不同含水量打捆与苜蓿干草品质相关性研究

为研究不同含水量打捆对苜蓿干草饲用价值的影响,试验选择"金皇后"紫花苜蓿,测定不同含水量打捆苜蓿干草产量、叶片损失及营养成分含量变化。结果表明:苜蓿打捆含水量与苜蓿干草质量高度相关,苜蓿干草产量随着打捆含水量的降低而降低。打捆时苜蓿含水量越低,叶片脱落越多,茎叶比逐渐增加,粗蛋白、胡萝卜素含量和相对饲用价值呈降低趋势,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量呈上升趋势;苜蓿含水量由30.25%降到18.66%的过程中,粗蛋白含量降低缓慢,但相对饲用价值降低明显。与传统苜蓿打捆相比,高水分打捆可明显增加苜蓿干草产量,减少叶片脱落,提高饲用价值。     

干草防腐剂在不同规格苜蓿干草捆中的应用效果研究

为了研究干草防腐剂的防霉效果,本文在调制苜蓿小方捆时添加巴斯夫防腐剂BLP,并在苜蓿大方捆中比较使用了自行研发的防腐剂LZP和防腐剂BLP。结果表明：在苜蓿小方捆中,25%水分打捆时,添加防腐剂BLP显著抑制了苜蓿草捆中霉菌的生长,但对营养品质没有显著影响;30%水分打捆时,防腐剂BLP显著降低了苜蓿干草中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的含量,当添加量为6 L·t^-1时,防腐剂BLP的防霉效果较为显著且增加了粗蛋白(CP)的含量。在苜蓿大方捆中,16%～19%水分打捆添加防腐剂BLP和LZP均能很好抑制霉菌的生长;而22%～25%水分打捆时时,两种防腐剂的对霉菌的抑制效果较差。上述结果表明调制苜蓿干草小方捆时添加6 L·t^-1防腐剂BLP能有效抑制霉菌的生长;自行研发的防腐剂LZP与BLP的防霉效果类似,具有一定的应用前景,但仍需进一步证明。     

不同含水量苜蓿干草捆内真菌种类比较研究

为了研究不同含水量苜蓿干草捆在贮藏初期所含真菌的种类,对其进行初步的鉴定、比较,试验对初花期刈割的苜蓿进行田间适度晾晒后调制成两种不同含水量苜蓿草捆,打捆时水分含量分别为35.03%(高水分)、17.43%(低水分),于干草打捆后10天取草捆内草样制成菌液并培养、纯化,鉴定其内真菌种类。结果表明:含水量为17.43%的紫花苜蓿干草捆内共检测出4属10种真菌,含水量为35.03%的紫花苜蓿干草捆内共检测出5属24种真菌,高水分干草捆内真菌种类及各菌种数量均明显多于低水分干草捆。两类草捆中所含相同菌种共8种,其中青霉属3种、曲霉属2种、镰孢霉属2种、根霉属1种。说明在苜蓿干草贮藏期间青霉属、曲霉属和镰孢霉属为草捆内主要优势菌属,高水分打捆更有利于各种真菌微生物繁殖、活动。     

添加防霉剂对苜蓿干草贮存品质的影响

为了最大限度保证苜蓿干草的贮存品质,提高奶牛的饲喂效果,笔者借鉴国外经验,进行了苜蓿干草添加防霉剂对比试验。使苜蓿干草在高于安全打捆含水量(≤15%)时打捆贮存依然品质优良,很好地保证了整个苜蓿产业链的综合效益。     

丙酸对高水分紫色达利菊干草贮藏稳定性的影响

紫色达利菊是自然生长在草原上的一种重要豆科牧草,与苜蓿具有相似的饲喂价值。高水分打捆有益于缩短牧草的田间养护期,降低损失风险,但因水分高、易发霉而不易贮藏,从而影响牧草的营养价值和安全性。本试验研究了丙酸对高水分紫色达利菊干草贮藏稳定性的影响。结果表明,高水分打捆(28%)与低水分打捆(17%)的紫色达利菊干草具有相似的化学组分,但高水分打捆不利于干草的贮藏。添加一定浓度的缓冲丙酸降低了(P<0.05)高水分打捆干草贮藏后期的温度、pH及中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的含量,减少了细菌总数及霉菌和酵母菌的数量,增加了干草粗蛋白和水溶性碳水化合物的含量。综上所述,添加丙酸有利于提高高水分紫色达利菊干草的营养价值、饲用安全性和贮藏稳定性。     

