数和株高最大值出现时间要提前近10 d左右;不同地下水埋深的低水和高水处理叶面积指数变化趋势相同,都为埋深2 m>埋深3 m>埋深4 m;地下水埋深2 m3、m处理,低水和高水的株高非常接近,且都大于相应灌水量4 m地下水埋深处理;地下水埋深2 m、3 m处理再生水灌溉理论产量明显大于对照。     

冬小麦生长条件下土壤水与地下水转化试验研究

基于不同地下水埋深土壤水与地下水转化田间试验,探讨冬小麦生长条件下不同地下水埋深对土壤水与地下水转化的影响机理。试验结果表明,地下水埋深为1.5 m,在冬小麦需水高峰期,地下水为冬小麦生长提供的水资源量占耗水量的30%以上;随着地下水埋深增大,地下水对冬小麦需水的动态调节作用减弱;当地下水埋深为3.5 m,地下水已基本失去对冬小麦需水的动态调节能力。     

地下水埋深与芦苇生长的响应机制研究

由于芦苇各生长阶段需水量不同,对芦苇湿地进行水位的管理会影响芦苇的生长发育和产量。通过为期2年的野外试验,利用桶栽方法,控制地下水埋深分别为0(饱和状态)、10、20、30、40 cm的试验条件,利用SPSS分析软件,得出不同地下水埋深与芦苇苗期各项生长指标的响应状况。结果表明,不同的地下水埋深处理对芦苇的株高生长、茎粗生长和分蘖影响显著,其中10 cm是芦苇苗期生长和出苗的最佳地下水埋深。可见,控制芦苇不同时期生长的地下水埋深状况,能有效提高芦苇产量。     

不同地下水埋深对冬小麦需水量的影响

采用排水式蒸渗仪试验,研究了不同地下水埋深时,冬小麦需水量和地下水利用量的变化规律。结果表明,冬小麦生育期内地下水控制在1.0~1.5 m以下,对减少冬小麦需水量最为有益;随着地下水埋深增加,地下水利用量和地下水利用系数显著减小;不同地下水埋深条件下冬小麦生育阶段日需水量变化规律表现基本一致,即越冬前较大,在越冬期最小,抽穗灌浆期达到最大,然后又减少。研究结果可为冬小麦节水灌溉制度的制定和高效灌溉管理提供参考。     

有机硅集水措施对作物生长影响试验研究

采用有机硅喷涂、拍光压实及自然坡面3种集流措施收集雨水,研究在不同集流措施下种植带内水分动态变化,以及对作物生长发育的影响。结果表明,有机硅喷涂措施在作物生长季节能大大提高种植带内的土壤含水量和集水量。     

基于改进投影寻踪模型的地表覆盖对作物水分利用的影响评价

水分不足是限制旱区作物生长的主要因素,覆盖耕作能够改善土壤的微环境,从而提高作物的产量和水分利用效率.为探讨不同地表覆盖对土壤物理性状及马铃薯生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响,本文提出了基于改进投影寻踪模型的综合评价方法.结果表明:与传统耕作相比,地表覆盖可有效改善土壤孔隙状况,作物株高、茎粗及地上部生物量均显著高于传统耕作,产量、商品率和水分利用效率较传统耕作明显提高.研究结果为实现作物增产和提高水分利用效率提供了重要参考.     

Model for assessing impact of salinity on soil water availability and crop yield

The salinity condition in the root zone hinders moisture extraction from soil by plants, because of osmotic potential development in soil water due to presence of salts, which ultimately, decreases transpiration of plants and thereby affects crop yield. Therefore, an effort was made in this study to quantify the impact of salinity on soil water availability to plants. The movement of salts under irrigation and evapotranspiration regimes in root zone of soil profile was studied throughout the growing season of wheat crop with adopting exponential pattern of root water uptake. A model was developed to analyze soil water balance to find out moisture deficit because of salinity. A non-linear relationship was formulated between moisture content and salt concentration for simultaneous prediction. The Crank–Nicolson method of Finite Differencing was used to solve the differential equations of soil water and solute transport. The effect of various salt concentrations on transpiration was analyzed to develop a relationship between relative evapotranspiration and relative yield. Relationships among salt concentration, matric potential, moisture deficit and actual transpiration were also established to provide better understanding about impact of salinization and to provide guidelines for obtaining better crop yields in saline soils.     

