干旱地带辐射松整地造林研究

经过连续3年采用不同的整地方式对辐射松(Pinus radiataD.Don)造林及幼林生长的试验研究,结果表明:(1)干旱地带采用水平沟、短册状整地比穴状整地造林成活率提高2.4~7.8个百分点,保存率提高1.0~7.6个百分点,高生长量提高7.8 cm~28.4 cm,地径生长量提高0.28 cm~0.84 cm。(2)水平沟整地比短册状、穴状整地0~100 cm土壤含水量全年分别提高1.29个百分点和2.08个百分点,旱季分别提高1.36个百分点和1.37个百分点,雨季分别提高1.16个百分点和2.87个百分点;短册状整地比穴状整地0~100 cm土壤含水量全年提高0.80个百分点,旱季提高0.01个百分点,雨季提高1.72个百分点。     

茂县辐射松引种造林试验研究

经过连续多年采用不同的整地方式、不同造林密度、不同覆盖保水对辐射松(Pinus radiataD.Don)造林及幼林生长的试验研究,结果表明:(1)干旱地带采用水平沟、短册状整地比穴状整地造林成活率提高2.4~7.8个百分点,保存率提高1.0~7.6个百分点,高生长量提高7.8 cm~28.4 cm,地径生长量提高0.28 cm~0.84 cm。(2)水平沟整地比短册状、穴状整地0~100 cm土壤层含水量全年分别提高1.29个百分点和2.08个百分点,旱季分别提高1.36个百分点和1.37个百分点,雨季分别提高1.16个百分点和2.87个百分点;短册状整地比穴状整地0~100 cm土壤层含水量全年提高0.80个百分点,旱季提高0.01个百分点,雨季提高1.72个百分点。(3)采用1.5 m×2.0 m造林密度,短册状或水平沟整地,采用石块、塑料薄膜覆盖,造林成活率达96%,保存率达90%。     

黄龙县主要造林树种工程造林模式试验

以油松、侧柏为材料,在黄龙县试验研究了穴状整地、鱼鳞坑整地、带状整地等不同整地方式以及50cm×40cm×30cm、60cm×60cm×50cm、50cm×50cm×40cm等栽植穴规格对造林成活率、保存率以及幼树生长量的影响,结果为穴状整地和50cm×40cm×30cm栽植穴规格最好,建议该地工程造林选择穴状整地、栽植穴规格50cm×40cm×30cm。     

不同栽培技术措施对油用牡丹生长量的影响研究

在鲁西南种植区,以"凤丹"油用牡丹3年生苗为试验材料,测定了不同处理下油用牡丹种植1年后其植株高度、地径大小以及复叶小叶数,探讨不同整地规格、栽植深度、栽植密度对油用牡丹生长量的影响,以期为油用牡丹高效栽培技术提供理论依据。研究结果表明,"凤丹"牡丹在鲁西南地区土壤翻耕深度为20～30cm、初期栽植密度30cm×60cm、栽培深度20～30cm时,株高、地径和复叶小叶数等生长量最大。     

不同翻地深度和栽植密度对华北落叶松早期生长的影响

通过不同翻地深度和不同栽植密度的造林试验,对河北省查字龙头山种苗场的华北落叶松早期生长性状进行了研究。栽植5a后,调查结果表明:深翻15cm可促进华北落叶松树高与胸径生长,深翻15cm比深翻40cm和对照的树高生长量分别提高5cm、16cm,胸径生长量分别提高0.12cm、0.23cm;造林密度2.0m×2.0m的比密度1.5m×1.5m的树高生长量低4cm、胸径高0.07cm;华北落叶松在一年中的7、8月份生长量最大,深翻15cm和40cm树高生长量分别达到年生长量的46.60%和43.71%、胸径生长量分别达到年生长量的38.52%和40.65%,造林密度2.0m×2.0m和密度1.5m×1.5m的树高生长量分别达到年生长量的38.23%和40.43%、胸径生长量分别达到年生长量的44.93%和40.45%。因此,通过适宜深度翻耕与合理的栽植密度造林可提高华北落叶松早期生长量。     