丙酸对高水分紫色达利菊干草贮藏稳定性的影响

紫色达利菊是自然生长在草原上的一种重要豆科牧草,与苜蓿具有相似的饲喂价值。高水分打捆有益于缩短牧草的田间养护期,降低损失风险,但因水分高、易发霉而不易贮藏,从而影响牧草的营养价值和安全性。本试验研究了丙酸对高水分紫色达利菊干草贮藏稳定性的影响。结果表明,高水分打捆(28%)与低水分打捆(17%)的紫色达利菊干草具有相似的化学组分,但高水分打捆不利于干草的贮藏。添加一定浓度的缓冲丙酸降低了(P0.05)高水分打捆干草贮藏后期的温度、pH及中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的含量,减少了细菌总数及霉菌和酵母菌的数量,增加了干草粗蛋白和水溶性碳水化合物的含量。综上所述,添加丙酸有利于提高高水分紫色达利菊干草的营养价值、饲用安全性和贮藏稳定性。     

河西走廊紫花苜蓿干草调制技术研究

紫花苜蓿(Medicago stativa L.)是为建立河西走廊地区苜蓿干草调制技术,于2004年在河西走廊地区以种植3年的紫花苜蓿为材料,对第2茬苜蓿进行了刈割时期、晾晒时间、打捆时间、翻晒对紫花苜蓿干草质量的影响研究.结果表明:苜蓿干草调制成功与否主要决定于晾晒时间、翻晒和打捆时间,而调制的苜蓿干草质量主要决定于刈割时期和打捆时间;河西走廊紫花苜蓿在初花期刈割,晾晒28 h-32 h,并进行翻晒作业,16:00-17:30打捆,避开过早或过晚打捆,可获得质量好、营养价值较高并可长期贮存的干草产品.该技术的提出对我国北方地区调制优质苜蓿干草提供了科学依据.     

不同干燥方法对苜蓿干草调制的影响

针对影响人工干燥苜蓿的水分、密度、摆放方式和人工辅助干燥方式4个因素进行人工鼓风干燥处理,设计L9(34)正交试验,监测高水分苜蓿草捆的湿度变化情况,比较不同处理营养物质、相对饲用价值和经济指标.对比分析结果可知:自然晾晒苜蓿干草时,营养物质损失严重;苜蓿高水分打捆后人工继续鼓风干燥处理有利于保存苜蓿干草的营养价值,其中水分为30％～35％、密度为120kg/m3、间隔20cm摆放、两台鼓风机每日鼓风干燥3h为最优组合,所得苜蓿草捆的品质较好.     

高水分打捆贮藏对苜蓿干草营养价值和组成的影响

试验研究苜蓿Medicago sativa干草在高、低水分条件下打捆对苜蓿草产量和粗蛋白产量的影响.结果表明:随着打捆前含水量的逐渐下降,茎叶比增加,叶片损失率增大,对于茎秆未经压扁的苜蓿,其含水量与茎叶比呈一元线性相关;茎秆压扁后,其茎叶比与含水量之间的关系呈指数曲线的变化趋势.采用高水分打捆贮藏,草产量、干物质和粗蛋白含量分别提高1 817 kg/hm2,915 kg/hm2和192 kg/hm2.     

奶牛用高含水量的苜蓿干草捆

<正>采用优质苜蓿干草饲喂奶牛对发挥其最大生产性能与效率至关重要。苜蓿干草捆含叶片越多其饲喂价值越高,就越受牛场欢迎。苜蓿干草中2/3的粗蛋白质、90%的维生素以及75%的总可消化养分(TDN)均存在于叶子中。因此,生产优质苜蓿干草关键在于尽可能多地保留叶片。1含水量对苜蓿干草品质的影响新墨西哥州立大学研究表明,苜蓿含水量为15%时,对其进行打捆操作,叶子则大约损失     

Fiber digestion and voluntary intake in horses after adaptation to extensive large-colon resection

Each of 3 digestion trials (3 forage diets) was performed on 2 groups of horses 6 to 12 months after sham operation (group 1; n = 3) or large-colon resection (group 2; n = 5). Diets were alfalfa pellets, alfalfa hay, and grass hay. Feed and fecal analyses were performed to determine apparent digestion of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein and true digestion of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, total plant cell wall, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Additional fecal and metabolic variables determined were percentage of fecal water, total fecal water, metabolic organic matter, metabolic crude protein, and metabolic nitrogen. Large-colon resection decreased the digestion of plant cell wall because of decreased digestion of cellulose in alfalfa pellet and grass hay diets, but not in alfalfa hay diet. Insufficient digestible energy and/or protein from grass hay was obtained by horses with colon resection, and significant (P less than 0.05) weight loss was observed. Voluntary intake was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased by horses with colon resection. Of the diets studied, alfalfa hay was the most appropriate forage diet, compared with average grass hay and alfalfa pellet diet, for horses after extensive large-colon resection. Additionally, horses with colon resection may have higher levels of feed intake than do horses without colon resection.     

