环境条件变化对瓦埠湖沉积物磷释放的影响

拟议中的“引江济淮”调水工程涉及到长江、淮河两大河流，瓦埠湖为其中的一个重要湖泊，其水质是否受到调水的影响为该工翟关注的环境问题之一。分析了外界环境因子变化对瓦埠湖底泥在不同环境条件下以及干、湿沉积物样品磷释放的差异，环境因子分别选取了不同磷浓度的上覆水、光照、pH、温度、DO、微生物、水体扰动等。结果表明：湿样释磷能力明显高于风干样品；上覆水体磷的浓度对底泥释磷能力有较强的调节作用；光照对底泥释磷影响不明显，但温度对底泥的释磷有较明显的影响，磷的最大释放量与之呈正相关；水动力条件的改变可在短期内使底泥达到最高的释放量．而DO、pH的改变也可不同程度地增加底泥的释磷能力。综合瓦埠湖底泥的释磷特征与湖泊水文状况，认为调水工程使得底泥释磷的地球化学行为较易实现。     

藻类生长对滇池沉积物磷释放影响的研究

室内对滇池沉积物进行藻类生长模拟试验,结果表明,以沉积物作为唯一P源进行培养,滇池藻类依然可以正常生长;沉积物在藻类生长的影响下,具有较强的P释放潜力,释放速率可达19.2mg/(m2·d);藻类生长对P的大量需求,是通过OH-对沉积物Fe结合态P阴离子置换,和对金属离子Fe的有机蝥合以增加被结合态P的解吸两种主要途径获得的,藻吸收利用沉积物中P的形态主要为Fe结合态P。     

环境因子及沉水植物对底泥磷释放的影响研究

通过环境因子（温度、pH、扰动、溶解氧等）及沉水植物对底泥磷释放影响的研究，分析了环境因子影响底泥磷释放的因素，及不同环境条件下沉水植物影响底泥磷释放的因素，得出了如下结论：溶解氧、pH、温度及扰动等对底泥磷向上覆水体释放都有一定影响，其中溶解氧和pH值影响较大；湖泊特别浅水型湖泊中，磷对水体富营养化起重要作用；沉水植物在控制湖泊底泥营养向水体扩散、风等外界因素扰动底泥起关键作用；浅水型湖泊中，湖泊底泥受扰动较大适合种植象狐尾藻类多分枝的沉水植物，这样有利于抑制底泥磷向水体的释放．     

氧化势影响下的滇池沉积物孔隙水磷浓度变化

The sediment redox potential was raised in the laboratory to estimate reduction of internal available phosphorus loads, such as soluble reactive phosphorus （SRP） and total phosphorus （TP）, as well as the main elements of sediment extracts in Dianchi Lake. Several strongly reducing substances in sediments, which mainly originated from anaerobic decomposition of primary producer residues, were responsible for the lower redox potential. In a range of -400 to 200 mV raising the redox potential of sediments decreased TP and SRP in interstitial water. Redox potentials exceeding 320 mV caused increases in TP, whereas SRP maintained a relatively constant minimum level. The concentrations of Al, Fe, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, K^＋, Na^＋ and S in interstitial water were also related to the redox potential of sediments, suggesting that the mechanism for redox potential to regulate the concentration of phosphorus in interstitial water was complex.     

滇池流域土壤磷累积特征与释放风险研究

通过对滇池流域土壤进行采样测定与模拟试验,研究了流域表层土壤有效P、全P的累积特征和释放风险.研究结果表明,滇池流域表层土壤P素累积明显,其中全P含量范围在0.5～7.0 g/kg,平均值为2.15 g/kg,有效P含量范围在26.7～598.3 mg/kg,平均值为151.04 mg/kg,全P和有效P均高于全国土壤平均值.土壤P累积与P肥施用量密切相关,模拟试验表明土壤P释放风险临界值为57 mg/kg,按此标准,滇池流域有69%的土壤已对滇池水体构成不同程度的环境风险,其中51%的土壤P释放的环境风险较高、流失严重,并己成为滇池水体富营养化的主要污染来源之一.     