岷江上游干旱河谷辐射松引种造林研究

经过连续14 a的辐射松(Pinus radiata D.Don)引种造林研究,结果表明(1)采用1.5 m×2.0 m造林密度,短册状或水平沟整地,采用石块、塑料薄膜覆盖,造林成活率达96%,保存率达90%.(2)抚育压青6 a的辐射松幼树树高生长量为对照的2.02倍,地径生长量为对照的2.19倍;每株幼树施20 g(N)+100g(P)施肥量的树高生长量比对照提高65.7 cm～120.2 cm,地径生长量比对照提高1.74 cm～3.83 cm;1/3修枝强度比对照树高生长量提高295.7 cm,地径生长量提高3.0 cm,1/4修枝强度比对照树高提高198.1 cm、地径生长量提高2.54 cm;(3)辐射松1 a中有2次高生长高峰期、3次径生长高峰期,高、径速生期在4～6龄年出现,幼林的根系、枝干、叶的生物量在5 a生时也急剧增加.     

整地深度对土壤物理性质的影响

通过不同整地深度对土壤物理性质的影响研究,结果表明:深整地空白处的土壤含水率较对照空白处提高0.46个百分点;深整地较浅整地土壤垂直温度变化小,在0~70 cm范围内,每深10 cm,浅整地地温下降1.0 ℃,而深整地的下降0.9 ℃;深整地较一般整地土壤容重减小11%,土壤孔隙度增加5.5个百分点。研究结果还表明,适宜的整地深度以50~60 cm为宜,这有助于降低造林成本,提高经济效益。     

提高荒山雨季造林成活率的主要措施

<正>1做好栽前准备工作1.1选好山坡,合理整地根据实际情况合理整地,一般是上年雨季整地,次年造林,也可春季整地雨季造林或雨季随整地随造林。整地时,按照水土保持的要求,尽量减少破土面。一般对山坡上部及25°坡以上的地段,采用穴状、鱼鳞坑整地。穴径30~40cm,深20~40cm;鱼鳞坑长径30~50cm,短径30~40cm,     

镇安县油茶造林试验

在镇安县采取单因素设计,进行了不同栽植时间和整地方式对油茶栽植成活率、保存率及幼树生长量影响试验,结果为栽植时间对栽植成活率、保存率、幼树生长量均有影响,其中秋季栽植最有利,其次为初冬栽植,春季栽植效果最不好;穴状整地在成活率、保存率、幼树生长量方面的表现都优于全面整地。建议镇安县栽植油茶适宜于在秋季,采取穴状整地方式。     

五角枫困难地造林配套技术研究

在浅山丘陵区粗麻骨石荒地及中低山以上的宜林荒山造林困难地,选择耐旱耐瘠薄树种五角枫容器苗造林。通过不同整地方式、不同栽植方法、不同保墒措施等综合性技术进行对比试验,探讨五角枫困难地造林配套技术。通过对比分析,翼状鱼鳞坑整地较鱼鳞坑整地成活率提高11. 1%,保存率提高11. 9%,较穴状整地成活率提高20. 7%,保存率提高18. 3%;截干深栽造林比截干正常栽植成活率提高10. 2%,比全株造林成活率提高28. 9%,当年新梢生长量比截干正常栽植提高22. 2 cm,比全株造林栽植提高45. 1 cm;4种保墒方法中,盖枯叶压石保墒方法造林成活率最高,为94. 6%,比覆盖地膜、施保水剂、对照分别提高9%、18%、40%,苗高净增长比对照提高35%。翼状鱼鳞坑整地+截干深栽造林+盖枯叶压石保墒为五角枫困难地造林最佳配套技术。     

3种整地措施下尾巨桉幼林生长及土壤有机质变化特征研究

对不同整地措施下尾巨桉幼林林分生长及土壤有机质变化研究表明：炼山全垦与带垦措施下林分平均地径极显著大于穴垦,但炼山全垦与带垦之间地径差异不显著;炼山全垦措施下的林分平均树高极显著高于带垦与穴垦;而林分蓄积量则为炼山全垦＞带垦＞穴垦。炼山全垦整地后,土壤有机质在表层土壤以下10~20 cm或20~30 cm均有不同程度的增大。土壤有机质含量在造林后1 a时3种处理间的差异不显著,但造林后1.5 a后发现炼山全垦有机质含量极显著优于带垦和穴垦,其次为带垦,穴垦最差。从目前来看炼山全垦的生长及土壤有机质含量占有较大优势。     

