燕山地区叶底珠萌发期耐盐性综合评价

对河北燕山地区30份叶底珠材料种子萌发期进行耐盐性综合评价，以期为叶底珠的耐盐筛选提供理论依据，同时为盐渍化地区生态修复及园林植物的选择提供参考。在人工气候箱内用200mmol/L NaCl溶液进行盐胁迫，以蒸馏水培养为对照，对30份叶底珠材料种子萌发期的相对发芽率、相对发芽势、相对发芽指数、相对盐害率、相对胚根长、相对鲜重进行测定与计算，通过隶属函数分析和聚类分析进行综合评价，筛选耐盐材料。结果表明：盐胁迫下叶底珠种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚根长、鲜重等指标均受到不同程度的抑制，30份叶底珠材料种子萌发期的耐盐性有明显差异；在6个鉴定指标中，相对盐害率、发芽率与叶底珠萌发期的耐盐性关系最为密切；根据隶属函数分析和聚类分析，可将燕山地区30份叶底珠材料划分为高度耐盐型(6个)、耐盐型(5个)、中度耐盐型(3个)、盐敏感型(8个)和高敏感型(8个)5类。200mmol/L NaCl溶液可作为叶底珠种子萌发期耐盐性鉴定的适宜盐浓度；发芽率可作为叶底珠种子萌发期耐盐性快速鉴定或初步筛选的鉴定指标；隶属函数法对叶底珠种子萌发期耐盐性综合评价具有较好的应用价值。     

大麦发芽期耐盐性种质鉴定及其生理响应特征分析

为了解大麦发芽期耐盐性差异和生理响应特征,对126份大麦材料进行200 mmol·L~(-1)NaCl胁迫下的种子发芽及生长实验,并对极端耐盐性材料和盐敏感性材料进行盐胁迫处理水培实验。结果表明:盐胁迫下大麦发芽期各指标测量值较对照相比均下降,且处理与对照相比变异系数增大,发芽势、发芽率、株高、根长和根数的变异系数值分别为73.81%、58.00%、47.22%、39.39%和31.79%,说明不同材料盐胁迫处理具有较大差异;并且除株高和发芽率、根长之间无相关性之外,其它各指标之间均存在显著或极显著正相关。采用聚类分析将材料分为4个耐盐等级,其中ZDM655等33个品种为高度耐盐性,MAVRIIP等28个品种为中度耐盐性,GN241等16个品种为中度盐敏感性,莆田17号等49个品种为盐敏感性。在盐胁迫水培条件下,大麦主要通过调节根表面积和根体积表型特征来适应盐胁迫,高度耐盐性材料ZDM655地上部和根系中Na~+含量分别为对照的3.63倍和2.55倍,而盐敏感性材料ZDM222地上部和根系中Na~+含量分别为对照的8.95倍和2.92倍;同时,ZDM655较对照相比地上部K~+含量显著提高,地下部K~+含量显著下降,而ZDM222地上部K~+含量显著下降,地下部较对照无显著差异,表明高度耐盐性材料具有更好适应盐胁迫的表型特征和生理响应功能。种子发芽期耐盐性强弱是在盐渍地生长的关键,发芽势、发芽率、株高、根长、根数可以作为大麦发芽期耐盐性评价的合理指标。     

NaCl胁迫对不同品种黄瓜种子发芽的影响

研究了NaCl胁迫对14个黄瓜品种种子发芽的影响。结果表明,随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增大,对种子萌发的抑制作用明显增强,种子活力指数、发芽指数、幼胚一级侧根数比发芽势对NaCl胁迫的反应更敏感。在供试的14个黄瓜品种中,不同品种黄瓜种子萌发受盐胁迫抑制的程度不同,以“中农12号”和“津春5号”为耐盐品种,“新秀2号”和“津优1号”不耐盐,其它为耐盐性中等的品种。     

NaCl和Na2SO4胁迫对白菜型冬油菜种子萌发的影响及其耐盐性分析

以6个耐盐性不同的白菜型冬油菜种子为材料,将NaCl和Na_2SO_4按摩尔比1:1混合,设浓度为0(CK)、45、90、135、180、240 mmol·L~(-1)6个处理,测定其对种子萌发和生长参数的影响,研究不同冬油菜种子萌发时的耐盐能力,以期为耐盐冬油菜的筛选提供依据。结果表明:(1)45 mmol·L~(-1)和90 mmol·L~(-1)盐浓度对种子萌发的影响不明显;135 mmol·L~(-1)和180 mmol·L~(-1)盐浓度明显抑制了种子萌发,表现为种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、胚根长、胚芽长、鲜重和干重均随盐浓度的增大而明显降低。因此,135~180 mmol·L~(-1)盐浓度可认为是耐盐性鉴定的适宜范围。(2)不同指标对盐胁迫的敏感程度差异较大,发芽指数、活力指数、胚芽长和鲜重与盐浓度均为极显著负相关,对盐胁迫最为敏感。(3)3个耐盐冬油菜ky-1、ky-10-191和ky-NDJ的种子发芽指数、活力指数、胚芽长和鲜重的耐盐临界值显著高于原有品系平油1号、10-191和ky-NDJ。ky-1、ky-10-191、ky-NDJ的耐盐临界值分别为133.895、123.264、107.399 mmol·L~(-1),而平油1号、10-191、NDJ的耐盐临界值分别为117.394、103.947、93.834 mmol·L~(-1)。用隶属函数法综合评价,耐盐性强弱顺序依次为ky-1ky-10-191平油1号kyNDJ10-191NDJ。可见,ky-1、ky-10-191和ky-NDJ的耐盐性较平油1号、10-191和NDJ均有所提高。     

