海南岛实蝇群落的多样性分析

2007～2009年在海南岛内海口、文昌、三亚、儋州、琼中、吊罗山、尖峰岭和霸王岭等8个地方,选择代表性区域,采用实蝇性诱捕剂和蛋白引诱法对8个地区实蝇群落的生物多样性进行分析。结果表明,海南实蝇可全年发生,其中,尖峰岭的实蝇种类丰富度最高,有18种,其次是霸王岭和琼中,有15种,吊罗山14种,海口和三亚均为12种,文昌和儋州的实蝇种类丰富度低,同为11种;海南区域实蝇群落优势种为桔小实蝇[Bactrocera(Bactrocera)dorsalis(Hendel)],常见种有差异;海口和琼中实蝇群落常见种同为瓜实蝇[B.(Zeugodacus)cucurbitae Coquillett];吊罗山和霸王岭常见种同为锈红实蝇[B.(Z.)rubigina Wangzhao];文昌、三亚、儋州和尖峰岭无常见种。3年的试验结果表明,实蝇群落多样性指数均以三亚最低。各地实蝇种类相似性变化不大,相似性系数为0.36～0.76。     

不同诱捕处理在苦瓜地上对瓜实蝇和桔小实蝇的诱捕效果研究

研究引诱剂的5种不同诱捕处理在苦瓜地上对瓜实蝇和桔小实蝇的诱捕效果.结果发现,好粘主要诱捕桔小实蝇雄虫,稳得主要诱捕瓜实蝇雄虫,2种诱剂均可同时引诱小量其它实蝇；在用量1 g的条件下,引诱剂的5种不同诱捕处理中瓶内喷涂对2种实蝇的诱捕效果均明显好于瓶外喷涂,且好粘与稳得对2种实蝇雄虫的诱捕效果随着瓶内水量的增加先增强后逐渐减弱,加水50 mL时达最大值.研究还探讨了好粘与稳得2种引诱剂对苦瓜地外围瓜实蝇和桔小实蝇雄虫的诱捕效果,结果好粘与稳得2种引诱剂在寄主植物外围不同位点上均可诱捕瓜实蝇和桔小实蝇雄虫,且某一位点上虫量发生越大其诱捕量越大.     

长沙地区实蝇监测研究

于5月至11月,采用2种诱捕器4种性诱剂对长沙地区的实蝇进行了监测,结果表明:(1)Me、Cue和蛋白诱饵性诱剂对多种实蝇具有诱集作用,其中Me性诱剂的专化性最强,诱集橘小实蝇共86头;Cue性诱剂分别诱集具条实蝇174头,瓜实蝇111头;蛋白诱饵诱集能力介于Me和Cue两种性诱剂之间,分别诱集具条实蝇17头,瓜实蝇7头,橘小实蝇12头;(2)Me和Cue性诱剂对橘小实蝇和瓜实蝇的种群发生动态、地理分布具有很好的监测效果;(3)本地区监测点未诱集到地中海实蝇。     

10种物理诱黏剂对3种实蝇的诱集效果评价

瓜实蝇、南瓜实蝇以及桔小实蝇是为害果蔬的重要检疫性害虫。物理诱黏剂可用于多种实蝇的监测和防治，但缺乏对3种实蝇的诱集效果评价。田间开展了10种物理诱黏剂对3种实蝇的诱集效果评价。结果表明，10种诱黏剂对桔小实蝇的诱集作用最强，其中佳果多诱集的桔小实蝇数量最多，其次为黏王和神捕。研究还发现，诱集的实蝇大多为雄虫。佳果多、黏王以及神捕可用于桔小实蝇的监测和防治。     

不同性诱剂对橘小实蝇的监测作用

橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis是一种世界性检疫害虫,可危害250多种水果和蔬菜。通过在湖南农业大学2hm2柑橘园开展的4种不同性诱剂对橘小实蝇的监测诱集试验结果表明：橘小实蝇对湖南农业大学橘园危害并不明显,橘小实蝇（Me）诱剂对橘小实蝇的监测效果最好,可为及时发现该虫危害、监测疫情提供依据。     