低丘退化红壤区红竹幼林结构变化规律

以低丘退化红壤区植被恢复和生产潜力发挥为目标,对红竹幼林主要结构因子年际变化规律进行定位研究,结果表明:红竹抽鞭发笋能力强,年际立竹量明显,以造林后第2年增加最为显著,达2309株/hm2,第3年成林投产.新竹平均胸径造林后第3年达3.54 cm;地下鞭系多分布于土壤上层20 cm区间,造林后3 a鞭系长度10 m/m2以上,平均鞭径1.75 cm.单位面积林地鞭系侧芽数随造林年限的增加显著增多,造林后第3年较第1年增加119.4%.红竹在低丘退化红壤地生态适应性好,可规模化推广应用.造林母竹标准为2.5～3.5 cm径级的1～2 a生健康立竹,初植密度900～1500株/hm2.     

First-year survival and height-growth of red ceiba following various site preparation techniques on vertic soils in northern Colombia

If growth of red ceiba, Bombacopsis Quinata (Jacq.) Dugand, is to be increased in plantations established on Vertisols, site preparation techniques must be identified to overcome the soil management difficulties of these soils. This research was conducted to identify specific site preparation techniques appropriate for Vertisols that increase survival and height growth of red ceiba. The effects of subsoiling within the row (prior to planting) to depths of 40 and 60 cm, subsoiling between the rows, and additions of organic mill waste on red ceiba survival and height growth, soil water content, bulk density, and penetrometer resistance were investigated. The soil was a very fine, montmorillonitic, isohyper-thermic Entic Chromustert. No difference in survival due to subsoiling was found, but the additions of mill waste significantly decreased survival after 1 year (94.7%) compared to the control subplot (98.7%). Height was increased by subsoiling to the 40-cm depth (92.3 cm) and to the 60-cm depth (97.4 cm) over no subsoiling (80.7 cm). Trees on the subplots receiving mill waste were significantly lower in height (83 cm) compared to the control subplots (93.1 cm) and the subsoiling between the planting rows subplots (94.2 cm). Survival was most highly correlated with bulk density at the 50-cm depth within the planting row (r=–0.44) and height with soil water content at the 30-cm depth within the planting row (r=–0.56). Subsoiling affected height more than survival. Subsoiling to 40 cm is the most cost-effective treatment. Mill waste addition did not improve height or survival, possibly due to harmful decomposition by-products.     

不同造林因子对文冠果成活率及种子产量的影响

为了探讨适合北方地区文冠果造林的技术体系,特选择整地深度、栽植时间、栽植密度3个因子开展研究,比较了不同因子处理下文冠果的生长情况,结果表明:北方地区文冠果造林前整地深度以30 cm左右为佳,春季栽植的效果比秋季栽植好,适宜的株行距为2 m×2 m,结实量为16841个·hm^-2,种子产量为221.8 kg·hm^-2。     

Effect of site preparation techniques on Prosopis juliflora in an alkali soil

Effects of three methods of site preparation, i.e. trench (30 cm deep and 30 cm wide dug across the plots), pit (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm) and augerhole (15cm diameter and 90 cm deep) on raising Prosopis juliflora plantations on a highly alkali soil (pH₂ 10.3) were studied in a field experiment at Gudha Experimental Farm of the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal. A uniform dose of gypsum of 3 kg per plant was mixed with the excavated soil before trenches/pits/augerholes were refilled and Prosopis planted. The study indicated that mean plant height and girth growth, recorded at 2 year intervals from planting up to 8 years, were greatest with the augerhole method. Similarly, the air dried shoot and root biomass accumulated by Prosopis in 6 years was maximum in augerhole planting. In trench and pit planting, most of the roots were confined to surface layers (0–60 cm), whereas in augerhole the roots were able to pierce the hard CaCO₃ layer (caliche bed) and were nearly 2.5 m deep 2 years after planting. Differential site preparation techniques showed little effect on N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Na concentrations in plant parts (leaf, branch and stem) of Prosopis both at 2 and 6 years after planting. Total removal of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S through Prosopis parts at 2 and 6 years after planting was maximum in auger planting and minimum in trench planting. The augerhole was also superior to other techniques in pod production, litter yield and nutrient additions to the site. However, litter quality remained unaffected owing to planting techniques. In general, there was marked decrease in pH and electrical conductivity and appreciable improvement in organic carbon and available N status of the experimental soil owing to Prosopis growth, but effect of different site preparation methods was not significant. This study showed that site preparation for planting Prosopis in high pH soils in the vertically downward direction is more important than reclamation of surface soil in the horizontal direction.     