哈素海表层沉积物中内源磷的释放研究

以浅水湖泊哈素海为研究对象,开展了上覆水质、温度、pH、溶解氧、扰动和光照等环境要素对湖泊沉积物内源磷释放的影响试验研究。结果表明,温度升高、碱性条件、厌氧和强烈的扰动作用等均有利于内源磷的释放,而照度则间接地限制了沉积物释磷对上覆水中磷浓度的影响。HSH-2、HSH-5和HSH-6等3个站位TP的最大释放量在自然光照条件下分别为1.53、1.39和1.27 mg·kg^-1,避光条件下分别为1.77、1.52和1.52 mg·kg^-1;静置条件下分别为1.42、1.38和1.68 mg·kg^-1,R=60 r·min^-1时分别为1.75、1.50和2.00 mg·kg^-1,R=120 r·min^-1时分别为2.52、2.64和4.02 mg·kg^-1;在pH=11时释放量最大,分别为10.82、6.83和16.68 mg·kg^-1。各环境因子中,以pH和扰动对哈素海沉积物内源磷的释放影响最大。哈素海为浅水湖泊,在湖水咸化程度逐渐增高的条件下,将会导致湖泊沉积物内源磷的大量释放,从而将进一步加剧水体的富营养化。     

滇池水和沉积物中氮磷空间变化

Dianchi Lake is one of the most eutrophic lakes in China. In order to understand this eutrophication and to help control the pollution, this research investigated the spatial distribution of Kjeldahl nitrogen (K-N) and total phosphorus (TP) through analysis of bottom water and sediment (3 depths) samples collected at 118 sites around Dianchi Lake. The concentrations of K-N and TP for the lake bottom water in the Caohai part of the lake were much higher than those in the Waihai part, generally decreasing from north to south. In the sediments, the K-N concentration was higher in the Caohai part and the middle of the Waihai part. On the other hand, TP in the sediments was greater in the southern and western parts. Both K-N and TP had similar spatial distributions for the sediment samples of three different depths.Vertically, the KoN and TP concentration in the sediments decreased with an increase in depth. This was evidence that eutrophication and pollution of Dianchi Lake was becoming gradually more severe. Exterior factors including uncontrolled input of domestic and industrial effluents as well as non-point pollution around the lake were the main reasons for serious eutrophication; therefore, controlling these was the first step in reducing eutrophication of Dianchi Lake.     

刚毛藻分解对荣成天鹅湖沉积物磷释放的影响

在荣成天鹅湖刚毛藻暴发和非暴发区域分别采集沉积物进行室内加藻模拟试验,定期监测上覆水的溶解氧（DO）、pH、化学需氧量（COD）和可溶性磷（SRP）等指标的变化,并分析了刚毛藻分解对沉积物磷释放的影响。结果表明,避光培养过程中,刚毛藻分解使上覆水体的DO含量大幅降低,形成厌氧环境（0~0.14 mg.L-1）;COD含量则明显增加,各处理最大值变化在0.59~6.93 mg.L-1之间。刚毛藻分解可明显促进沉积物中磷的释放,培养期间上覆水SRP的含量大幅上升,变幅为0.01~1.51 mg.L-1;暴发区沉积物＋10 g藻和沉积物＋30 g藻处理的最大释磷量分别为沉积物处理的2.06倍和1.91倍。不同湖区沉积物磷的释放能力存在较大差异,暴发区沉积物的释磷量明显高于非暴发区,沉积物释放是前者上覆水磷含量增加的主要来源,而在非暴发区藻类分解释放的磷高于沉积物中释放的磷。     

滇池沉积物铵态氮的时空变化特征研究

沉积物在湖泊氮、磷循环和水体富营养化过程中起着重要作用。本研究应用GPS定位技术,于2003年5月至2004年5月,对滇池海埂、斗南、罗家村、新街、昆阳等5个代表性样点沉积物铵态氮含量进行为期1 a的动态监测,全面分析了滇池不同区域、不同层次、不同时期沉积物铵态氮的动态变化特征。结果表明,滇池沉积物铵态氮平均含量为74.57 mg kg-1,全湖沉积物铵态氮平均含量年变化范围是45.55~170.1mg kg-1。沉积物铵态氮因季节变化其变化幅度很大,各区域沉积物铵态氮含量总体趋势夏季高、冬季低,但不同位点变化高峰和趋势不同。不同层次沉积物铵态氮含量变化随季节而变化,夏季为表层(0~5 cm)中层(5~10 cm)底层(10~20 cm),冬季为中层表层和底层。表层、中层、底层沉积物铵态氮含量的变化范围分别为18.71~172.9mg kg-1、29.55~192.2mg kg-1、19.93~123.8mg kg-1。各区域沉积物铵态氮平均含量以罗家村最高,斗南最低。沉积物铵态氮与水体铵态氮、水体pH呈显著正相关,与沉积物有效磷呈显著负相关,暗示了沉积物铵态氮是水体氮的源和库,并影响着沉积物中磷的释放。     

