红壤坡地农业景观(旱季)地表界面水分传输研究——Ⅱ．叶面冠层一大气界面水分传输

定位观测红壤坡地典型作物系统叶面冠层 大气界面水分传输结果表明 ,叶面冠层 大气界面水汽传输通量大小取决于景观植物群落的构建 ,稳定群落叶面冠层 大气界面水汽传输通量有明显日变化规律 ,除受植物生理机制影响外 ,还明显受土壤水分和气象条件的影响。植株叶片蒸腾速率有明显日变化规律且呈单峰型曲线及多峰态势。净辐射、空气饱和水汽压差、气温、地表温度、风速对蒸腾的影响均达极显著水平 (正相关 ) ,其中净辐射、气温为主要影响因子。叶片气孔导度可反映叶片蒸腾速率 ,叶片气孔阻力日变化规律是植物对气象条件的响应 ,且受土壤水分状况强烈影响。改善作物生长环境 ,调节气孔行为 ,进而协调作物蒸腾作用和光合作用耗水制约 ,可调控叶面冠层 大气界面水分传输 ,提高作物水分利用效率     

重庆缙云山不同林分耗水动态特征及其环境影响因素

以重庆缙云山为试验站点,于2018年1—12月,采用LI-6400 XT便携式光合测定系统测定了针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林和毛竹林3种典型林分耗水动态特征,定量分析了不同林分蒸腾、蒸发水分利用效率与环境因子的关系。结果表明:缙云山不同林分土壤蒸发量呈"几"字形变化规律,在7—8月达到最大,4—6月呈急剧增加趋势;9月以后不同林分土壤蒸发量有所降低,相同月份土壤蒸发基本表现为针阔混交林毛竹林常绿阔叶林。缙云山不同林分蒸腾速率呈单峰型曲线,1—6月属于缓慢增加趋势,在7—8月达到最大,8月以后急剧降低,11—12月基于平稳趋势,相同月份蒸腾速率基本表现为常绿阔叶林针阔混交林毛竹林。不同林分蒸腾速率日变化规律呈单峰型曲线,从早上6:00开始,不同林分叶片蒸腾速率随着一天内光合有效辐射强度的增加、气孔开放而急剧增加,在8:00达到最大值,随后蒸腾速率缓慢降低,相同时间蒸腾速率基本表现为常绿阔叶林针阔混交林毛竹林。缙云山不同林分水分利用效率与蒸腾速率变化趋势相一致,二者呈显著的线性关系(p0.05)。不同林分水分利用效率生理生态因子的相关系数高于蒸腾速率与各生理生态因子的相关系数,其中蒸腾速率和水分利用效率与气孔导度(Gs)、光合有效辐射强度(PAR)均呈显著或极显著的正相关,与空气相对湿度(RH)没有显著的相关性(p0.05),Gs和PAR对不同林分的蒸腾速率和水分利用效率贡献最大。回归分析表明,不同林分蒸腾速率和水分利用效率与生理生态因子间有线性关系,影响不同林分的蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的主导因素包括Gs和PAR。     

环境因子对海防林土壤呼吸速率的影响

 为了揭示土壤呼吸的日间变化规律,寻找影响土壤呼吸速率强弱的生态因子,从而为海防林的造林营林技术提供重要依据,对胶南沿海混交林和灌木林的土壤呼吸速率及各环境因子进行研究。2种海防林林地土壤呼吸速率的日变化均呈现出单峰式的变化规律,灌木林的土壤呼吸速率明显高于混交林。地表温度是对土壤呼吸速率影响最大的环境因子之一,它与混交林和灌木林的土壤呼吸速率分别呈极显著和显著正相关关系。空气相对湿度与混交林土壤呼吸速率呈显著负相关,风速与灌木林土壤呼吸速率呈显著负相关。通过主成分分析和多元线性回归方法,得到了影响海防林土壤呼吸速率的主要环境因子及与土壤呼吸速率之间的多元回归模型。     

晋西黄土区人工刺槐林生理生态特点分析与研究

采用Li-cor 6400便携式光合仪,对山西省吉县蔡家川流域试验区内刺槐的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及其环境因子进行了观测,并辅以不同水分梯度下的林木生理指标观测与比较,研究了生理指标与环境因子之间的相互关系.结果表明:刺槐在生长过程中没有充足水分供应时,光合速率会出现负值;蒸腾日变化曲线单峰或双峰取决于土壤水分条件;各环境因子之间呈显著相关关系,综合作用于蒸腾速率,其中光合有效辐射是蒸腾速率的主要影响因子;气孔导度与相对湿度的变化一致,它们之间显著相关,呈二次项曲线关系.     

环境因素对紫花苜蓿叶水势与蒸腾速率影响的初步研究

植物叶水势及其蒸腾速率除取决于本身的生物学特性外,还受外界环境因子所制约.该文根据有关田间试验资料全面分析了叶水势、蒸腾速率在不同灌溉水平下的日变化规律,并探讨了其与土壤含水率和气象因素(气温、净辐射和饱和差)之间的关系,建立了叶水势和蒸腾速率与气象因素间的定量关系式,对紫花苜蓿的合理灌溉具有指导意义.     

