辣椒遗传多样性的SSR分析

采用109对SSR特异引物对89份辣椒材料进行分析,其中87对引物扩增出条带,52对引物具有多样性,扩增带分子量在150～2 000 bp之间,231条谱带中175条谱带具有多态性,多态率占75.76%,平均每个引物可扩增出2.66条带,说明辣椒材料的遗传多样性相对较小.89份材料经过NTSYS2.1.0软件分析后,计算出材料间遗传距离,并做出SSR分子标记聚类图.结果显示,89份材料在遗传相似系数0.60处分为两类,可以将栽培种和野生种区分开来,在遗传相似系数0.80处可以分为四类,总体上看,将果实类型相似的种质基本都聚在一起,说明用SSR标记进行辣椒遗传多样性的分析是可行的.     

西瓜种质资源遗传差异的SRAP和EST-SSR分析

利用30对SRAP(Sequence related amplified polymorphism)引物和11对EST-SSR引物对西瓜9份栽培自交系、3份美国材料和6份非洲野生种进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明,栽培种与野生种间多态性比率高达92.11%,野生种间多态性比率为34.11%,栽培种间多态性比率仅为21.05%。3份美国材料的扩增带多数与栽培种相似,但也扩增出了一些特异条带。试验表明SRAP和EST-SSR用于西瓜作物的遗传分析是高效可行的。     

菠菜种质资源SSR指纹图谱构建和遗传多样性分析

为研究菠菜品种间的亲缘关系,本研究利用PAGE电泳法对33份菠菜种质资源进行指纹图谱构建和遗传多样性分析。结果表明,筛选出的27对多态性明显、带型稳定的引物共扩增出109个多态性位点,平均每对引物3.7个。经多态性位点分析,最后仅用7对高多态性引物构建了能够区分33份菠菜种质的指纹图谱,为供试材料的鉴别提供参考。聚类分析显示,遗传相似系数变幅为0.58 0.96,在遗传相似系数0.68处可以将所有供试材料分为六类,且分类结果与地理来源相近。此研究结果说明33份菠菜种质具有丰富的遗传多样性,可为菠菜品种选育提供理论依据。     

四个国家海岛棉品种资源的亲缘关系和遗传多态性研究

以海岛棉标准系3-79为对照,陆地棉标准系TM-1为参考对照,用SSR引物对来自前苏联、中国、美国和埃及等4个海岛棉主要生产国(地区)的20份海岛棉种质资源的基因组DNA进行SSR分析,研究不同海岛棉生产国的海岛棉品种资源的遗传亲缘关系和遗传多样性。108对SSR引物共获得了175条多态性谱带,平均每个引物扩增出1.62条多态性谱带。供试海岛棉品种之间的遗传相似系数为0.66～0.94,平均值为0.81。根据UPGMA聚类分析,以遗传相似系数阀值为0.77,可将20份栽培棉花种质材料分为4大类:第一类均为前苏联品种,第二类均为中国品种,第三类以美国品种为主,第四类以埃及品种为主。遗传多样性分析结果表明,前苏联海岛棉品种资源的遗传多样性最为丰富,而埃及的海岛棉品种资源遗传距离最狭窄,我国的海岛棉品种资源的遗传多样性居中。本研究表明,供试材料遗传背景与其产地背景有一定关联性,SSR标记能较好地揭示供试棉花品种之间的遗传差异和亲缘关系。     

部分烟草种质遗传多样性与亲缘关系的ISSR标记分析

烟草遗传资源多样性与亲缘关系研究，是烟草遗传育种与起源演化研究的重要基础，本文首次应用ISSR标记，对烟草属（Nicotiana）4个种30份材料的遗传多样性进行分析。从70个ISSR引物中共筛选出16个多态性明显、条带清晰、反应稳定的引物，对30个样品DNA共扩增出309条谱带，平均每个引物扩增出19.31条带，多态性条带比率（PPB）达93.20%。种间遗传相似系数在0.26~0.96之间，表现出丰富的遗传多态性。系统聚类结果显示，N. glutinosa、N. suaveolens、N. gossei 3个野生种间存在较大的遗传差异，遗传相似系数在0.29~0.52之间；27份栽培品种种内遗传相似性相对较高，在0.54~0.96之间，显示出栽培种内的遗传基础相对比较狭窄，但其中白肋21、台烟7号与其他供试材料有较大的遗传差异。ISSR聚类分析表明，当L1取值为D = 0.475时，可将3个野生种与27份烟草栽培品种明显区分开，反映出种间的遗传差异；当L2取值为D = 0.776时，可将30份材料分为2个大类、3个小类和6个独立的个类，较好地揭示了烟草属种间或栽培种品种类型间的遗传多样性与亲缘关系，可为烟草遗传育种和遗传连锁图谱构建的杂交亲本选择提供科学依据。本研究还表明ISSR标记比RAPD标记具有更高的稳定性，在植物遗传多样性的分子标记或克隆研究中，可优先使用ISSR标记。     

