甜菜根形及经济性状的遗传分析

用4个甜菜品系完全双列杂交对根形及经济性状进行了遗传效应和杂种优势分析。结果表明,除含糖率外,其它5个性状均符合加性—显性模型。根产量的显性方差远远大于加性方差,含糖率以加性效应为主,显性效应也起重要作用,其显性方向指向增效。产糖量加性效应与显性效应同样重要。根体最大周长(C)、C/L均以显性效应为主;根体长(L)以加性效应为主,其中,显性效应起增值作用。经济性状平均杂种优势为,产糖量>根产量>含糖率,根形性状的平均优势较小。本文还对根形、经济性状间的相关作了分析。     

甘蔗实生苗净光合速率与经济性状配合力分析

甘蔗7个亲本按3×4不完全双列杂交(NCⅡ)遗传设计配制成12个组合,实生苗的净光合速率与经济性状的遗传方差、一般配合力(gca)和特殊配合力(sca)效应分析结果表明:株高和单茎重的遗传主要受母本加性基因效应控制,锤度的遗传主要受父本加性基因控制,而有效茎和假植期净光合速率的遗传主要受非加性基因效应所制约;CP72-1210作为母本,糖分配合力高,且能把高糖特性传递给后代,其后代综合性状较好。Zhan74-141为父本,产量性状的配合力大,其杂交后代表现高产;Gui73-167为父本,其杂交后代表现高糖。根据配合力总效应,综合表现好的组合有“ROC”1×Gui73-167,CP72-1210×Ya90-31,CP72-1210×Zhan74-141。     

甜菜品质性状的遗传分析

本文利用北卡罗林那（Ｎ．Ｃ．Ｄ－Ⅱ）设计，对甜菜品质性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明，Ｆ＿１杂种含糖率受父母本影响，其影响程度相差不大，且均达到显著水准，父母本互作的影响很小；含糖率性状主要由基固的加性效应控制，非加性效应也起一定作用。父本对Ｆ＿１杂种杂质值的影响大于母本，父母本互作的影响很小；杂质值主要由加性基因控制。纯度主要受父本的影响，父母本互作也起一定作用；纯度由基因的加性效应和非加性效应共同控制。杂质值和含糖率的狭义遗传力较高，分别为８３．４８％和７４．８８％；纯度的狭义遗传力较小，为４２．９％，表明其易受环境的影响。本文还结合试验结果，讨论了品质育种方法等问题。     

饲料甜菜与糖甜菜杂种F1代主要性状的初步研究

以饲料甜菜和糖甜菜杂种F1与3个亲本对照为试验材料,对各材料的主要性状进行比较研究。试验结果表明,杂种F1代在根产量、粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量3个性状上表现强杂种优势;粗纤维含量、含糖率与抗病性杂种优势弱;根产量与含糖率(r=-0.818*)、含糖率与粗纤维含量(r=0.907**)、粗蛋白含量与粗脂肪含量(r=0.954**)、根产量与粗纤维(r=0.736*)4对性状相关程度高,规律明显。同一性状正交、反交杂种优势不同,根产量、粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量在正交杂种中杂种优势明显;含糖率、粗纤维含量、干物质含量在反交杂种中优势明显。     

胡麻温敏雄性不育产量相关性状主基因+多基因混合遗传分析

为深入了解胡麻(油用亚麻)两系杂种优势形成的遗传基础,更好地指导杂交育种实践,分别以温敏型雄性不育系113S和1S为母本,油用品种陇亚10号和纤用品种黑亚15号为父本,构建了2个杂交组合(113S×陇亚10号和1S×黑亚15号)P1、P2、F1和F2四世代群体材料,应用主基因+多基因混合遗传分离分析方法,研究了单株产量、单株果数、每果粒数和千粒重4个性状的遗传效应。结果表明:单株产量、单株果数和千粒重受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制;每果粒数受2对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制。单株产量、单株果数和每果粒数的F2群体主基因遗传率在43.50%~73.28%,千粒重的F2群体主基因遗传率在10.55%~34.40%。主基因和多基因的加性效应、显性效应及上位性效应在胡麻温敏雄性不育产量相关性状的遗传中起重要作用,胡麻两系杂种优势利用应更好地利用基因加性效应和显性效应,进一步提高杂种优势利用效率。     