瓜实蝇对不同果香香精的趋向行为研究

本研究选取与瓜实蝇偏好寄主植物果实以及对其具有强引诱作用的非寄主果实相关的果香香精8种,研究了瓜实蝇对这些香精的趋向行为。结果表明,瓜实蝇对不同果香香精表现出不同的趋向行为。室内室外的初筛结果均表明瓜实蝇偏好榴莲香精和南瓜香精,且两种香精诱集的瓜实蝇雌雄虫数量并无显著差异。通过Y型嗅觉仪行为测定发现瓜实蝇最偏嗜10% (w/V)的榴莲香精和南瓜香精。基于本研究的结果,建议选择10%的榴莲香精和南瓜香精溶液用于瓜实蝇的监测和诱杀防治。     

我国南方实蝇类害虫概述

实蝇(fruit fly)是水果和蔬菜类作物的重要害虫。本文对我国南方(海南、广东、广西、云南、贵州、四川、重庆、湖南、湖北、福建)实蝇种类、分布范围、寄主(诱剂)进行总结。据不完全统计,我国华南地区采集(诱捕)的实蝇已达18属97种,其中海南21种,广东15种,广西30种,云南59种。同时,就主要实蝇在我国的分布特征及实蝇科昆虫的鉴定和分类上的一些问题进行简要论述。     

引诱剂对柑桔小实蝇、瓜实蝇诱捕效果试验

用引诱剂甲基丁香酚、4-(P-醋酸基-苯基)2-丁酮(简称Cuelure)与这两种药的混合剂(简称Islon)对柑桔小实蝇和瓜实蝇(雄虫)进行诱捕试验,结果表明,国产与日本产的这两种引诱剂的效果无明显差异,日产的甲基丁香酚药效持久性稍长于国产的;cuelure与Islon对瓜实蝇的诱捕效果无明显差异;甲基丁香酚对柑秸小实蝇的诱捕效果稍高于Islon剂。推荐用Islon作检疫或监测实蝇的引诱剂。本文还对柑桔小实蝇和瓜实蝇的虫口变动与寄主之间的关系进行了观察。     

橘大实蝇生物学特性及药剂防治研究

柑橘大实蝇Tetradacus citri（Chen）是一种毁灭性的检疫害虫,严重威胁柑橘类作物。描述了柑橘大实蝇的生物学特性,并且通过设定不同温度：0,3,10,15,21℃与自然对照6．5℃,观察柑橘大实蝇羽化的发生与温度等环境因素的关系。试验结果表明：柑橘大实蝇的蛹经O℃或21℃处理30d后,完全不能羽化,10℃下处理的蛹,羽化率与处理时间长短关系不大,为68．3％-76．7％,15℃下30d后羽化率明显下降,为33．3％。还对湖南省境内柑橘大实蝇的综合防治技术进行了阐述,具体通过药剂筛选试验进行了探讨,从试验结果可以看出,猎蝇的诱杀效果明显优于其它两种诱剂和常规用药。     

2种瓜实蝇寄生蜂的研究进展

瓜实蝇(Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett)是危害多种蔬菜和水果的重要害虫,化学防治效果成效甚微,生物防治有望成为最有潜力的防治技术。本文主要对瓜实蝇的寄生性天敌阿里山潜蝇茧蜂(Fopius arisanus Sonan)和弗氏短背茧蜂(Psyttalia fletcheri Silvestri)的生物学特性、影响寄生蜂存活和雌雄性比的主要因素、寄主范围及寄主选择性、扩繁技术及其对实蝇的防治效果等方面进行综述,为2种蜂在瓜实蝇生物防治中的应用提供参考。     

Methods for Surveying Stable Fly Populations

Stable flies are among the most important pests of livestock throughout much of the world. Their painful bites induce costly behavioral and physiological stress responses and reduce productivity. Stable flies are anthropogenic and their population dynamics vary depending on agricultural and animal husbandry practices. Standardized sampling methods are needed to better identify the factors controlling stable fly populations, test novel control technologies, and determine optimal management strategies. The current study reviewed methods used for a long-term study of stable fly population dynamics in the central Great Plains. An additional study compared the relative size of flies sampled from the general population with that of flies sampled emerging from substrates associated with livestock production. Flies developing in livestock associated substrates are significantly larger than those in the general population indicating that other types of developmental sites are contributing significant numbers of flies to the general population. Because efforts to identify those sites have yet to be successful, we speculate that they may be sites with low densities of developing stable flies, but covering large areas such as croplands and grasslands. The stable fly surveillance methods discussed can be used and further improved for monitoring stable fly populations for research and management programs.     

