玉米弯孢叶斑病菌毒素对寄主防御酶系活性的影响及诱导抗性效应

 本文系统地研究了玉米弯孢叶斑病菌毒素对不同玉米抗性品种苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(PO)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响及在一定条件下对寄主抗性的诱导效应。研究结果发现,抗病品种的PAL和PO酶活性比感病品种易被毒素激活,但抗病品种被毒素处理后的SOD活性明显低于感病品种,而且峰值出现得晚,这可能与抗病品种SOD活性的下降有利于积累活性氧、进一步激发寄主的抗性有关。此外,研究发现毒素在一定浓度下可作为抗性的诱导因子,为深入研究抗性机制和防病手段提供了新途径。     

湖南省部分地区棉田牛筋草(Eleusine indica)对精喹禾灵的抗性

采用整株法测定了湖南省部分地区棉田牛筋草(Eleusine indica)对精喹禾灵的抗性水平,还测定了精喹禾灵对牛筋草抗(R)、感(S)种群体内GSTs及SOD、POD、CAT影响的差异。整株法测定结果显示,相对于敏感的南县种群,其他地区棉田牛筋草对精喹禾灵的抗性指数在1.6~9.7之间,其中湘阴种群最高为9.7,澧县种群最低为1.6;精喹禾灵处理2d后,R种群GSTs活性急剧上升,在第3天达到最高,随后急剧下降,5d之后趋于平缓。S种群GSTs活性在施药后先上升后下降。药剂处理后,R种群的SOD和POD活性在中期显著低于S种群,R、S种群的CAT活性在药后第9天有明显差异。结果表明,R种群对精喹禾灵产生抗性的原因可能是GSTs对精喹禾灵的代谢作用加强,抗氧化酶系活性的变化可能与抗性相关。     

Protective effect of reduced glutathione on the respiratory muscle injury induced by acute omethoate poisoning

The aim of this work was to investigate whether reduced glutathione (GSH) could protect rats from the respiratory muscle injury induced by omethoate. Three groups named as control, OM (omethoate poisoning) and OM + GSH (omethoate poisoning treated with GSH) were arranged. The cholinesterase (ChE) activity was assayed and the pathological observation of respiratory muscles was carried out. Furthermore, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and the free organophosphate (FOP) remained in the respiratory muscles were measured. The results indicated that ChE activity was significantly inhibited by omethoate and not be changed by GSH. GSH could attenuate the respiratory muscle injury after omethoate poisoning. No changes of SOD, GPx, CAT and FOP were found after GSH was given. The findings suggested that GSH could protect the respiratory muscle against injury induced by omethoate, which was not the result of GSH to reactivate ChE or regulate the antioxidant enzymes.     

Protective effect of reduced glutathione on the respiratory muscle injury induced by acute omethoate poisoning

The aim of this work was to investigate whether reduced glutathione (GSH) could protect rats from the respiratory muscle injury induced by omethoate. Three groups named as control, OM (omethoate poisoning) and OM + GSH (omethoate poisoning treated with GSH) were arranged. The cholinesterase (ChE) activity was assayed and the pathological observation of respiratory muscles was carried out. Furthermore, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and the free organophosphate (FOP) remained in the respiratory muscles were measured. The results indicated that ChE activity was significantly inhibited by omethoate and not be changed by GSH. GSH could attenuate the respiratory muscle injury after omethoate poisoning. No changes of SOD, GPx, CAT and FOP were found after GSH was given. The findings suggested that GSH could protect the respiratory muscle against injury induced by omethoate, which was not the result of GSH to reactivate ChE or regulate the antioxidant enzymes.     

花椰菜幼苗叶片抗氧化酶系统与抗黑腐病关系的研究

 在盆栽条件下,花椰菜抗病品种雪峰和感病品种2003X-106的幼苗在接种黑腐病菌后,叶片组织内O₂^·产生速率,SOD、POD、PAL活性,MDA含量和膜透性都有不同程度的提高和增加。与2003X-106相比,雪峰的O₂^·产生速率和SOD、PAL活性的增加更为显著,POD活性也要高于2003X-106;而MDA含量和电导率的增幅要明显低于2003X-106。表明抗病品种雪峰比感病品种2003X-106具有更强的抗黑腐病能力和抗氧化能力。     

Biological responses of a non‐target aquatic plant (Nasturtium officinale) to the herbicide,tribenuron‐methyl

