基于多Agent的分布式制造执行系统模型

提出了一种开放式、模块化、分布式、可配置、可集成和可维护的基于多Agent的制造执行系统(MES)模型。首先分析了制造系统中的制造执行系统域，然后提出了基于多Agent的MES模型，采用UML图表详细分析了该模型的MES功能实现，最后给出了实施的MES系统框架。该MES系统易与企业资源计划(ERP)、车间控制系统(FCS)及其他制造系统相集成。     

Interleukin-1 stimulates the secretion of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor

There is now evidence that the immune system, during times of infectious challenge, can stimulate the secretion of glucocorticoids, the adrenal steroids that mediate important aspects of the response to stress. Specifically, secretion of interleukin-1 (IL-1), a monocyte lymphokine secreted after infection, appears at least in part responsible for this effect. Glucocorticoids are secreted in response to a neuroendocrine cascade involving, first, the brain, then the pituitary, and finally the adrenal gland. In this report, human IL-1 is shown to activate the adrenocortical axis at the level of the brain, stimulating the release of the controlling hormone corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) from the hypothalamus. Infusion of IL-1 induced a significant secretion of CRF into the circulation exiting the hypothalamus, whereas immunoneutralization of CRF blocked the stimulatory effect of IL-1 on glucocorticoid secretion. IL-1 appeared to have no acute direct stimulatory effects on the pituitary or adrenal components of this system. Furthermore, IL-1 did not cause a nonspecific release of other hypothalamic hormones. Thus, the lymphokine acts in a specific manner to activate the adrenocortical axis at the level of the brain; this effect appears to be unrelated to the known pyrogenic effects of IL-1 within the hypothalamus.     

树脂包膜尿素配施普通尿素对直播稻田氨挥发、氮素径流和渗漏损失及产量的影响

为探究树脂包膜尿素与普通尿素配施对直播稻田氮素损失的影响，于2021年开展大田试验，在施氮180 kg·hm^-2水平下，设置8个氮肥处理：树脂包膜尿素（基肥）∶普通尿素（分蘖肥）=4∶6 （CRF4U6）、6∶4 （CRF6U4）、8∶2 （CRF8U2），一次性基施树脂包膜尿素（CRF10U0）；普通尿素（基肥）∶普通尿素（分蘖肥）=4∶6 （C4U6）、6∶4 （C6U4）、8∶2 （C8U2）；以不施氮处理为对照（CK）。结果表明：施树脂包膜尿素处理（CRFU系列）基肥期氨挥发通量峰值显著低于施普通尿素处理（U系列），水稻整个生育期氨挥发损失量以CRF10U0最低，CRF8U2次之，其氨挥发损失率分别为7.35%和8.92%。CRFU系列水稻生育期总氮（TN）径流流失率均显著低于U系列，以CRF10U0最低，CRF8U2次之，其流失率仅为1.69%和2.04%，原因是直播稻田径流主要发生在施基肥后，而CRFU系列基肥期（5月22日、5月26日）径流TN浓度显著低于U系列。直播稻田30 cm处渗漏水中氮素以NH⁺₄-N为主，基肥期CRFU系列30 cm处渗漏水中TN、NH⁺₄-N浓度峰值显著低于U系列，水稻整个生育期氮素渗漏损失量CRFU系列显著低于U系列，以CRF10U0最低，CRF8U2次之，其渗漏淋失率分别为2.90%、3.18%。CRF8U2与C4U6产量显著高于其他处理（CRF10U0除外），而CRF8U2产投比仅比C4U6低4.90%。综合考虑氮素损失、产量和产投比等多方面因素，CRF8U2施肥模式更加贴合直播稻实际生产。     

Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone

A peptide has been isolated from ovine hypothalamus which, at 1 x 10(-9)M, inhibits secretion in vitro of immunoreactive rat or human growth hormones and is similarly active in vivo in rats. Its structure is H-Ala-Gly-Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys-OH The synthetic replicate is biologically active.     