Root development across a chronosequence in a Japanese cedar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis> D. Don) plantation

We investigated the biomass, vertical distribution, and specific root length (SRL) of fine and small roots in a chronosequence of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) plantations in Nara Prefecture, central Japan. Roots were collected from soil blocks up to 50 cm in depth in five plantations of differing age: 4, 15, 30, 41, and 88 years old. Fine-root biomass reached a maximum (639 g m₋₂) in the 15-year-old stand before canopy closure, decreased in the 30-year-old stand (422 g m₋₂), and thereafter was stable. Except in the 30-year-old stand, fine-root biomass increased in deeper soil layers as stand age increased, and the depth at which the cumulative biomass of fine roots reached 90% exhibited a good allometric relationship with mean stem diameter. Both root-length density (root length per unit soil volume) and SRL decreased with soil depth in all stands, indicating that plants mainly acquire water and nutrients from shallow soils. The highest SRL was observed in the 4-year-old stand, but the relationship between SRL and stand age was unclear in older stands. The SRL in surface soils seemed to decrease with increases in root-length density, suggesting that branching of the fine-root system during development is related to density-dependent processes rather than age.     

湿地松人工林造林整地与抚育方式效应分析与评价

4年生湿地松人工林造林整地与抚育试验观测结果表明：整地规格对湿地松幼林成活率没有显著影响，而抚育方式对湿地松幼林成活率有极显著影响，以穴状和带状抚育幼林成活率最高，为92.15%，而对照仅为82.17%。整地规格、抚育方式及二因子的交互作用对湿地松胸径、树高生长量没有显著影响，通过对整地、抚育方式湿地松生长量分析，结合经济评价，丘岗地湿地松造林以中穴整地、穴状和带状抚育为宜。幼林抚育能明显提高林地肥力，并且抚育强度越大，林地肥力恢复与提高越快；抚育能减少林地被种类、多度及盖度。     

林分年龄对落叶松人工林细根生物量的影响

【目的】随着森林的发育过程,林木个体的生长和生物量分配,以及林分水平的结构和功能均发生了明显的变化。然而,细根生物量与林分年龄的联系,目前仍然了解有限。本研究以黑龙江省帽儿山地区兴安落叶松人工林为研究对象,比较了同一林分在19年和32年生时林分水平(单位面积)和单株水平细根生物量的垂直分布和季节动态,分析了影响细根生物量变化的林分与土壤因子,旨在明确林分年龄对细根生物量的影响和潜在的机制。【方法】在生长季内的5月、7月和9月,采用土钻法获取土壤0~30 cm深度细根并测定生物量,同时测定林分特征和土壤养分和水分含量。【结果】随林龄增加,落叶松人工林单位面积细根生物量显著下降,而单株细根生物量变化不显著;与19年生林分相比,32年生林分土壤表层(0~10 cm)细根生物量占总细根生物量的比例明显下降,土壤亚表层(10~20 cm)和底层(20~30 cm)细根生物量所占比例增加,呈现出细根向深层土壤增生的趋势。土壤表层(0~10cm)单位面积细根生物量随林分年龄的变化趋势与林分密度和胸高断面积、土壤铵态氮浓度变化有关,但是单株细根生物量受林分和土壤因子的影响均不显著。【结论】林分发育过程中,落叶松细根生物量降低,细根的资源吸收策略发生了明显的改变。     

流动沙地木麻黄“大苗深栽”造林效果分析

在海南省昌江县西海岸存在诸多不利于植树造林因素的流动沙地上，海南省林科所科技攻关人员采取了木麻黄“大苗深栽”的营林技术造林效果明显。至今已营造试验林2812亩，推广造林1．5万亩，使风沙危害得以初步控制，生态环境日趋好转，是流动沙地治沙造林的一项行之有效的措施。