抑制马铃薯无性系植株病毒的积累减少马铃薯卷叶病毒病的传播

在培育抗病毒品种的工作中,抗侵染是最常选择的特性。事实上,马铃薯抗卷叶病毒(PLRV)病的育种,这一仔细考虑的选择可能是抗性的唯一类型(Davison,1973),而其他类型大多被忽视。近年的研究表明,一些马铃薯无性系和栽培品种对PLRV的抗性至少有8个组成部分(Barker等,1985,1986;     

马铃薯抗PLRV育种的家系遗传分析

对母本抗PLRV、父本免疫PVX、PVY按Line×tester (12× 3)设计获得的 36个家系 ,通过 1998～ 2 0 0 0年大田暴露试验 ,进行PLRV感染率、平均单栋结薯数量和重量的配合力及遗传分析 ,结果表明 :PLRV感染率的遗传力为 71 6 8% ,特殊配合力负值最高为 - 6 85 ,母本一般配合力负值最高为 - 14 87,父本一般配合负值最高为 - 3 13,选择一般配合力负值较高母本和特殊配合力负值较高的组合是获得高抗PLRV后代的前提 ;单株结薯数量的遗传力为 5 0 4 8% ,组合特殊配合力最高为 2 1,母本一般配合力最高为 2 8,父本一般配合力最高为 0 3,特殊配合力较高的组合在一般配合力高的和差的亲本组合中出现频率较高 ,父本在块茎数量的遗传中起重要作用。单株结薯重量的遗传力为 75 19% ,特殊配合力最高为 0 5 8,母本一般配合力最高为 0 4 2 ,而父本最高为0 33,产量的亲本选配应以一般配合力为主     

杂交水稻新组合特优航1号产量结构分析与利用

对特优航1号的产量及构成因素进行回归和通径分析,结果表明：各产量构成因素对产量所起的作用依次是：有效穗(P1→y=0.9968)、穗粒数(P2→y=0．8791)、结实率(P3→y=0．3932)、千粒重(P4→y=0．2639)。四个变量间均存在负相关．各因素之间相互制约。田间栽培管理应促进产量构成各因素协调发展,以获得高产。     

土壤湿度对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的影响

为了解土壤温度对小麦产量的影响,以皖麦52为试验材料,通过3年的土壤水分控制试验,采用相关分析和回归统计等方法,确定了土壤湿度与冬小麦产量及其构成因素之间的函数关系和关键土层。结果表明,0～10 cm和0～20 cm土层土壤湿度为影响小麦产量及其构成因素的关键因素。返青、拔节和抽穗期0~10 cm或0~20 cm土层土壤湿度与小麦产量及其构成因素间的关系,基本可用二次回归方程进行拟合,但函数的显著性因小麦生育期和土层深度的不同而不同。得到的24个回归方程可以用于定量诊断土壤湿度变化对小麦产量及其构成因素的影响。淮北平原冬小麦拔节与返青期0~10 cm或0~20 cm土层土壤湿度对小麦产量及构成因素影响较为明显,其中,对小麦成穗率、不孕小穗率和穗粒数的影响达显著水平。综合分析认为,淮北平原冬小麦高产稳产的0~10 cm或0~20 cm土层土壤适宜湿度为65%～80%。     

西藏裸大麦品种产量及产量构成因素演变规律研究

对西藏 6 0年代以来审定通过的 15个品种进行品种比较试验 ,研究近 4 0年来裸大麦品种更换过程中产量和产量构成因素的表现和稳定性变化。结果表明 ,4 0年来 ,西藏裸大麦品种的平均产量提高了 5 0 84 % ,产量的提高是在保持一定的穗数和穗粒数的基础上增加了千粒重实现的。结合产量构成因素的演变 ,提出了今后西藏裸大麦产量育种的发展目标     

444玉米回交导入系主要性状及对丝黑穗病的抗性评价

以玉米自交系444为轮回亲本和54个国内优良自交系为供体亲本构建高世代回交导入系(BC3F4),随机选取54份回交导入系进行主要性状及抗玉米丝黑穗病评价。结果表明,回交导入系J88、J107和J148在植株性状、产量及产量构成因素等多个性状上均优于轮回亲本444;54份回交导入系对丝黑穗病抗性差异较大,J15表现为高抗;J2、J7、J28、J31、J46、J88、J110和J148表现为抗病;J6、J55、J73、J76、J97、J102和J121表现为中抗。发病率低于444的有47个,占87.04%,表明回交导入系对玉米丝黑穗病的抗性水平较轮回亲本444有较大提升。J88和J148对丝黑穗病抗性、产量及产量构成因素均表现较好,明显优于轮回亲本444,可优先利用。     