国内外陆地棉品种资源的亲缘关系和遗传多态性研究

 应用SSR分子标记对国内外74份棉花种质资源的遗传多样性进行分析,从2278条SSR引物中筛选出82条引物,这82条引物共扩增出个435条带,其中多态性带313个,多态率达83.70%,平均每条引物扩增出3.81个条带。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,74份材料的相似性系数(GS)变化范围在0.371～0.958。其中国内品种遗传相似系数变化范围在0.684～0.916,平均遗传相似系数大小顺序为：长江流域棉区品种>特早熟棉区品种>短季棉品种>黄河流域棉区品种>新疆品种。国外品种遗传相似系数变化范围为0.661～0.958,平均遗传相似系数大小顺序为：乌兹别克斯坦品种>法国品种>墨西哥和前苏联品种>美国和巴基斯坦品种>乌干达品种>印度品种>澳大利亚品种。聚类图0.760阈值处可以把国内外品种聚为两类,26个国内品种和1个国外品种被聚为国内品种类,包括3个亚类。绝大多数国外品种为一类,包括4个亚类。本研究结果表明,SSR具有丰富遗传多样性和稳定性,是一种较好的遗传分子标记,适宜于棉花品种遗传多样性分析。     

红花品种遗传多样性的SRAP分析

利用相关序列扩增多态性SRAP(Sequence-related amplified polymorphism)技术对8份国内不同来源以及8份国外不同国家的,共计16份红花栽培种进行遗传多样性分析。选用20对多态性较高的引物组合对材料进行PCR扩增,而后进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,获得多态性条带。共获得354条清晰的条带,其中,135条为多态性条带,多态性比率为38.14%。遗传相似系数在0.3~0.9之间,平均相似系数为0.65,表明红花种内不同栽培种之间具有较高的遗传多样性和相似性。     

马铃薯不同品种(系)遗传多样性的ISSR分析

本研究运用ISSR分子标记技术对30份马铃薯品种(系)材料进行多态性和聚类分析,分析各品种(系)间亲缘关系。结果表明:从56条ISSR引物中筛选出6条引物进行PCR扩增,共扩增出52条带,多态性条带为47个,多态性比率约为90.38%。通过UPGMA法对30份马铃薯品种(系)材料聚类分析显示,30份供试材料品种间遗传相似系数为0.40~0.95,平均相似系数为0.675;在相似性系数0.75附近,30份马铃薯品种(系)可分为6个大类,包括5大复合组和1个独立类。这些结果说明所选取的30个马铃薯品种(系)的遗传差异比较大,遗传多样性较丰富;该研究结果为马铃薯的遗传多样性利用及种质鉴定和杂交育种提供了有力的理论依据。     

基于ISSR标记分析豌豆农家品种遗传多样性

为掌握内蒙古部分地区种植的农家豌豆品种的亲缘关系,本研究通过ISSR分子标记技术,对来自内蒙古自治区部分地区及甘肃省张掖市的29份豌豆农家品种的遗传多样性进行分析。结果显示,从19个ISSR引物中筛选出多态性明显、条带清晰、反应稳定的引物共7个。29份DNA材料共扩增出118条条带,其中116条为多态性条带,平均每个引物扩增出的条带数为16.9条,多态性比率为98.31%。Shannon多样性指数平均为0.505 9,每个位点的有效等位基因数为1.569 6,品种间遗传相似系数变幅为0.370 4～0.928 6,表明本研究的29个豌豆农家品种具有丰富的遗传多样性。利用UPGMA聚类分析,以遗传相似系数0.69为界限,将29份材料划分为5类,聚类结果与豌豆种群地域性分布规律关联性较高,表明ISSR分子标记技术的遗传多样性分析能够将地理来源相近的居群进行聚类划分,其研究结果可运用于豌豆种质资源保护及育种工作中。     

26份大豆品种(系)遗传多样性分析及指纹图谱构建

利用53对SSR引物对来自黑龙江、内蒙古和新疆的26份大豆材料进行遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明:53对引物在供试材料间具有稳定的多态性,供试材料共测出137个等位基因,每个位点平均2.58个等位基因。多态信息含量指数在0.074 0~0.701 2之间。根据以上结果采用非加权类平均法进行聚类分析:26份大豆品种(系)间遗传相似系数变异范围为0.64~0.92,在相似系数0.68处可将26份大豆品种(系)分为4大类群,从53对引物中挑选8对多态性好、扩增带型清晰的SSR引物构建了26份大豆品种(系)的指纹图谱。构建的指纹图谱能够将26大豆品种(系)逐一区分。研究结果不仅为供试大豆品种鉴定、开展知识产权保护提供了依据,还为这些品种今后在育种中的应用提供理论指导。     