An econometric irrigated crop allocation model for analyzing the impact of water restriction policies

The objective of the Spanish government-funded GESMO project is to research on new water policy evaluation and monitoring tools, applied to aquifer 8/23 in the Eastern Mancha, which covers one of the most important areas under the charge of the Júcar Catchment Confederation. The project is to output two types of end products: Decision Support Systems for defining water use policies, including economic impact and environmental simulators within a single multi-criteria decision-making environment and Measure Monitoring and Control Systems employing tele-detection and simulation of crop water needs. The Decision Support Systems will include three, highly complex, theoretical models in a single information technology product: a three-dimensional aquifer 8/23 behavior simulation model, an econometric model to predict crop allocation depending on the economic environment, water availabilities, etc., and an automatic alternative generation and evaluation system based on a multi-criteria methodology. The objective of the system is to advise on possible water policies and how they would materialize into spatially and temporally distributed water quotas (m³/ha) with the objective of both safeguarding the aquifer in the medium and long term and increasing the economic profitability of regional agriculture. In this paper, a regional econometric model is presented for studying the impact of water use quotas on the main irrigated crops allocation in the region.     

The impact of agriculture on ground water quality in Slovenia: standards and strategy

Ground water and water from springs are sources used for water supply in Slovenia. The quality of these waters has been monitored since 1987. Among 12 main ground water aquifers in Slovenia the amount of nitrate exceeds the allowable level (50 mg/l) for drinking water in areas with more intensive agricultural production with higher concentrations of animals (two livestock unit – LU/ha) and where drainage of sewage water is not excellently arranged or where quality of river water that effluent ground water is not well. The identification of nitrogen surpluses has been done on regional and farm level (using normative approach). This method is taking into account nitrogen input from mineral fertiliser, animal wastes and the deposition from the atmosphere minus nitrogen uptake of harvested crops and ammonia losses to the atmosphere. On an average nitrogen input from mineral fertiliser is low, while input from organic manure is rather high – 90 kg/ha. Average net-balance surplus for Slovenia is about 56 kg N/ha. The differences between regions are relatively high. In the most intensive arable region with high intensity of animal husbandry (2 LU/ha) nitrogen surplus is about 90 kg/ha. This region can be identified as vulnerable for nitrogen leaching into ground water. In regions with limited growing conditions for agriculture plants (climate, soil depth) just small increase of livestock density can cause high nitrogen surpluses. Our Slovenian legislation, which almost entirely corresponds to EC Nitrate Directive and Code of Good Agricultural Practice intends to reduce mineral surpluses in agriculture and meet the standards of nitrate in drinking water.     

Effect of shallow groundwater table on crop water requirements and crop yields

Due to the increasing demand for food and fiber by its ever-increasing population, the pressure on fresh water resources of Pakistan is increasing. Optimum utilization of surface and groundwater resources has become extremely important to fill the gap between water demand and supply. At Lahore, Pakistan 18 lysimeters, each 3.05 m × 3.05 m × 6.1 m deep were constructed to investigate the effect of shallow water tables on crop water requirements. The lysimeters were connected to bottles with Marriotte siphons to maintain the water tables at the desired levels and tensiometers were installed to measure soil water potential. The crops studied included wheat, sugarcane, maize, sorghum, berseem and sunflower. The results of these studies showed that the contribution of groundwater in meeting the crop water requirements varied with the water-table depth. With the water table at 0.5 m depth, wheat met its entire water requirement from the groundwater and sunflower absorbed more than 80% of its required water from groundwater. Maize and sorghum were found to be waterlogging sensitive crops whose yields were reduced with higher water table. However, maximum sugarcane yield was obtained with the water table at or below 2.0 m depth. Generally, the water-table depth of 1.5–2.0 m was found to be optimum for all the crops studied. In areas where the water table is shallow, the present system of irrigation supplies and water allowance needs adjustments to avoid over irrigation and in-efficient use of water.     

Leaching of nutrients from a sugarcane crop growing on an Ultisol in Brazil

Leaching is disadvantageous, both for economical and environmental reasons since it may decrease the ecosystem productivity and may also contribute to the contamination of surface and ground water. The objective of this paper was to quantify the loss of nitrogen and sulfur by leaching, at the depth of 0.9 m, in an Ultisol in São Paulo State (Brazil) with high permeability, cultivated with sugarcane during the agricultural cycle of crop plant. The following ions were evaluated: nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, and sulfate. Calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphate were also evaluated at the same depth. The sugarcane was planted and fertilized in the furrows with 120 kg ha⁻¹ of N-urea. In order to find out the fate of N-fertilizer, four microplots with ¹⁵N-enriched fertilizer were installed. Input and output of the considered ions at the depth of 0.9 m were quantified from the flux density of water and the concentration of the elements in the soil solution at this soil depth: tensiometers, soil water retention curve and soil solution extractors were used for this quantification. The internal drainage was 205 mm of water, with a total loss of 18 kg ha⁻¹ of N and 10 kg ha⁻¹ of S. The percentage of N in the soil solution derived from the fertilizer (%NSSDF) was 1.34, resulting in only 25 g ha⁻¹ of N fertilizer loss by leaching during all agricultural cycle. Under the experimental conditions of this crop plant, that is, high demand of nutrients and high incorporation of crop residues, the leached N represented 15% of applied N and S leaching were not considerable; the higher amount of leached N was native nitrogen and a minor quantity from N fertilizer; and the leached amount of Ca, Mg, K and P did not exceed the applications performed in the crop by lime and fertilization.     