To assess its response to the herbicide, tribenuron‐methyl, samples of Nasturtium officinale were exposed to 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mg L^?1 of tribenuron‐methyl for 1, 2, 4 and 7 days. The influence of this herbicide on the relative growth rate, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, photosynthetic pigmentation, protein content, and performance of anti‐oxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), was examined. The results indicated that tribenuron‐methyl, applied at 0.5 mg L^?1, affected plant growth negatively. It also was determined that chlorophyll a is the most responsive photosynthetic pigment to tribenuron–methyl exposure. Under stress conditions, the anti‐oxidant enzymes were up‐regulated compared to the control. The SOD activity was significantly stimulated, while the activity of APX was inhibited. A significant correlation was found between lipid peroxidation and SOD activity. The exposure period and herbicide concentration had significant effects on the biological responses against tribenuron‐methyl stress. These results may be useful for clarifying the effect of herbicides on non‐target aquatic plants.     

知母提取物诱导马铃薯植株抗晚疫病作用机制初探

为明确知母提取物诱导马铃薯抗晚疫病的作用,本研究测试了经知母提取物处理并接种晚疫病菌后马铃薯植株的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、β 1,3 葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶活性的变化。结果表明,经过知母提取物处理后的马铃薯植株,在受到晚疫病菌侵染后24～96 h,SOD和PAL活性显著升高并持续处于高活性水平;在接种48 h后β 1,3 葡聚糖酶活性开始显著升高,直到接种后96 h一直维持在较高活性水平;而无论是接种晚疫病菌还是经过知母提取物处理,几丁质酶活性都没有发生显著的变化。     

拮抗细菌诱导番茄植株抗灰霉病机理研究

 拮抗细菌多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa) W3菌株悬浮液及其滤液可以诱导番茄叶片对灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)的系统抗性。W3及其滤液诱导处理后,植株叶内苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性明显增强。诱导后1 d,PAL活性最大,是对照的3.8~3.9倍,6 d后仍为对照的2.5倍;POD和PPO诱导后3 d活性最高,分别比对照增加34.7%~54.1%和78.5%~78.7%,6 d后仍比对照高;SOD活性诱导后2d达高峰,6 d后稍高于对照。活性氧(O₂^-)产生速率诱导后1 d最大,比对照增加85.6%~88.6%,以后急剧下降,6 d后接近对照。此外,W3诱导后1 d或2 d,处理叶和上一叶位叶片水杨酸含量明显上升,分别是对照的2.6倍和1.6倍,这表明该拮抗细菌诱导的系统抗性可能与水杨酸介导有关。     

亚致死剂量苏云金杆菌蜡螟亚种对大蜡螟幼虫SOD和POX活性的影响

本文研究了亚致死剂量苏云金杆菌蜡螟亚种对大蜡螟幼虫超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶的影响。结果表明，经Ｂｔ晶体处理后大蜡螟幼虫体内和幼虫肠道超氧化物歧化酶以及过氧化物酶活力增强，幼虫体内过氧化物酶同功酶增加一条谱带，但超氧化物歧化酶同功酶谱无明显变化     

Pea extracellular Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase responsive to signal molecules from a fungal pathogen

We previously reported that the release of O₂ ⁻ from isolated pea cell walls was enhanced by a 70-kDa glycoprotein elicitor but was suppressed by mucin-type glycopeptide suppressors (supprescins A and B) prepared from pycnospore germination fluid of Mycosphaerella pinodes, causal agent of Mycosphaerella blight of pea. Here, we show that superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the apoplast fluid/cell wall of pea seedlings responds to the fungal elicitor and suppressor molecules. In a pharmacological study and with internal amino acid sequencing, the apoplastic SOD in a pea cultivar Midoriusui was found to be a Cu/Zn type SOD. We cloned a full-length cDNA of the Cu/Zn-SOD and designated it as PsCu/Zn-SOD1. An increase in PsCu/Zn-SOD1 mRNA and the PsCu/Zn-SOD1 protein was induced by treatment with the elicitor more intensively than by wounding. Such induction by the elicitor or wounding, however, was inhibited by the concomitant presence of supprescins. The SOD activity of recombinant PsCu/Zn-SOD1 was regulated directly by these signal molecules in a manner similar to their effect on the SOD activity in the apoplastic fluid and in the cell wall-bound proteins. Based on these findings, we discuss a role for PsCu/Zn-SOD1 in the pea defense response. The nucleotide sequence data of PsCu/Zn-SOD1 reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession number AB189165.     