桔小实蝇卵巢发育及其应用

利用显微摄影技术对湖南桔小实蝇卵巢发育研究表明,成虫卵粒成熟高峰期在6月中旬至下旬,故推算第一代产卵高峰期为6月中下旬。     

蝇蛹金小蜂对黑腹果蝇蛹的寄生习性

黑腹果蝇是杨梅果实的主要害虫之一,蝇蛹金小蜂是黑腹果蝇蛹期寄生蜂.通过在杨梅园使用果蝇蛹进行诱集,获得蝇蛹金小蜂;并探讨蝇蛹金小蜂对果蝇蛹日龄的选择策略、产卵期和后代产量及寄主大小对寄生蜂后代大小和性比的影响.结果表明:蝇蛹金小蜂可利用1～3日龄的果蝇蛹;寄生蜂产卵期为(3.41±2.62)d,单个雌蜂后代雌雄蜂分别为(8.33±5.22)和(3.50±3.42)头,后代性比偏雌,雄性百分比为(0.28±0.20);随寄生蜂产卵期的延长,寄生蜂后代数量显著降低.后代寄生蜂的胫节长度与寄主的蛹长度间存在显著的正相关;在较大的寄主上,寄生蜂倾向于产出更多的雌性后代.     

海南兴隆地区黑水虻的人工繁育技术研究初报

2009年12月至2011年5月,在海南省兴隆热带植物园进行黑水虻的人工饲养技术试验,探索热带季风气候条件下,黑水虻的人工繁育系统建立方法及饲养技术要点。结果显示,虫卵孵化需要2～6 d,幼虫经20～23 d进入预蛹期,8～11 d后开始羽化,成虫置于蚊帐中每天都可交配产卵。产卵量的多少随气候条件的变化有较大差异,冬季低温和连续阴天是导致卵量变少的重要原因。     

Use of Microsatellite and SNP Markers for Biotype Characterization in Hessian Fly

Exploration of the biotype structure of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), would improve our knowledge regarding variation in virulence phenotypes and difference in genetic background. Microsatellites (simple sequence repeats) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are highly variable genetic markers that are widely used in population genetic studies. This study developed and tested a panel of 18 microsatellite and 22 SNP markers to investigate the genetic structure of nine Hessian fly biotypes: B, C, D, E, GP, L, O, vH9, and vH13. The simple sequence repeats were more polymorphic than the SNP markers, and their neighbor-joining trees differed in consequence. Microsatellites suggested a simple geographic association of related biotypes that did not progressively gain virulence with increasing genetic distance from a founder type. Use of the k-means clustering algorithm in the STRUCTURE program shows that the nine biotypes comprise six to eight populations that are related to geography or history within laboratory cultures.     

不同颜色防虫网覆盖栽培对豇豆生长发育的影响

研究了不同颜色(白色、黑色、红色、蓝色、绿色、银灰色)防虫网覆盖对栽培豇豆生长发育的影响。从豇豆的生育期、株高、茎粗、叶面积及叶绿素含量指数、产量和病虫害等方面综合考虑，在三亚地区绿色防虫网是较适合豇豆栽培的覆盖材料。     

Bacterial Associations Across House Fly Life History: Evidence for Transstadial Carriage From Managed Manure

House flies (Diptera: Muscidae; Musca domestica L.) associate with microbe-rich substrates throughout life history. Because larvae utilize bacteria as a food source, most taxa present in the larval substrate, e.g., manure, are digested or degraded. However, some species survive and are present as third-instar larvae begin pupation. During metamorphosis, many bacteria are again lost during histolysis of the larval gut and subsequent remodeling to produce the gut of the imago. It has been previously demonstrated that some bacterial species survive metamorphosis, being left behind in the puparium, present on the body surface, or in the gut of the emerged adult. We used a combined culture-molecular approach to identify viable microbes from managed manure residue and a wild population of house fly larvae, pupae, puparia, and adults to assess transstadial carriage. All larval (10/10), pupal (10/10), and puparial (10/10) cultures were positive for bacteria. Several bacterial species that were present in larvae also were present either in pupae or puparia. Four viable bacterial species were detectable in 6 of 10 imagoes reared from manure. Of note is the apparent transstadial carriage of Bacillus sonorensis, which has been associated with milk spoilage at dairies, and Alcaligenes faecalis, which can harbor numerous antibiotic resistance genes on farms. The potential of newly emerged flies to harbor and disseminate bacteria from managed manure on farms is an understudied risk that deserves further evaluation.