热处理防治马铃薯卷叶病毒的研究

播种前对马铃薯种薯进行热处理可有效防治马铃薯卷叶病毒 (PLRV )发生。经试验 ,温度 38℃、时间 2 4d、相对湿度 75 %～ 85 %时 ,效果尤为明显。处理后的种薯在温室种植 ,PLRV呈阴性 ,田间感病明显降低 ,且出苗整齐 ,生长旺盛 ,产量增加 14 8%。     

江优明62在永安种植表现及产量构成因素分析

江优明62是福建省三明市农业科学研究所育成的晚籼中熟三系杂交稻新品种,在福建永安市作晚稻种植表现出高产、转色好、抗性较好等优点。进行产量构成因素相关和通径分析,该品种构成产量的主要因素是单位面积有效穗。其作晚稻种植高产栽培技术要点:主攻单位面积有效穗数、穗粒数,创建理想的高产群体结构,并发挥其内在的大穗优势、提高结实率和千粒重。     

马铃薯早熟品种与晚熟品种对马铃薯Y病毒（PVY）和马铃薯卷叶病毒（PLRV）的生理反应

马铃薯病毒病是导致马铃薯退化的主要原因之一,寻找能够有效降低病毒病对马铃薯生产的影响一直是马铃薯研究和生产者的追求。通过研究马铃薯中早熟品种‘LK99’和晚熟品种‘陇薯3号’对马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)和马铃薯卷叶病毒(PLRV)的生理反应,进一步明确和比较了中早熟品种‘LK99’和晚熟品种‘陇薯3号’在PVY或PLRV胁迫下的一些生理变化。以未感病和分别感染了PVY、PLRV的马铃薯中早熟品种‘LK99’和晚熟品种‘陇薯3号’为研究对象,在马铃薯苗期、块茎形成期、块茎膨大期、淀粉积累期采用紫外分光光度计测定了所取叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶绿素含量,并进行了分析比较;同时,在块茎膨大期测定株高、茎粗、地上鲜重,成熟后测产。试验结果表明,病毒侵染马铃薯植株后,植株生长受抑制,块茎产量降低、有关保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性增强、丙二醛含量升高、总叶绿素含量减少。植株感染了PVY或PLRV后块茎产量、有关保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性、丙二醛含量、总叶绿素含量的相对变化量表明‘陇薯3号’的受损程度较‘LK99’严重。以块茎产量作为评价标准,则PVY对马铃薯的危害程度较PLRV更为严重。马铃薯植株对PLRV的应激性反应比对PVY强烈,表现为酶活相对增强幅度大、丙二醛含量相对增量高、总叶绿素含量相对减量高。     

河南省杂交棉育种发展趋势浅析

利用2007-2009年河南省杂交棉区域试验参试品种(组合)的资料,对比分析了杂交棉的形态性状、产量性状及品质性状的发展趋势及变异性。结果表明:河南棉花杂交种的品质性状更加优化,且较稳定,但马克隆值较大;植株趋于高大,第一果枝着生节位升高,枯萎病抗性下降,黄萎病抗性略有提高;产量提高,产量构成因素中衣分保持较高水平。     

Resistance of potato clones to the green peach aphid and potato leafroll virus

During 1980 and 1981 potato cultivars and breeding selections, including cultivated species and their hybrid derivatives, were evaluated for resistance to the green peach aphid (GPA),Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and to potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Criteria used were the number of aphids which colonized the clones in free choice field experiments and the number of plants derived from these experiments which showed symptoms of PLRV infection. Generally, greater resistance to GPA was found inSolarium tuberosum gp.andigena selections and hybrids than in gp.tuberosum cultivars. There were approximately fourfold differences in season-mean GPA levels among the clones tested each year. Forty-two families, representing a cross-section of the USDA breeding populations at the University of Idaho Research and Extension Center, Aberdeen, showed a similar range in colonization levels. Resistance to GPA colonization appeared to be more prevalent in gp.andigena, gp.phureja, and gp.stenotonum derivatives. There was a weak positive correlation (r² = .34, P = .01) between foliar total glycoalkaloids and season-mean GPA colonization levels for six clones representing the range of observed resistance to GPA. Resistance to GPA colonization was apparently not directly related to resistance to PLRV infection. Katahdin, for example, was relatively susceptible to GPA colonization but very resistant to PLRV infection whereas selection A69657-4 (gp.andigena) was among the most resistant to GPA colonization but among the more susceptible to PLRV infection. Breeding for resistance to GPA colonization therefore may not be as promising for PLRV control as developing PLRV resistant cultivars.     