茶树专用控释肥在幼龄茶园的肥效研究

在山东两年生幼龄茶园中分别施用金正大茶树专用控释肥CRF1（N—P2O5-K2O=25—4-11）、CRF2（N—P2O5-K2O=20—6—14）和普通肥料CCF（尿素＋复合肥＋碳酸氢铵）,其中CCF处理年施入纯氮量为100．8kg／hm2,CRF1处理设置3个水平CRF1—1、CRF1—2和CRF1—3,其肥料施用量按纯氮计算分别为CCF的100％、80％、50％;CRF2处理设置2个水平CRF2—1、CRF2—2,其肥料施用量按纯氮计算分别为CCF的100％、50％。大田试验结果表明：（1）、CRF1—1和CRF2—1在春、夏季显著提高土壤中有效氮、磷、钾含量;但在秋季,所有处理均表现出营养元素供应不足的现象;（2）、控释肥处理能显著增强茶树光合速率,增加百芽重,同时提高氨基酸含量,降低酚／氨比,进一步提高山东绿茶品质;（3）、山东幼龄茶园肥料施用量偏少．席在CR砣-1处坪的基础上继续试验来确定最佳浓肥量．     

Distribution of ChAT in the Diencephalon of the One Day Chicken

The distribution of choline-acetyltransferase(ChAT)-like immunoreactive structure in the one day chicken diencephalons was examined by the method of streptavidin-Perosidase(SP)immunocytochemistry.It was found that ChAT immunoreactive neurons and fibers presented in many regions of one day chicken.Neural structure containing cholinergic neurons with varying density and immunoreactivity were the N.habexularis lateralis and N.habexularis medialis of the epithalamus,the N.rotundus,N.Ovoidalis,N.subrotundus and N.geniculatus lateralis of the thalamus,the hypothalamus,the N.decussationis supraopticae dorsalis of stratathalamus.There were also many varicose and nonvaricose fibers and terminals in the N.geniculatus lateralis and the hypothalamus.The results suggested that the diencephalons of one day chicken is richly innervated by the cholinergic neuron system.     

猪下丘脑开胃素 A的分布定位

用免疫组织化学方法研究了5头苏钟猪下丘脑内开胃素(orexin)A的分布。结果表明,在猪下丘脑内,开胃素A免疫阳性神经元分布于下丘脑的视前内侧区、室周核、室旁核、视上核、背内侧核、穹隆周核、乳头体核、前区、外侧区和后区等部位,以下丘脑外侧区、乳头体核和视上核出现的免疫阳性神经元最多,以室周核的最少。这一结果与在其他动物上获得的基本相似。     

控释肥对茶园生态环境及茶叶产量和品质的影响

在山东茶园中分别施用茶树专用控释肥CRF（N-P2O5-K2O=25-4-11）和普通肥料CCF（尿素＋复合肥＋碳酸氢铵）,其中CCF处理年施入纯氮量为504 kg/hm2,CRF处理设置3个水平：CRF1、CRF2和CRF3,其肥料施用量按纯氮计算分别为CCF的100%、80%、50%。两年大田试验结果表明：（1）CRF能显著提高N、P元素的有效利用,减少茶园氮磷用量;（2）CRF能显著提高茶叶产量,特别是春茶产量,同时能降低春季鲜叶酚/氨比,进一步提高山东春季绿茶品质;（3）试验茶园适宜的CRF年施用量为1 005 kg/hm2,其它茶园可以此为参照,结合土壤肥力和茶叶产量实际情况确定最佳施用量。     