亚麻遗传连锁图谱的构建

利用DIANE (纤用亚麻栽培种)和宁亚17 (油用亚麻栽培种)为杂交亲本,构建30个F₂单株作为作图群体,选用71对SRAP和24对SSR共显性标记构建了全长为546.5 cM,含12个连锁群(LGs)的亚麻遗传连锁图谱,标记均匀分布于12个连锁群,每个连锁群有4~15个标记,标记间平均距离为5.75 cM。结果表明,SRAP标记和SSR标记中共显性标记适合于亚麻遗传连锁图谱的构建,但该图谱覆盖的基因组范围较小,需继续图谱的完整性工作。本研究为今后的亚麻在分子生物学方面的研究提供了基础信息。     

Amplified fragment length polymorphism as a tool for molecular characterization of almond germplasm: genetic diversity among cultivated genotypes and related wild species of almond,and its relationships with agronomic traits

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis is a rapid and efficient method for producing DNA fingerprints and molecular characterization. Our objectives were to: estimate genetic similarities (GS), marker indices, and polymorphic information contents (PICs) for AFLP markers in almond cultivars; assess the genetic diversity of almond cultivars and wild species, using GS estimated from AFLP fingerprints and molecular characterization; and facilitate the use of markers in inter-specific introgression and cultivar improvement. The genetic diversity of 45 almond cultivars from Iran, Europe, and America, were studied assaying 19 primer combinations. In addition, several agronomic traits were evaluated, including flowering and maturity times, self-incompatibility, and kernel and fruit properties. Out of the 813 polymerase chain reaction fragments that were scored, 781 (96.23%) were polymorphic. GS ranged from 0.5 to 0.96, marker indices ranged from 51.37 to 78.79, and PICs ranged from 0.56 to 0.86. Results allowed the unique molecular identification of all assayed genotypes. However, the correlation between genetic similarity clustering as based on AFLP and clustering for agronomic traits was low. Cluster analysis based on AFLP data clearly differentiated the genotypes and wild species according to their origin and pedigree, whereas, cluster analysis based on agronomic data differentiated according the pomological characterization. Our results showed the great genetic diversity of the almond cultivars and their interest for almond breeding.     

AFLP分子标记鉴别大白菜品种

本试验采用AFLP技术,研究了90份来自7个不同栽培地区的大白菜品种材料。共筛选了20对引物,不同引物组合检测多态性谱带的能力有很大的差异,多态性谱带的数量从9条到32条不等。其中E—ACA／M—CTG是大白菜品种十分高效的引物组合,共产生7l条清晰的扩增带,其中有32条多态性谱带,多态性谱带的百分率为45．7％。通过该引物组合,能将90个品种全部区分开来。同时应用该引物组合检测2个大白菜杂交品种(北京新2号,京夏王)各10株,其中有1株北京新2号的谱带异常,其余同一品种不同单株的带型完全一致。表明AFLP标记用于研究品种指纹图谱,并鉴别品种是完全可行的。     

Evaluating genetic variation and relationships among two bromegrass species and their hybrid using RAPD and AFLP markers

The two most widely grown bromegrass species in North America are smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), a hay type grass, and meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehmann), a pasture type grass. Recently a hybrid bromegrass population between the two species has been produced as a dual-purpose hay-pasture grass. Molecular markers have the potential to improve selection procedures to enhance bromegrass breeding. The objective of this study was to use RAPD and AFLP markers to determine genetic relationships and variations among bromegrass populations. Forty-three RAPD markers from 21 primers and 83 AFLP markers from seven primer combinations were used. Both marker types were able to group the individuals into their respective populations. The relationships among the individuals within each of the populations were not similar between the two marker types. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) detected greater within-population variation than among-population variation for both marker types. The highest variation was observed in the hybrid population followed by meadow and then smooth bromegrass. The inter-population distance from both markers indicated that the highest genetic distance was between meadow and smooth bromegrass and lowest between smooth and hybrid bromegrass, which reflect the breeding history of the hybrid population. This study showed that both markers are capable of differentiating bromegrass genotypes into their respective populations, detecting genetic variation and relationships of the populations. Results of this study suggest that these two markers can be used in the future to enhance the current breeding practices in bromegrass, however, AFLP markers would be the marker of choice due to the high number of polymorphic markers. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effectiveness of different classes of molecular marker for classifying and revealing variation in rice (Oryza sativa) germplasm