Interactions betweenPotato leafroll virus and potato plants and their implications for assessment of infection resistance

The effects of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) isolates and inoculation method on the resistance to PLRV in potato clones and cultivars were investigated. In the season of inoculation, aphid inoculation resulted in higher proportions of infected plants and higher virus concentration in infected plants, as compared to graft inoculation. In these respects, grafting showed superiority over aphid inoculation in the tuber progeny of inoculated plants, though distinct dominance of aphid inoculation was observed for some tested clones. This leads to the conclusion that both methods should be applied as complementary tests for the efficient selection of highly resistant potato clones. For inoculations, two isolates of PLRV were applied, and one of them, isolate L7, was routinely used in screening breeding materials for resistance to the virus. The second isolate originated from plants of the highly resistant clone DW84-1457, which were incidentally infected with PLRV. The virus isolated from these plants was able to infect only specific clones, which were resistant to isolate L7. At the same time, potato clones with resistance derived from a source different from that present in DW84-1457, and standard susceptible and resistant cultivars, showed generally lower infection ratings after inoculation with the new isolate. This result suggests that the isolates may be different strains of PLRV. It is possible that under the strong selection pressure of resistance genes present in clone DW84-1457, a new isolate I-1457 could evolve the ability to overcome resistance to infection controlled by these genes.     

Genetic Resistances to Potato Leafroll Virus, Potato Virus Y, and Green Peach Aphid in Progeny ofSolanum etuberosum

Increasing prevalence of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and potato virus Y (PVY) has been reported in seed and commercial potato production, resulting in the rejection of potatoes for certification and processing. Host plant resistance to PLRV and PVY and their primary vector, green peach aphid,Myzus persicae, could limit the spread of these viruses. Host plant resistance to PLRV, PVY, and green peach aphid has been identified in non-tuber-bearingSolanum etuberosum (PI 245939) and in its backcross 2 (BC₂) progeny. Resistance to green peach aphid involved a reduction in fecundity and adult aphid size. In addition, one BC₂ individual was identified as possessing a genetic factor that was detrimental to nymph survival. PVY resistance was identified in all five BC₂ progenies evaluated in a field screening under intense virus pressure. PLRV resistance was identified in two of the five BC₂ progeny. This resistance was stable in field and cage evaluations with large populations of viruliferous aphids. Based on the segregation of virus resistances in the BC₂ , PVY and PLRV resistances appear to result from the action of independent genetic mechanisms that reduce the levels of primary and secondary virus infection. Two BC₂ individuals, Etb 6-21-3 and Etb 6-21-5 were identified as having multiple resistances to PLRV, PVY, and green peach aphid derived fromS. etuberosum. This germplasm could prove useful to potato breeders in the development of virus-resistant cultivars.     

Progeny tests to identify diploid potato clones homozygous at loci controlling resistance to PLRV

Summary Using potato parental lines homozygous at a locus or loci controlling resistance to potato leafroll virus (PLRV) can give advantages in the selection of resistant forms. In order to identify homozygous diploid clones their test-cross families were evaluated. All the clones that were test-crossed expressed resistance in primarily- and secondarily-infected plants and etiolated sprouts, and were derived from mating genotypes highly resistant to PLRV. Genotypes from test-cross families varied in resistance to PLRV, and one family was found which had only resistant genotypes, suggesting that the resistant parent of this progeny was homozygous at resistance loci. Evidence was gathered that resistance in some diploid clones may result from resistance to virus multiplication as well as restricted virus transport from leaves to tubers.     

Potato leafroll virus spread in differentially resistant potato cultivars under varying aphid densities

An action threshold of 3-10 green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), apterae per 100 lower leaves is recommended for use in Minnesota to prevent further spread of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) in potato,Solarium tuberosum L. This threshold was first developed and validated using the PLRV susceptible cultivar Russet Burbank. Here we report experiments to determine if higher aphid densities could be tolerated in PLRV resistant cultivars,i.e., Kennebec (moderately resistant) or Cascade (highly resistant), without an increase in PLRV infection. Insecticidal sprays were applied to plots when predetermined target aphid densities, based on number of apterae per 100 leaves, were reached: 3, 10, 30, and 100 (Russet Burbank); 10, 30, 100, and 300 (Kennebec); and 30, 100, 300, and 1000 (Cascade). The response variable was the average percentage of PLRV infected plants. Overall mean cumulative aphid-days and percent PLRV infection were 617 and 23.5% for Russet Burbank, 1,296 and 10.2% for Kennebec, and 4,816 and 9.5% for Cascade. For each cultivar, the highest target aphid density tolerated without an increase in PLRV spread was determined by comparing PLRV infection in plots sprayed on predetermined thresholds to PLRV infection in plots where aphids were rigorously controlled. This maximum density was 10 apterae per 100 leaves for Russet Burbank and 300 apterae per 100 leaves for Cascade. Results using Kennebec were ambiguous, but Kennebec was always more resistant to PLRV than Russet Burbank. Excised leaflet tests showed that the cultivars did not differ in resistance to green peach aphid. It appears that action thresholds based on green peach aphid apterae can be different depending upon the inherent PLRV-resistance of the cultivar.     