对母猪生殖调控的研究

【目的】研究促性腺激素抑制激素（GnIH）mRNA在母猪组织器官中的分布,不同剂量GnIH对母猪卵巢类固醇激素合成和细胞增殖相关蛋白表达的影响,及GPR147与GnRH的形态学关系。从分子、细胞水平和形态学角度,探讨GnIH在下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴对母猪生殖调控的作用机制,丰富神经内分泌学的内容。【方法】以30日龄健康仔母猪为研究对象,采用半定量RT-PCR方法研究GnIH mRNA在母猪24个组织中的分布定位。采集青年母猪卵巢样品,分离卵巢颗粒细胞,研究不同剂量GnIH（10^-6、10^-8、10^-10 和 10^-12 mol·L^-1）对体外培养的母猪卵巢颗粒细胞类固醇激素（雌二醇,孕酮）的合成、细胞增殖相关蛋白（cyclin B1,PCNA）表达的影响。取30日龄健康仔母猪下丘脑,制作脑片,采用荧光双标记,激光共聚焦显微镜观察拍照分析GPR147与GnRH的形态学关系。【结果】GnIH mRNA主要在母猪的中枢神经系统中表达,尤其是在间脑表达含量最高。在外周组织,如子宫、卵巢、垂体中也有一定量表达。不同剂量的GnIH作用于体外培养的卵巢颗粒细胞,其中10^-6和10^-10 mol·L^-1 GnIH能极显著地抑制雌二醇的分泌（P＜0.01）, 但不同剂量的GnIH对孕酮分泌的影响并不显著。GnIH能极显著地抑制卵巢增殖相关蛋白PCNA和cyclin B1的表达（P＜0.01）。此外,激光共聚焦结果显示GPR147与GnRH在下丘脑室旁核及视前区存在密切联系。【结论】GnIH可在下丘脑水平通过其受体直接作用于GnRH神经元,影响GnRH的合成和分泌,进而在中枢水平调控母猪的生殖活动。在外周生殖器官中,GnIH可通过影响卵巢激素的分泌和细胞增殖相关蛋白的表达参与母猪的生殖调控。     

Atriopeptin-immunoreactive neurons in the brain: presence in cardiovascular regulatory areas

Antisera to atriopeptin III and to a cyanogen bromide fragment of the precursor molecule atriopeptigen were prepared and used to examine the distribution of atriopeptin-like immunoreactive material in the heart and brain of the rat. Granules of this material were seen in myocytes throughout the right and left atria and were densest in the perinuclear region. The distribution of atriopeptin-like immunoreactive material in the heart is consistent with previous reports of atrial secretory granules. In the brain neurons containing the material were observed in the hypothalamus and the pontine tegmentum. Atriopeptin in the brain may serve as a neurotransmitter in neural systems controlling blood volume and composition, the same physiological functions regulated by blood-borne atriopeptin.     

控释肥对东北春玉米产量和土壤氨挥发的影响

针对控释肥施用条件下作物产量与土壤氨挥发特征不明晰的问题,以东北春玉米种植模式为研究对象,采用德尔格氨管法(DTM法)研究了不同施肥处理[农民常规施肥处理(施氮量为180 kg N·hm~(-2),FP)、控释肥施氮量180 kg N·hm~(-2)处理(CRF180)和控释肥施氮量144 kg N·hm~(-2)处理(CRF144)]下土壤氨挥发动态变化特征、土壤氨挥发总量及玉米产量。结果表明:受施肥和降雨因素的影响,每个处理氨挥发峰值均出现在施肥后(基肥和追肥)第1~2 d、第11~12 d左右;FP处理在12~14 d后氨挥发速率降低至零,但CRF180、CRF144处理仍有少量挥发。全生育期FP、CRF180、CRF144处理来自氮肥的氨挥发量依次为19.9、23.8、19.6 kg·hm~(-2),差异不显著(P0.05),损失率分别为11.06%、13.22%、13.61%。CRF144处理和FP处理产量都保持在12 t·hm~(-2)以上,其两者不存在显著差异,但CRF144处理能够显著地提高氮肥农学效率和偏生产力(P0.05)。综合考虑氨挥发量与产量,在现有施氮量基础上减少20%,并且施用控释肥是该地区春玉米农田减肥增效适宜的推广技术。     

Synthetic competitive antagonists of corticotropin-releasing factor: effect on ACTH secretion in the rat

Polypeptide analogs of the known members of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family were synthesized and tested in vitro and in vivo for enhanced potency or competitive antagonism. Predictive methods and physicochemical measurements had suggested an internal secondary alpha-helical conformation spanning about 25 residues for at least three members of the CRF family. Maximization of alpha-helix-forming potential by amino acid substitutions from the native known sequences (rat/human and ovine CRF, sauvagine, and carp and sucker urotensin 1) led to the synthesis of an analog that was found to be more than twice as potent as either of the parent peptides in vitro. In contrast, certain amino-terminally shortened fragments, such as alpha-helical CRF or ovine CRF residues 8 to 41, 9 to 41, and 10 to 41, were found to be competitive inhibitors in vitro. Selected antagonists were examined and also found to be active in vivo.     