低分子量有机酸对土壤磷释放动力学的影响

模拟植物在缺磷条件下,根系所分泌的有机酸种类和数量,用流动法研究了柠檬酸,苹果酸,草酸和酒石酸对土壤磷释放的影响。结果表明：有机酸能明显促进土壤中磷的释放,不同有机酸对石灰性土壤活化能力大小的次序为草酸≥柠檬酸〉苹果酸〉酒石酸;而对酸性土壤磷的释放量与Ｆｅ＋Ａｌ释放量之间呈极 相关,有机酸活化土壤磷能力大小的次序为柠檬酸〉草酸〉酒石酸〉苹果酸。     

湖泊沉积物中磷释放的研究进展

沉积物是湖泊营养物质的重要蓄积库,也是湖泊内源性P的主要来源。沉积物中部分固定的P可通过分解或溶解作用而释放磷酸盐到沉积物间隙水中,然后通过扩散作用或表层沉积物的再悬浮作用而释放到上覆水体中。本文就目前对沉积物P释放的影响因素及释放机制的研究进展作一简要概述。     

土壤-作物根际系统中离子的迁移

本文通过田间对比和温室根陆试验,研究不同条件下土壤－作物根陆系统中离子的迁移规律。     

EFFECTS OF CONVENTIONAL AND CONTROLLED RELEASE PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER ON CROP EMERGENCE AND GROWTH RESPONSE UNDER CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS

A series of experiments on the effects of form and rate of seed row placed phosphorus (P) fertilizer were carried out under controlled environment conditions using flats of a P-deficient Brown Chernozemic soil from Saskatchewan, Canada. The experiments were conducted in the laboratory and growth chamber using rates of seed row placed granular P fertilizer up to 100 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1. Two forms of monoammonium phosphate fertilizer were compared: 1) conventional MAP granules and 2) controlled release phosphorus (CRP) fertilizer granules (Agrium Inc, Denver, CO, USA.) made with a polymer coating to slow the release of phosphate to soil solution. Six crops were utilized in the study to provide a range of commonly grown cereal, oilseed, pulse and forage crops in Western Canada: wheat (Triticum aestivum), canola (Brassica napus), mustard (Brassica juncea), flax (Linum usitatissimum), yellow pea (Pisum sativum) and alfalfa (Medicago sativum). Parameters measured were percentage of planted seeds that had emerged after two weeks, plant biomass yield, and plant P uptake after four weeks. Most of the crops tested showed no negative impact on emergence with seed row placed conventional P fertilizer at rates up to ～20 to 30 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1. Pea, flax and mustard tended to be most sensitive to injury from high rates of seed placed MAP while wheat was least sensitive. The controlled release phosphorus fertilizer (CRP) product greatly increased the tolerance of crops to high rates of seed row placed P, with rates of 80 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 placed in the seed row producing no significant injury for most crops. This effect is attributed to the coating reducing the harmful salt effect that occurs when high rates of fertilizer are placed in the seed row in close proximity to the seed. Generally, a rate of 30 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 was sufficient to produce maximum early season biomass yield and P uptake for both conventional MAP and CRP fertilizers. Large differences in early P availability were not evident between the conventional P and controlled released P fertilizer products.     

沉积物─水界面营养盐释放研究Ⅰ.根际土壤溶液采样器在底泥氮释放研究中的应用

采用根际土壤溶液采样器（Ｒｈｉｚｏｎ－ＳＭＳ）和自制的培养容器对厌氧条件下西湖底泥ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ的释放进行了室内模拟研究。结果表明：在厌氧条件下,ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ累计通量与时间关系曲线呈现３个阶段,根据通量－－时间曲线中两个线性阶段计算的厌氧条件下ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ的释放速率分别为１１．６０和５．１２ｍｇ ｍ＾－２ｄ＾－１。实验表明：Ｒｈｉｚｏｎ－ＳＭＳ具有使用方便、采样时空分辨率高等特点,可能成为间隙水地球化学研究的一种有力工具。     