马铃薯病毒外壳蛋白融合基因转化马铃薯及其抗病性分析

将多种病毒的有效核酸片断拼接成融合基因转入马铃薯可获得多抗马铃薯材料。针对马铃薯生产中分布广泛、危害严重并经常混合感染的马铃薯X病毒(PVX)、马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)、马铃薯卷叶病毒(PLRV)和马铃薯S病毒(PVS),开展了利用基因工程方法获得兼抗4种马铃薯病毒转基因马铃薯材料的研究。试验在前期获得含4种马铃薯病毒外壳蛋白基因片段的质粒pART27-XSYV-rh的基础上,通过根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导转化马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)品种‘陇薯3号’,PCR扩增和PCR-Southern杂交证明,4价融合基因已整合到马铃薯基因组中。qRT-PCR分析表明,该融合基因在转基因植株中能正常表达。3株转基因植株的抗病性鉴定结果表明,2株对4种病毒同时具有抗性;1株对PLRV侵染表现阳性,对另外3种病毒同时具有抗性。     

Host genes and transgenes that confer resistance to a Scottish isolate of potato leafroll virus are also effective against a Peruvian isolate

Summary Potato genotypes with host gene-mediated resistance (host-MR) and coat protein-mediated transgenic resistance (CP-MR) to potato leafroll virus (PLRV), were inoculated with a Scottish and a Peruvian isolate of PLRV. The coat protein transgene had been cloned from the Scottish PLRV isolate which had also been used during the screening and selection of genotypes with host resistance. Significantly less PLRV accumulated in plants with either host-MR or CP-MR than in plants of susceptible genotypes or in non-transformed control plants, but the two forms of resistance were equally effective against both PLRV isolates.     

Reaction to the potato leafroll virus (PLRV) in diploid potatoes

Summary Diploid parents with some resistance to PLRV, were intercrossed to give 3 families with 191 clones which were evaluated for reaction to PLRV and yielding ability. After inoculation with PLRV the clones could be separated into those: 1) resistant, 2) susceptible, 3) intolerant, reacting with low virus concentration, 4) tolerant and 5) intermediate in reaction. Both the ELISA test and the evaluation of external disease symptoms were necessary to separate the clones. No correlation was found between resistance to PLRV and tuber yielding ability.     

Use of IKI leafroll test to reduce net necrosis storage losses of potatoes

An iodine-potassium-iodide (IKI) starch staining procedure was adapted for use on potato plant leaflets to estimate the frequency of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) infection in potato fields prior to harvest. Large increases in the percentage of tubers with net necrosis occurred during storage among tubers from fields with high PLRV infection rates. Such fields were reliably identified prior to harvest by the IKI test, so their tubers could be processed at harvest to avoid net necrosis storage losses. The test could be performed on hundreds of samples per hour by untrained personnel with commonly available equipment. PLRV infection frequency varied widely in Columbia Basin potato fields. Most infected plants expressed no symptoms but could be detected by the IKI test before harvest. High rates of virus dissemination apparently occur late in the growing season in the Columbia Basin     

Volunteer potatoes as a source of potato leafroll virus and potato virus X

Volunteer potatoes were investigated as infection sources for potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and potato virus X (PVX) in a high elevation seed potato growing area of eastern Idaho. Population densities ofMyzus persicae were assessed. Percentage of PLRV and PVX infection of the volunteers and seed potato crops was determined, as well as density of volunteers and certain parameters of volunteer growth and reproduction. Volunteers apparently harbored no more PLRV than the potato crop from which they originated. But they were found to be an important reservoir of PVX with the infection increasing as much as 12.43% in one year. No aphids capable of transmitting PLRV were found although one species that can transmit potato virus Y was recorded. The mean density of volunteers varied from 0 to 84,880 stems/ha. The number of tubers remaining in the field after harvest and winter weather conditions appeared to be the only factors affecting volunteer density. Volunteer plants arising from seed pieces at an average depth of 6.1 cm were found to set an average of 2.1 new tubers per plant at an average depth of 4.0 cm. These results suggest that volunteer potatoes are a significant source of PVX infection in subsequent seed potato crops.