高寒地区不同干燥法对紫花苜蓿营养价值的影响

研究了高寒地区不同干燥方法对紫花苜蓿营养价值的影响，结果表明：压扁茎秆结合日晒干燥法所用干燥时间短，减少了紫花苜蓿粗蛋白质、钙、磷等营养物质的损失，有利于营养价值的保持，从而提高了干草的质量。     

影响苜蓿干草中蛋白质含量的因素研究

通过对6个苜蓿Medicago sativa品种、4个收割时期、4种干燥方法处理干草的蛋白质含量测定,结果表明:不同品种在不同时期收割,采用不同干燥方法处理的苜蓿干草的蛋白质含量各不相同,而且差异极显著.6个苜蓿品种中国外品种以皇后苜蓿蛋白质含量较高,国内品种以沧州苜蓿蛋白质含量较高;基于蛋白质含量为目的应选择现蕾期或初花期为最佳收割时期;4种干燥方法中高温烘干法干草的蛋白质含量最高, 压扁法以轻压扁效果较好, 可使干草蛋白质损失量比未压扁减少近3倍, 重压扁法蛋白质损失较多,效果较差.     

A comparison between the nutritive value of short-cutting cycle, high temperature-dried alfalfa and timothy hay for horses.

The objective was to evaluate the nutritive value of short-cutting cycle, high temperature-dried (SCCHTD) alfalfa compared to timothy hay. This was achieved by carrying out 4 x 4 Latin Square digestibility trial using 4 Thoroughbred (one three-quarter Thoroughbred) horses (mean liveweight, 531 kg). The four dietary treatments were 0AA (timothy hay only), 33AA (0.33 alfalfa: 0.67 timothy hay), 67AA (0.67 alfalfa: 0.33 timothy hay) and 100AA (alfalfa only). Digestibility data were obtained by using acid-insoluble ash to estimate apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients. Rate of passage of the feedstuff was determined using chromium-mordanted hay. Plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were estimated. The digestibilities of organic matter (0.63), energy (0.57) and crude protein (0.74) of the alfalfa were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than those for the hay (0.45, 0.43 and 0.36 respectively). The fibre components of alfalfa and hay were digested to the same extent but the ether extract of alfalfa was less well digested. Alfalfa saponins had no consistently significant effects on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride values but may contribute to the negative digestibility of alfalfa ether extract. We conclude that SCCHTD alfalfa is of much higher nutritive value than timothy hay when fed to Thoroughbred horses.     

苜蓿干草捆贮藏过程中的营养物质含量动态变化研究

为探讨苜蓿干草捆贮藏过程中营养物质含量的动态变化规律,对含水量为15%、打捆密度为150kg/m3的苜蓿草捆在不同贮藏时间(1、10、30、90、180、360d)营养物质含量和相对饲喂价值(RFV)的动态变化情况进行研究。结果表明,在整个贮藏过程中,苜蓿干草的粗蛋白(CP)含量总体呈下降趋势,与贮藏1d时相比,不同贮藏时间段苜蓿干草的CP含量均显著下降(P<0.05);从CP含量角度评价,苜蓿干草等级由1级下降到2级。苜蓿干草的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量随贮藏时间的延长而增加,贮藏360d时的NDF含量显著高于贮藏时间在90d之内的NDF含量(P<0.05);从NDF含量角度评价,苜蓿干草等级由2级下降到3级。酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量也随贮藏时间的延长而增加,贮藏10d之后ADF含量开始显著增加(P<0.05);从ADF含量角度评价,苜蓿干草等级由1级下降到4级。贮藏时间在30d以上的苜蓿干草DMI值显著低于贮藏时间在30d之内的DMI值(P<0.05);从DMI值角度评价,苜蓿干草等级由1级下降到3级。贮藏时间在90d以上的苜蓿干草DDM值显著低于贮藏时间在90d之内的DDM值(P<0.05);从DDM值角度评价,苜蓿干草等级由1级下降到4级。随着贮藏时间的延长,苜蓿干草的RFV值显著降低(P<0.05),且在贮藏180~360d的时间段内,RFV值下降幅度较大;从RFV值角度评价,苜蓿干草等级由2级下降到3级。综合比较,苜蓿干草在贮藏180d之后营养价值大幅度下降,因此,在贮藏180d之内出售或者饲喂家畜比较适合。     