不同环境因子对西洋参蒸腾特性的影响研究

试验研究不同环境因子对西洋参叶片蒸腾特性的影响结果表明 ,环境温度与湿度变化明显影响西洋参叶片蒸腾速率和气孔导度的变化。西洋参植株生长势与叶片蒸腾速率、气孔导度的变化关系密切 ,健壮西洋参植株叶片蒸腾速率与气孔导度及叶片气孔开张度对逆境的适应性和自调控能力均高于纤弱植株。晴天参棚 17.5 %、2 5 .8%和 35 .4 % 3种透光率下西洋参叶片蒸腾速率的日变化不同 ,表现为午前高峰型、午间高峰型和双峰型 ;夏季强光高温条件下气孔导度和气温是影响西洋参叶片蒸腾速率变化的最主要因子。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地4种典型植物蒸腾作用及其影响因素

[目的]对广西壮族自治区喀斯特峰丛洼地4种典型植物(甘蔗、五节芒、灰毛浆果楝和青冈)蒸腾作用及其影响因素进行研究,为进一步开展区域植被生态需水研究提供科学依据。[方法]于2015年4月至2016年1月对4种主要植物群落不同季节蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶面积指数(LAI)和相关环境因子开展现场观测。[结果]4种植物Tr夏季与春、秋、冬3季呈极显著差异(p0.01),不同植物类型其Tr也存在差异,其中,甘蔗Tr的季节变化为96.55~197.42g/(m2·h),五节芒为95.26~169.13g/(m2·h),灰毛浆果楝为97.20~239.11g/(m2·h),青冈四季Tr为81.65~124.42g/(m2·h)。4种植物Tr均与空气温度(Ta)呈极显著(p0.01)或显著正相关关系(p0.05),与土壤含水率(SWC),LAI,土壤容重(ρb),空气相对湿度(RH)呈显著或极显著相关关系。SWC和Ta对甘蔗Tr起主导作用,是主要决策变量;Ta是五节芒Tr的主要决策变量;SWC和ρb是灰毛浆果楝Tr的主要影响因子;LAI,SWC和Ta是青冈Tr的主要影响因子。[结论]研究区域4种典型植物蒸腾作用存在差异,且均呈季节性变化趋势,不同植物Tr影响因素不同,可通过人工诱导水、光、热等环境因子进而合理调控植被生态需水。     

几种沙漠植物蒸腾作用特性及其环境响应机制的研究

对库布齐沙漠2，3，4年生人工梭梭，4年生人工沙枣、柠条以及天然植物油蒿，进行了蒸腾速率与相关环境因子气温、大气相对湿度和0～160cm土层的土壤含水率的测定。结果表明：不同植物种其蒸腾特征各异；气温和大气湿度与蒸腾速率日进程的变化趋势总体表现出随着气温的升高（或大气相对湿度的降低），蒸腾速率亦呈升高的趋势。几种植物蒸腾速率的季节变化总体表现出随着土壤含水率的增加而增加，降低而降低。蒸腾速率与土壤含水率季节变化的相关性因植物种而异。几种植物中油蒿10～100cm层土壤含水率和2年生梭梭、3年生梭梭0～130cm层土壤含水率与蒸腾速率呈直线相关，相关系数分别为0．811，0．694和0．955（P=0．05），而沙枣、柠条和4年生梭梭的蒸腾速率与土壤含水量的相关性不显著。这表明，在天然降水条件下，植物蒸腾作用的季节变化趋势不仅受土壤水分的影响，还与植物自身生长节律和生理调控等其它因素有关。     

不同灌木树种蒸腾速率时空变异特征及其影响因子的研究

在测定4个水土保持灌木树种不同时期蒸腾速率及其影响因子的基础上,对不同树种蒸腾速率的时空变异特征进行了研究,并对蒸腾速率与其影响因子的关系进行了相关分析和多元回归分析。研究结果表明,4种灌木蒸腾速率日变化总趋势为清晨较小,在中午12:00左右基本达到峰值,至18:00左右降至低谷,不同树种日变化有一定差异;旱季4种灌木蒸腾速率的大小顺序为黄荆>黄栌>连翘>绣线菊;雨季4种灌木蒸腾速率的大小顺序为黄荆>绣线菊>连翘>黄栌。4种灌木蒸腾速率的季节变化趋势基本相同,均在5月份呈降低趋势,从6月初又逐渐回升,在7月中旬达到最大值后回落。蒸腾速率在空间上的变化特征是上部最大,中部次之,下部最小。4种灌木的蒸腾速率均与光合有效辐射、气温、空气相对湿度以及气孔导度4个因子呈极显著相关。     

黄土丘陵区刺槐蒸腾速率及其环境影响因子

刺槐是一种能在半干旱、半湿润黄土丘陵区良好生长,并具有较高的生态、经济和社会效益的树种。对黄土半湿润区刺槐的蒸腾速率及其影响环境因子,包括饱和水气压差、光量子强度、相对湿度、大气温度等进行测定,得出其在生长季末的蒸腾速率曲线呈单峰型,最高值达1.598mmol／(m2·s);用统计软件MATLAB和SPSS分别对其蒸腾速率和它的影响因子作分析得出,其主要影响因子为光量子强度和饱和水汽压差,这两种软件分析得出结论基本一致。并建立影响因子与蒸腾速率之间的回归方程,其目的是找到刺槐在当地环境条件下作为主要造林树种的依据,为黄土高原植树造林提供理论支持。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.