渗育性水稻土渗滤液中的磷组分研究

本试验在太湖地区长江岸边砂质渗育性(漏水型)水稻土上进行,研究在麦稻轮作条件下连续两年施用不同磷肥(每季P 0、30、70、150和300 kg hm-2),稻季各层次土壤溶液中(30、60和90 cm)磷的组分,以探讨磷素在剖面中垂直纵向移动的规律。结果表明:施肥处理在施肥初期提高了30 cm处土壤溶液中溶解磷浓度,对60 cm处溶解磷浓度影响不大,对90 cm处溶解磷浓度没有影响。各处理60 cm和90 cm处土壤溶液中溶解磷的浓度几乎全部超过水体富营养化磷的阈值,故在研究该地区水体富营养化时,要注意渗漏磷排放可能的贡献。特别应指出的是,除6月13日对照处理外,各处理90 cm处土壤溶液中的磷均以溶解有机磷为主,占总溶解磷的56%~100%,表明有机磷(外源加入或内源残留的)比无机磷对环境的潜在威胁将更大。     

地下水作用条件下土壤积盐规律研究

用粉砂壤土土柱进行了为期一年的室内模拟试验 ,对不同地下水埋深及其矿化度作用条件下 0～ 40cm深度土壤的盐分运动规律进行了深入研究。地下水埋深 85cm、1 0 5cm情况下 ,0～ 40cm深度土壤电导率与地下水矿化度呈良好正相关关系。地下水埋深 1 5 5cm、试验设定条件下 ,各土柱 0～ 40cm深度土壤积盐强度都较小 ,并且相互之间差异不明显。获得了各土柱 0～ 40cm深度土壤电导率关于地下水埋深、地下水矿化度的统计模型。对土壤电导率动态规律进行了深入分析 ,并建立了地下水明显影响到该深度土壤后土壤电导率动态模型。     

不同水分条件下水稻苗期根系性状的QTL分析

以超级杂交稻协优9308(协青早B/中恢9308)衍生的234个重组自交系(RIL)为材料,在正常水分和20%聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟水分胁迫处理下对水稻苗期最长根长、总根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径、根尖数、根鲜重和根冠比进行QTL定位分析。采用复合区间作图法,共检测到影响8个根部性状的21个QTL,单个QTL可解释的表型变异介于4.80%～11.35%。其中,正常水分条件下检测到7个QTL,分布在第2、3、9、10、11染色体上;水分胁迫条件下检测到14个QTL,分布在第2、3、5、6、9染色体上。不同水分条件下检测到的QTL位点差异很大,表明不同水分条件下的遗传机制不同。在第3和第6染色体上各检测到1个根部性状的QTL簇,尤其在第3染色体RM6283-RM7370区间发现苗期根系性状与抗旱性及产量相关性状之间存在连锁关系,利用这些QTL紧密连锁的分子标记进行辅助选择,可望同时对多个相关性状进行遗传改良。     

CHICKPEA RESPONSE TO TILLAGE SYSTEM AND PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT UNDER DRYLAND CONDITIONS

A field study was conducted at the Research Farm of NWFP, Agricultural University, Pakistan. Chickpea (Cicer aeritinum L.) cultivar, ‘Hassan-2000’, was sown as a winter crop under conventional tillage (CT) or no-tillage (NT) dryland systems in a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement using four replications. Three levels of phosphorus (P; 0, 80 and 120 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1) were broadcast applied at the time of last plowing and were thoroughly mixed in subplot size of 1.8 × 5 m. About 20% less weed biomass and 2% higher grain yield was recorded under CT than in NT. Plots supplied with P₂O₅ had higher value of the all the parameters under study except number of plant m^?2 when compared with control (no P applied). However, the grain yield response to P beyond 80 kg ha^?1 was not positive. CT + 80 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 was identified as the optimum level for maximum chickpea production under the existing dryland condition where application of herbicides in NT is not possible. Further experiments to study the optimization of P in chickpea production under dryland conditions are required.     

不同条件下硅酸盐细菌对含钾矿物分解作用的研究

研究了淹水、湿润和干燥条件下接菌与未接菌对含K矿物钾长石和页岩分解作用的影响。结果表明,在干燥条件下,硅酸盐细菌不能分解供试矿物释放出其中的K和Si;湿润或淹水条件下,硅酸盐细菌能显著加快供试矿物的分解而释放出K和Si,其中硅酸盐细菌NBT菌株分解矿物释放K的效果好于NFT-2菌株,而NFT-2菌株释放Si的效果优于NBT菌株。淹水条件下,28℃恒温静置培养40天后,NBT菌株从矿物中累积释放的K量占矿物中K含量的7.3%(钾长石)和10.2%(页岩),分别比对照组K释放量增加221%(钾长石)和232%(页岩);NFT-2菌株从矿物中累积释放的Si量占矿物中Si含量的11.6%(钾长石)和13.2%(页岩),分别比对照组Si释放量增加170%和190%。硅酸盐细菌分解含K矿物的作用与其代谢活性有关。