We have examined the effectiveness of similar numbers of markers from four molecular marker systems (AFLP, isozymes, ISSR and RAPD) for revealing genetic diversity and discriminating between infraspecific groups of Oryza sativa germplasm. Each marker system classifies the germplasm into three major groups (most effectively with isozymes and AFLPs), but with differences (primarily with ISSR) between the precise classifications generated. However, at the highest levels of genetic similarity there was only partial agreement as to relationships between individual accessions when different markers were used. When variance was partitioned among and within the three subspecific groups, although the differences were not significant, greater variation was found among than within groups using AFLP and isozymes, with the reverse for RAPD and ISSR. Measurement of polymorphism using average heterozygosity and effective number of alleles gave similar results for each marker system. These results are discussed in relation to various genetic resources conservation activities, and the advisability of extrapolating to other sets of germplasm particularly of other crop species. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

生物技术在纤维亚麻育种中的应用

亚麻纤维在农业、医疗、工业及航天业得到广泛应用。随着分子生物学技术与基因工程技术的迅猛发展,育种方法的研究成为培育新亚麻植物的关键,为了加快育种效率,提高亚麻纤维的质量与产量,综述了基因工程技术、组织培养技术和分子标记技术在亚麻育种中的应用,重点阐述了基因工程在亚麻质量和品性提升中应用以及原生质体融合与培养技术在亚麻育种中应用的最新研究进展,为亚麻种质资源的研究与发展提供依据。     

AFLP,SSR在黄瓜黑星病抗感材料上的多态性比较

用AFLP和SSR 2种分子标记技术对黄瓜抗感黑星病材料Q6和Q12,及其F2极性集团和F2群体进行了分析,比较了它们的多态性。结果表明,AFLP和SSR 2种分子标记的多态性比率分别为36.5%,9.6%;阳性比率分别为22%,0。在F2群体中找到了1个AFLP标记E20/M64,与目的基因的遗传距离是4.83 cM;1个SSR标记CSWCT02B,与目的基因的遗传距离是28.7 cM。AFLP的多态性比率要比SSR的多态性比率高。分析探讨了2种分子标记技术的优缺点及其在目的基因连锁标记筛选、基因定位等研究中的应用。     

Morphological and molecular characterization of endangered medicinal plant species Coleus forskohlii collected from central India

In recent years, Coleus forskohlii has been considered plant as an important medicinal. Because of the continuous collection of roots from the wild sources, this plant has been included in the list of endangered species. This has necessitated the use of biotechnology in conservation and sustainable management of this endangered plant species. Morphological and molecular characterization of this herb will enhance our understanding in improving the optimal yields of Forskolin through breeding. To assess the morphological and molecular genetic diversity in 18 C. forskohlii genotypes collected from different places of central India, RAPD, ISSR, and AFLP marker systems were employed. Eleven RAPD, ten ISSRs and eight AFLP primers produced 101, 80, and 483 fragments, respectively. Among the three marker system used in this study, RAPD and ISSR showed 61.39 and 68.75% polymorphism, respectively, while eight AFLP primer combinations produced 70.81% polymorphism. UPGMA cluster analysis method group genotypes in two clusters with all marker systems separately and after combined analysis. Results show that both morphological and molecular factors are effective in observing variations. Our results also indicate that the RAPD, ISSR, and AFLP approaches, along with pharmaceutically important morphological trait analysis, seemed to be best-suited for assessing the genetic relationships among distinct C. Forskohlii genotypes with high accuracy.     

亚麻全基因组关联分析的研究进展

全基因组关联分析(GWAS)是应用单核苷酸多态性(Single Nucleotide Polymorphism,SNP)在全基因组水平上发现影响复杂性状的基因变异的一种手段。为了加强GWAS在亚麻育种中的应用,本文归纳了GWAS的优势及分析流程,列举了近年来国内外利用GWAS定位到的亚麻产量及品质相关性状的标记位点和候选基因,总结了亚麻白粉病的研究现状及其他作物在GWAS的相关研究,并提出GWAS在亚麻育种和抗病的未来发展趋势,为亚麻GWAS研究提供理论基础。     

Selection Criteria for Short-fibre Flax

The industrial utilization of short fibres of Linum usitatissimum L. is advantageous for the environment and conserves natural resources due to savings in the production and waste management process. In 1990 a project was started to breed flax for short fibres in combination with oil production. In field experiments 22 (1990) and 20 (1991) varieties and progenies of earlier crosses, respectively, were tested. Phenotypic variation and linear correlations of parameters characterizing yield and its stability were examined with regard to their suitability as selection criteria. The results were as follows: A total harvest of 3 t/ha of short fibre and oil was produced, most of it fibre. The cross progenies tested in 1991 showed a high genetic potential for the combined use of fibre and oil, but their maturity needs to be synchronized better. Simultaneous selection of short-fibre flax genotypes for fibre content and seed yield on the one hand, or for oil content and fibre yield on the other, seems to be practicable. The plants should not exceed I m in height. Thousand-seed weight and oil content were not correlated in the progenies, thus making it possible to select for small-seeded genotypes.