控释肥肥效期对裸地和栽培香蕉土壤N_2O减排效果的影响

【目的】研究不同肥效期的控释肥对裸地和栽培作物土壤N_2O减排效果的影响,为进一步研究大田条件下的减排效果提供参考。【方法】通过盆栽试验,采用静态箱法和气相色谱分析技术,对比研究了1、3、5个月3个肥效期的植物油包膜控释肥(CRF 1Mon、CRF 3Mon和CRF 5Mon)及其核心复合肥分别在裸地和栽培香蕉土壤中的N_2O日排放通量和累积排放量。【结果】控释肥肥效期显著影响N_2O排放峰数量、最大排放峰通量、累积排放量及增温潜势。裸地时,CRF 1Mon、CRF 3Mon和CRF 5Mon排放峰数量分别为5、3和3个,出峰时间均为监测的中后期,最大排放峰通量为CRF 1MonCRF 3MonCRF 5Mon,CRF 3Mon和CRF 5Mon的累积排放量显著低于CRF1Mon;栽培香蕉时,仅CRF 1Mon和CRF 3Mon在监测前期有明显的N_2O排放峰,分别为1和3个,累积排放量为CRF 1MonCRF 3MonCRF 5Mon。施用肥效期长的控释肥对栽培香蕉土壤的N_2O减排效果优于裸地,裸地时累积排放量降幅为24.06%~52.81%,栽培香蕉土壤的累积排放量降幅为54.22%~75.34%。【结论】施用肥效期长的控释肥以及栽培作物是减少土壤N_2O排放、降低温室效应的有效措施。     

发情周期小鼠下丘脑中GPR30的表达

探讨G蛋白偶联受体30(GPR30)在发情周期小鼠下丘脑中的分布和表达规律。分别运用免疫组织化学SP法和RT-PCR法对发情前期、发情期、发情后期和间情期小鼠下丘脑中GPR30的分布和GPR30mR-NA表达进行研究。结果表明,GPR30免疫反应阳性物质分布于发情周期小鼠下丘脑中的大部分核团以及部分胶质细胞的胞膜,其中视上核、视交叉上核、室旁核、室周核、弓状核、乳头体外侧核分布较多;视上核和视交叉上核的GPR30相对表达量分别在间情期与发情前期以及发情前期与发情期间呈极显著差异(P<0.01),均呈上升趋势,而其他核团中GPR30相对表达量在发情各期相对稳定且无显著差异(P>0.05);下丘脑中GPR30的相对表达量以发情前期和发情期较高,整个发情周期呈先升后降趋势。发情前期和发情期下丘脑中GPR30mRNA相对表达量较高,但与其他各期间无显著差异(P>0.05)。说明下丘脑中GPR30在一定程度上参与对动物发情周期的调节。     

Ethanol augments GABAergic transmission in the central amygdala via CRF1 receptors

The central amygdala (CeA) plays a role in the relationship among stress, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and alcohol abuse. In whole-cell recordings, both CRF and ethanol enhanced gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated (GABAergic) neurotransmission in CeA neurons from wild-type and CRF2 receptor knockout mice, but not CRF1 receptor knockout mice. CRF1 (but not CRF2) receptor antagonists blocked both CRF and ethanol effects in wild-type mice. These data indicate that CRF1 receptors mediate ethanol enhancement of GABAergic synaptic transmission in the CeA, and they suggest a cellular mechanism underlying involvement of CRF in ethanol's behavioral and motivational effects.     