Potential of alfalfa as a source of calcium for calcium deficient horses

The potential of short-cutting cycle, high temperature-dried alfalfa as a source of calcium for horses was determined by means of a 4 x 4 Latin square digestibility trial using four thoroughbred horses (mean liveweight 531 kg). The four dietary treatments were timothy hay alone, 33 per cent alfalfa and 67 per cent timothy hay, 67 per cent alfalfa and 33 per cent timothy hay, and alfalfa alone. Significantly more calcium and magnesium were absorbed from the alfalfa than from the hay. Phosphorus absorption appeared to be unaffected by treatment. Alfalfa calcium was more available than timothy hay calcium (apparent absorption coefficients of 0.78 and 0.15, respectively) and there was less variation between individual horses in their ability to absorb calcium from alfalfa. Horses fed alfalfa had significantly higher creatinine clearance ratios for calcium (P less than 0.01) and magnesium (P less than 0.001) than horses fed hay, but the creatinine clearance ratio for phosphorus was lower in horses fed hay alone.     

Effects of diets containing alfalfa hay or barley flour mixed alfalfa silage on feeding behavior, productivity, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in lactating cows

The effects of barley flour on the fermentation parameters of alfalfa silage and on the productivity of dairy cows were investigated. Alfalfa forage was ensiled either with or without barley flour. Barley flour was soaked in water for 24 h before being mixed with alfalfa (12 kg: 100 kg dry matter bases) at ensiling. Eighteen multi-parous cows were assigned to three equal treatment groups using a completely randomized design. Three isocaloric and isonitrogenous total mixed rations containing alfalfa hay, ordinary alfalfa silage or barley flour mixed alfalfa silage were then prepared. The concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, acetic acid and butyric acid were lower in barley flour mixed alfalfa silage compared to that in ordinary alfalfa silage but the concentration of lactic acid was lower in the ordinary alfalfa silage. Feeding behavior, milk yield and composition, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites were measured. Although dry matter intake and milk production were not affected, the effect of preparation of alfalfa influenced feeding behavior and rumen fermentation parameters. Cows on alfalfa silage diets spent longer ruminating compared to those fed alfalfa hay. The ruminal ammonia nitrogen and blood urea were affected by ensiling (alfalfa hay versus alfalfa silages) while both parameters were lower in cows fed on barley flour mixed alfalfa silage than those fed on ordinary silage. Although similar blood glucose was recorded for cows fed on alfalfa silages, it was higher in cows fed on alfalfa hay. It is concluded that the addition of barely flour when making alfalfa silage may improve both the fermentation process during ensilage and the ruminal ammonia nitrogen utilization with no significant effects on productivity.     

刈割时期和调制方法对紫花苜蓿干草质量的影响

为筛选紫花苜蓿适宜的干草调制方法,开展了不同刈割时期和调制方法对紫花苜蓿干草质量影响的研究。结果表明:(1)单从紫花苜蓿的营养品质考虑,最适宜的刈割时期是现蕾期,其次是始花期。由现蕾期至结荚期,紫花苜蓿的干草质量随着生育期延迟显著下降(P<0.05)。(2)烘干和机械压扁茎秆可显著缩短紫花苜蓿的干燥时间,提高紫花苜蓿的干草质量(P<0.05)。(3)灰色关联综合评价结果表明,紫花苜蓿的适宜刈割时期是现蕾期和始花期,适宜的干燥方法是烘干和机械压扁茎秆,另从资金投入和可操作性考虑,认为机械压扁茎秆资金投入少,操作简单易行,在生产中可优先选用。     

压扁处理对紫花苜蓿干燥特性及干草品质的影响

为了研究紫花苜蓿干草田间调制过程中干燥特性及营养成分的变化规律,试验采用压扁和未压扁二种处理方法,在田间自然晾晒条件下,分别在刈割后和含水量为50%、40%、30%、20%时进行取样分析。结果表明：压扁处理干燥速度显著快于未压处理（P〈0.05）,水分散失均呈先快后慢的趋势;压扁处理显著降低苜蓿叶片的损失（P〈0.05）;含水量为50%、40%、30%、20%时,压扁处理苜蓿干草的粗蛋白、总消化营养物质、无氮浸出物、胡萝卜素含量均明显高于未压处理;中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量明显低于未压扁处理,说明压扁处理能明显提高紫花苜蓿干燥速度,降低叶片损失,改善干草的营养品质。