两个陇南冬小麦品种苗期抗白粉病性遗传分析

2006-2009年,以甘肃陇南生产品种陇鉴9343、陇鉴9811作母本,铭贤169作父本进行杂交,F2代材料苗期分别接种白粉菌单孢菌系E05、E09进行抗性遗传分析,结果表明:对陇鉴9343组合,接种E05和E09,F2代植株抗感分离比分别为65:217和65:154,经卡方测验符合理论比1:3。对陇鉴9811组合,接种E05和E09,F2代植株抗感分离比分别为52:166和87:314,也符合理论1:3的比率。据此推知陇鉴9343、陇鉴9811对E05和E09的抗性均由1对隐性抗性基因控制。     

盐分对异子蓬异型种子植株生长和矿质营养的影响北大核心CSCD

异子蓬是一年生盐生植物,能产生两种类型的种子。前人研究表明,异子蓬异型种子具有不同的萌发耐盐性,而异型种子在长成植株后,其生长后期的耐盐性无显著差异。因此,假设异型种子植株在生长中期可能会有不同耐盐性。该实验分析了不同盐分水平对异子蓬异型种子植株生物量和矿质营养元素含量的影响。结果表明：异子蓬异型种子植株在生物量和大部分生理指标上不存在显著差异。盐分对异子蓬生长的影响表现为低、中盐促进,高盐抑制。Na^＋和Cl^-含量随盐分浓度的增加而增加。总之,异子蓬异型种子生长中期的植株具有相似的耐盐性,耐盐差异可能出现在生长早期。     

盐分对异子蓬异型种子植株生长和矿质营养的影响

异子蓬是一年生盐生植物,能产生两种类型的种子。前人研究表明,异子蓬异型种子具有不同的萌发耐盐性,而异型种子在长成植株后,其生长后期的耐盐性无显著差异。因此,假设异型种子植株在生长中期可能会有不同耐盐性。该实验分析了不同盐分水平对异子蓬异型种子植株生物量和矿质营养元素含量的影响。结果表明:异子蓬异型种子植株在生物量和大部分生理指标上不存在显著差异。盐分对异子蓬生长的影响表现为低、中盐促进,高盐抑制。Na~+和Cl~-含量随盐分浓度的增加而增加。总之,异子蓬异型种子生长中期的植株具有相似的耐盐性,耐盐差异可能出现在生长早期。     

新疆主要棉花品种耐盐性筛选与鉴定

采用发芽试验和水培试验,对新疆30个主要棉花品种进行系统的耐盐性鉴定。结果显示：芽期参试的30个品种中,耐盐级别为1级,属高耐盐的仅占16.67%;耐盐级别为2级,属耐盐品种的占到43.3%;盐敏感材料和中等耐盐材料10份,占品种总数的40.00%。苗期耐盐性结果显示：没有高耐盐材料,有8个品种耐盐级别为2级,耐盐级别为3级的材料占63.30%。此外,指标间的相关性分析发现：芽期相对芽长与相对根长呈极显著的正相关,相对芽长与盐害指数呈显著的负相关,苗期根冠比与盐害指数呈显著正相关,且棉花芽期的耐盐特性可间接反映苗期的耐盐性。     

加工番茄幼苗期耐盐生理指标筛选及耐盐性综合评价

以7个加工番茄材料为试材,采用不同浓度的NaCl溶液人工模拟盐胁迫,对13项指标的耐盐系数进行主成份分析、相关分析、隶属函数法和逐步回归分析,对幼苗期加工番茄耐盐性进行检验,结果表明：根据耐盐综合评价值（D）得出材料耐盐性排序：KT-55＞KT-25＞KT-63＞KT-16＞KT-40＞KT-18＞KT-70,筛选出根干重、丙二醛、过氧化物酶3个加工番茄幼苗期耐盐性评价指标;7个材料的耐盐预测最优方程：D＝-0．129＋0．004 X1＋0．002 X2-0．001 X3,其中 X1、X2、X3分别代表根干重、丙二醛、过氧化物酶为指标的耐盐系数。     

盐胁迫对不同基因型冬小麦发芽和出苗的影响

研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫对4种不同基因型冬小麦种子发芽及出苗的影响。试验结果表明,50～150mmol/LNaCl处理对小偃6号和NR9405发芽的抑制作用较小,50、100mmol/LNaCl处理对陕229和RB6的发芽有一定促进作用;150～200mmol/L的盐浓度可能是影响小麦种子萌发的临界浓度。盐胁迫下,小麦种子发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数下降,且活力指数对盐害反应最为敏感。盐胁迫抑制小麦发芽期间芽和根生长,且在低盐浓度(50mmol/L)下根受抑制敏感程度大于芽;盐浓度上升则相反。小麦根数在低盐浓度(50mmol/L)下增加,高盐浓度(>150mmol/L)下减少。盐胁迫下,小麦种子出苗延迟,出苗率下降。不同基因型小麦发芽过程对盐胁迫的反应不同。小麦种子耐盐性存在基因型差异,4个冬小麦品种中,小偃6号种子耐盐性相对较好,NR9405次之。陕229和RB6耐盐性相对较差。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.