RESEARCH ARTICLE Effects of Central Administration of Glutamine and Alanine on Feed Intake and Hypothalamic Expression of Orexigenic and Anorexigenic Neuropetides in Broiler Chicks

Different amino acids have been shown to affect feed intake when injected directly into the central nervous system of birds. In the present study, we investigated the effects of L-glutamine and L-alanine on feed intake and the mRNA expression levels of hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in feed intake regulation in broiler chicks. L-Glutamine or Lalanine was intra-cerebroventricularly (ICV) administered to 4-d-old broiler chicks and the feed intake were recorded at various time points. Quantitative PCR was performed to determine the hypothalamic mRNA expression levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti related protein (AgRP), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). Our results showed that ICV administration of L-glutamine (0.55 or 5.5 μmol) significantly increased feed intake up to 2 h post-administration period and the hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression levels, while it markedly decreased hypothalamic POMC and CRF mRNA expression levels. In contrast, ICV administration of L-alanine (4 μmol) significantly decreased feed intake for the first 0.5 h post-administration period, and reduced the hypothalamic AgRP mRNA expression levels, while it remarkablely enhanced the mRNA expression levels of MC4R and CRF. These findings suggested that L-glutamine and L-alanine could act within the hypothalamus to influence feed intake in broiler chicks, and that both orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptide genes might contribute directly to these effects.     

Endothelin: a novel peptide in the posterior pituitary system

Endothelin (ET), originally characterized as a 21-residue vasoconstrictor peptide from endothelial cells, is present in the porcine spinal cord and may act as a neuropeptide. Endothelin-like immunoreactivity has now been demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclear neurons and their terminals in the posterior pituitary of the pig and the rat. The presence of ET in the porcine hypothalamus was confirmed by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Moreover, in situ hybridization demonstrated ET messenger RNA in porcine paraventricular nuclear neurons. Endothelin-like immunoreactive products in the posterior pituitary of the rat were depleted by water deprivation, suggesting a release of ET under physiological conditions. These findings indicate that ET is synthesized in the posterior pituitary system and may be involved in neurosecretory functions.     

不同温光类型雄性不育小麦的比较研究

为了研究3类不同类型温光敏雄性不育小麦之间的差异,对其进行光合速率、可溶性蛋白质含量和可溶性糖含量的比较分析。结果表明,3类温光敏雄性不育小麦的光合速率之间没有显著差异;ES8-1温光敏雄性不育系的各生理指标与K2-87S-2A和3017A2个温光敏雄性不育系的变化不同。ES8-1中各物质含量的显著变化主要发生在减数分裂时期到单核花粉粒时期;K2-87S-2A和3017A中各物质含量的显著变化主要发生在单核花粉粒时期到二核花粉粒时期。由此表明,这3类温光敏不育系的雄性败育进程有所不同,ES8-1不育系的败育时间早于K2-87S-2A和3017A不育系。     

控释BB肥在苹果苗圃育苗上的经济效益

[目的]研究了控释BB肥对苹果嫁接苗生长和经济效益的影响。[方法]通过大田试验,比较控释BB肥与普通肥料的施用效果。[结果]施肥量相同的SF与CRF1处理相比较,CRF1处理嫁接苗质量、经济效益在0.05水平显著高于SF处理;即使减少肥料的施用量,CRF2、CRF3处理嫁接苗质量和经济效益仍不低于SF处理。因此,从培育优良的苹果嫁接苗的角度考虑,控释肥推荐施肥量为630-150-480 kg/hm2;从减少肥料投入、增加经济效益的角度考虑,控释肥推荐施肥量为504-120-384 kg/hm2。[结论]该研究可为控释肥在苹果苗圃育苗上的合理施用提供技术指导。     

不同缓控释肥搭配脲铵对水稻产量、氮素利用效率和土壤养分的影响

为了明确不同类型缓控释肥搭配脲铵在水稻减氮和节本增效方面的应用效果,特开展田间试验,以嘉兴地区常规施肥(N 225 kg·hm-2)为对照(CK),研究了分别基于木质素类缓控释肥好乐耕(HL)、脲甲醛类缓控释肥永笑(YX)、硝化抑制剂类缓控释肥开擂喽(KL)与脲铵搭配的一基一追模式,在较CK减氮0、20％、35％和50...