花生亲本材料遗传评价研究

选用8个亲本按NCⅡ配制16个组合,研究了F1-F4:5代产量性状和F4种子品质性状的遗传变异情况,测定了F4:5384个株系、56个品系的产量。结果表明:①各性状的一般配合力变异大于特殊配合力变异,杂种均数的遗传分量中以加性效应为主,这与前人研究结果一致。②亲本产量配合力在杂种世代间表现不一致,早代测定以F3较为适宜。③亲本性状值与一般配合力效应呈正相关,表明亲本性状优劣对杂种后代表现有一定影响。④优良品系的分布很集中,主要分布在母本963-4-1和父本88-1202的序列组合中,显示出优良亲本在育种效果上的突出优势。⑤963-4-1和88-1202是很好的高产育种亲本,904-79和佐治亚的育种利用价值也较高。     

利用贮藏蛋白PAGE电泳鉴定花生远缘杂种的研究

以花生属二倍体野生种A.cardenasii为父本,地栽培种铁岭四粒红杂交,获得远缘杂种F1。应用花生种子贮藏蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳技术,对交本,母本及F1进行遗传鉴定,并结合形态性状进行分析。电泳结果表明,F1代出现了父本相似带,母本相似带及父母本都没有的新带,按迁移率计,父母本相似系数为0.50,遗传距离为0.50,杂种F1与父本相似系数为0.59,遗传距离为0.41,与母本相似系数为0.65,遗传距离为0.35,杂种F1的形态性状则表现为显性遗传,共显性遗传及超显性遗传。从杂种F1的形态性状观察,表明花生种子贮藏蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳技术鉴定远缘杂种的真实性是有效的。     

甘蓝型油菜产量性状的遗传分析

探索甘蓝型油菜亲本及杂种在不同生态区的遗传效应,为品种选育提供理论基础。本研究利用加性—显性及其与环境互作的遗传模型,分析在不同生态区域亲本和杂交组合的产量性状遗传规律,估算亲本产量性状的加性遗传效应值、亲本在杂交组合中的显性遗传效应方差值、各项方差分量的比率及对F1和F2基因型与环境效应值的预测。结果表明,产量性状受到加性和显性遗传效应的影响;在遗传效应与环境互作中,单株产量、角果数和千粒重的各遗传效应都与环境互作达到了显著性,而角粒数的遗传稳定与环境互作没有显著性。不同环境下甘蓝型油菜产量性状在F1和F2世代差异较大,总体表现为大荔试验点基因型与环境的效应值高于张掖试验点基因型与环境的效应值,但千粒重却与之相反,环境条件对千粒重的后代表型影响较大。     

甜菜块根农艺性状的遗传变异及相关性和主成分分析

以25个新疆甜菜品系(种)为材料,对块根8个主要农艺性状进行变异系数、相关性和主成分分析。结果表明:根头长度的变异系数较大为29.14%,根宽的变异系数最小为7.86%。在相关性上,糖甜菜根宽、根颈周长、根头长与根重呈极显著正相关;甜菜含糖率与根体长度呈极显著的正相关。主成分分析结果表明,前3个主成分对含糖率变异的累计贡献率达到85.21%,对根重变异的累计贡献率达到88.53%。首先对变异大的性状进行选择是非常重要的,在含糖率性状选择上,应注意选择根颈长度、根颈周长、根体长度大,根沟较深的品系(种)。在根重性状选择上,应注意选择根宽、根颈周长、根颈长度大,根沟较浅的品系(种)。     

两系杂交水稻千粒重的遗传研究

对8个籼型光温敏不育系母本与30个恢复系品种父本配制所获得的74个两系杂交水稻千粒重性状配合力遗传进行了分析。结果表明:(1)两系法杂交水稻杂种F1谷粒千粒重与父本(恢复系)、母本(不育系)和双亲的平均谷粒千粒重均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.4308、0.3523和0.5656。(2)6×6不完全双列杂交法配合力分析结果表明,两系杂交水稻千粒重性状的表现在组合间差异达极显著水平。父、母本的一般配合力效应和组合的特殊配合力效应均达显著差异;在籽粒千粒重表现中,一般配合力方差和特殊配合力方差分别占整个基因型方差的93.98%和6.02%,说明一般配合力对籽粒千粒重的作用远大于特殊配合力;在其双亲的一般配合力作用中,母本对籽粒千粒重的作用大于父本。(3)两系杂交水稻千粒重性状遗传的广义遗传率为99.40%,狭义遗传率为93.41%,说明千粒重性状的遗传以基因的加性效应为主。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.