A reexamination of the crop water stress index

Summary Hand-held infrared radiometers, developed during the past decade, have extended the measurement of plant canopy temperatures from individual leaves to entire plant canopies. Canopy temperatures are determined by the water status of the plants and by ambient meteorological conditions. The crop water stress index (CWSI) combines these factors and yields a measure of plant water stress. Two forms of the index have been proposed, an empirical approach as reported by Idso et al. (1981), and a theoretical approach reported by Jackson et al. (1981). Because it is simple and requires only three variables to be measured, the empirical approach has received much attention in the literature. It has, however received some criticism concerning its inability to account for temperature changes due to radiation and windspeed. The theoretical method is more complicated in that it requires these two additional variables to be measured, and the evaluation of an aerodynamic resistance, but it will account for differences in radiation and windspeed. This report reexamines the theoretical approach and proposes a method for estimating an aerodynamic resistance applicable to a plant canopy. A brief history of plant temperature measurements is given and the theoretical basis for the CWSI reviewed.     

Estimating crop coefficients from fraction of ground cover and height

The FAO-56 procedure for estimating the crop coefficient K _c as a function of fraction of ground cover and crop height has been formalized in this study using a density coefficient K _d. The density coefficient is multiplied by a basal K _c representing full cover conditions, K _{cb full}, to produce a basal crop coefficient that represents actual conditions of ET and vegetation coverage when the soil surface is dry. K _{cb full} is estimated primarily as a function of crop height. K _{cb full} can be adjusted for tree crops by multiplying by a reduction factor (F _r) estimated using a mean leaf stomatal resistance term. The estimate for basal crop coefficient, K _cb, is further modified for tree crops if some type of ground-cover exists understory or between trees. The single (mean) crop coefficient is similarly estimated and is adjusted using a K _soil coefficient that represents background evaporation from wet soil. The K _c estimation procedure was applied to the development periods for seven vegetable crops grown in California. The average root mean square error between estimated and measured K _c was 0.13. The K _c estimation procedure was also used to estimate K _c during midseason periods of horticultural crops (trees and vines) reported in the literature. Values for mean leaf stomatal resistance and the F _r reduction factor were derived that explain the literature K _c values and that provide a consistent means to estimate K _c over a broad range of fraction of ground cover.     

The effect of soil surface temperature on the crop water stress index

Summary A coupled soil-vegetation energy balance model which treats the canopy foliage as one layer and the soil surface as another layer was validated againt a set of field data and compared with a single-layer model of a vegetation canopy. The two-layer model was used to predict the effect of increases in soil surface temperature (T _s ) due to the drying of the soil surface, on the vegetation temperature (T _v ). In the absence of any change in stomatal resistance the impact of soil surface drying on the Crop Water Stress Index (CSWI) calculated from T _v was predicted. Field data came from a wheat crop growing on a frequently irrigated plot (W) and a plot left un watered (D) until the soil water depletion reached 100 mm. Vegetation and soil surface temperatures were measured by infrared thermometers from tillering to physiological maturity, with meteorological variables recorded simultaneously. Stomatal resistances were measured with a diffusion porometer intensively over five days when the leaf area index was between 5 and 8. The T _v predicted by the single-layer and the two-layer models accounted for 87% and 88% of the variance of measured values respectively, and both regression lines were close to the 11 relationship. Study of the effect of T _s on the CWSI with the two-layer model indicated that the CWSI was sensitive to changes in T _s . The overestimation of crop water stress calculated from the CWSI was predicted to be greater at low leaf area indices and high levels of stomatal resistance. The implications for this bias when using the CWSI for irrigation scheduling are discussed.List of Symbols C Sensible heat flux from the soil-vegetation system (W m^–2) - c _{l shade} Mean stomatal conductance of the shaded leaf area (m s^–1) - c _{l sun} Mean stomatal conductance of the sunlit leaf area (m s^–1) - c _max Maximum stomatal conductance (m s^–1) - c ₀ Minimum stomatal conductance (m s^–1) - C _p Specific heat at constant pressure (J kg^–1 °C^–1) - C _s Sensible heat flux from the soil (W m^–2) - C _v Sensible heat flux from the vegetation (W m^–2) - c _v Bulk stomatal conductance of the vegetation (m s^–1) - CWSI Crop Water Stress Index (dimensionless) - e _a Vapor pressure at the reference height (kPa) - e _b Vapor pressure at the virtual source/sink height of heat exchange (kPa) - e ₀ ^* Saturated vapor pressure at T ₀ (kPa) - e _s Vapor pressure at the soil surface (kPa) - e _v ^* Saturated vapor pressure at T _v (kPa) - G Soil heat flux (Wm^–2) - GLAI Green leaf area index (dimensionless) - GLAI_shade Green shaded leaf area index (dimensionless) - GLAI_sun Green sunlit leaf area index (dimensionless) - k Extinction coefficient for photosynthetically active radiation (dimensionless) - k ₁ Damping exponent for Eq. A 5 (m² W^–1) - LAI Leaf area index (dimensionless) - LE Latent heat flux from the soil-vegetation system (W m^–2) - LE _s Latent heat flux from the soil (W m^–2) - LE _v Latent heat flux from the vegetation (W m^–2) - p _a Density of air (kg m^–3) - PAR_a Photosynthetically active radiation above the canopy (W m^–2) - PAR_u Photosynthetically active radiation under the canopy (W m^–2) - r _a Aerodynamic resistance (s m^–1) - r _b Heat exchange resistance between the vegetation and the adjacent air boundary layer (s m^–1) - r _c Bulk stomatal resistance of the vegetation (s m^–1) - R _n Net radiation above the canopy (W m^–2) - R _s Net radiation flux at the soil surface (W m^–2) - r _st Mean stomatal resistance of leaves in the canopy (s m^–1) - R _v Net radiation absorbed by the vegetation (W m^–2) - r _w Heat exchange resistance between the soil surface and the boundary layer (s m^–1) - S Photosynthetically active radiation on the shaded leaves (W m^–2) - S _d Diffuse photosynthetically active radiation (W m ^–2) - S ₀ Photosynthetically active radiation on a surface perpendicular to the beams (W m^–2) - T _a Air temperature at the reference height (°C) - T _b Temperature at the virtual source/sink height of heat exchange (°C) - T ₀ Aerodynamic temperature (°C) - T _s Soil surface temperature (°C) - T _v Vegetation temperature (°C) - w ₀ Single scattering albedo (dimensionless) - Psychrometric constant (kPa °C) - ₀ Cosine of solar zenith angle (dimensionless)     

An integrated model-approach to the effect of water management on crop yield

Quantifying the effect of drainage on crop yield is of essential importance in agricultural management. In this article a model is described with which this effect can be computed. For both arable land and grassland the factors acting in spring, summer and autumn are dealt with separately.Arable land. In spring sowing date is the main factor affecting the crop yield. Sowing date depends on the tillage conditions of the soil toplayer. By means of an existing model, the course in time of the soil water tension of the upper layer is simulated in connection with rainfall, evaporation, drain depth and drain intensity data. Using specific criteria on minimum soil water tension for tillage operations, the dates and number of workable days can be established from the model output. The expected yield depression is then derived, using an experimental relationship between yield depression and number of days of sowing delay.During the growing season the yield directly depends on the magnitude of the actual evapotranspiration. This value can be computed by means of a known evapotranspiration model for various drought frequencies, groundwater table depths in spring, drain intensities and amounts of water supplied. The yield can be obtained from the relationship between yield and relative evapotranspiration. Combining this yield with the yield depression obtained by means of the workability model gives the actual yield.In autumn crop yield is influenced by the working conditions during harvest. Via the workability model, the dates and the number of days available for harvesting are determined. Yields are derived from an experimental relationship between yield depression and number of days of earlier harvesting. An example is given for summer cereals growing on a heavy sandy loam soil under meteorological conditions prevailing in The Netherlands.Grassland. The effect of shallow groundwater table depths in winter and spring on the yield of the first and second cut can be determined with the workability model in an identical manner to that given for arable land. Because of lack of data, a slightly different approach was followed in this paper. With the workability model the course of groundwater table depth during winter and spring can be simulated and the mean depth determined. From the relation between yield depression and mean groundwater table depth over the period November through May the yield depression can be found. Combining this with the yield obtained with the evapotranspiration model gives the actual yield. An example representative for The Netherlands is given for grass on peat soil.