小麦品种可溶性糖和保护性酶与抗旱性关系研究

采用旱胁迫和灌水两种处理条件,对21个抗旱性不同的冬小麦品种苗期的可溶性糖、SOD和POD进行测定,并以籽粒产量、抗旱指数为目标性状进行抗旱性相关关系研究.结果表明:同一水分处理下不同品种间的可溶性糖、SOD和POD活性差异较大,抗旱指数高的品种明显高于抗旱指数低的品种;且丰产抗旱性品种的可溶性糖、POD和SOD酶活性...     

Differential induction of superoxide dismutase in downy mildew-resistant and -susceptible genotypes of pearl millet

Differential induction of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in downy mildew-resistant and -susceptible genotypes of pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) was observed on inoculation with Sclerospora graminicola . SOD activity was studied in resistant (IP18292) and susceptible (23B) pearl millet seedlings inoculated with S. graminicola . SOD activity increased by 2·3-fold in resistant seedlings upon inoculation. SOD activity was greatest in roots, with a specific activity of 3182 U per mg protein, after inoculation. SOD activity increased in all the resistant genotypes upon inoculation with S. graminicola . Native PAGE analysis showed four isozymes of SOD, three of which (SOD-1, -2 and -4) were Cu/Zn-SOD, whereas isozyme SOD-3 was Mn-SOD. This study also revealed increased intensity of all four isozymes of SOD in the resistant genotype upon inoculation. The involvement of SOD in pearl millet (host)–downy mildew pathogen interaction is discussed.     

枯草芽胞杆菌YB-05对小麦抗病性相关防御酶系的诱导作用

本文研究了生防菌枯草芽胞杆菌YB-05和病原菌小麦全蚀病菌GGT007对小麦体内防御酶活性的影响,探讨其诱导小麦抗病性机理。以苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)5种防御酶作为小麦抗病性反应指标,于不同时段测定各防御酶活性;以PD培养基为对照,测定生防菌YB-05及小麦全蚀病菌GGT007对小麦叶片和根部抗性相关酶的影响。结果表明,小麦经生防菌与病原菌混合处理、病原菌处理、生防菌处理后,叶片和根部与植物防御抗病相关的PPO、POD、SOD、PAL、CAT防御酶活性均比对照组高,其中生防菌与病原菌混合处理后抗性相关酶活最高,叶片中PAL、POD、SOD、PPO、CAT酶活峰值达到46.705、16 829.274、104.687、97.44和1 259.565U/g,为对照组的1.74、2.44、2.27、2.40和2.42倍。根部PAL、POD、SOD、PPO、CAT酶活峰值达到131.536、56 424.79、1 977.04、22.564和206.241U/g,为对照组的1.65、1.52、2.57、2.07、1.74倍。表明枯草芽胞杆菌YB-05和小麦全蚀病菌GGT007均能诱导小麦叶片和根部的防御酶活性增强,两者共同处理后小麦叶片和根部5种防御酶活性高于单独处理,说明枯草芽胞杆菌YB-05和小麦全蚀病菌GGT007共同诱导具有协同增效作用。     

松油烯-4-醇对家蝇超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶及过氧化物酶的影响

以杀虫植物砂地柏Sabina vulgaris Ant.精油中主要杀虫成分——松油烯-4-醇点滴处理家蝇成虫后,测定其兴奋期、痉挛期、麻痹期及复苏期等4个中毒阶段试虫的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性。结果表明:SOD被明显激活,各中毒阶段的酶比活力均较对照高,差异显著,且表现为先增高后下降的趋势;CAT先被抑制后被激活,在复苏期酶比活力为对照的1.19倍,其中兴奋期和复苏期酶比活力与对照差异显著,而痉挛期和麻痹期与对照无明显差异;POD被明显激活,各中毒阶段的酶比活力依次为对照的2.25、2.04、1.23和2.91倍,与对照差异极显著。上述结果表明,保护酶活性的变化与松油烯-4-醇的作用有密切关系,SOD活力增加可能是松油烯-4-醇的诱导反应,而中毒试虫的复苏可能与CAT和POD活力的变化有关。     

Resistance to paraquat in Mazus pumilus

Mazus pumilus is an annual self‐pollinating weed that is commonly found in arable land, vegetable gardens and roadsides. This weed harbours insects and pathogens that attack vegetables. The mechanism of resistance to paraquat of M. pumilus found in Ohita, Japan, was studied. Whole plant bioassays revealed that the resistant (R) biotypes were four to six times less susceptible than controls. Chlorophyll destruction of leaf discs by paraquat treatment in R biotypes was 4–20 times lower than those of susceptible (S) biotypes. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values in R biotypes were higher than those of S biotypes before and after paraquat treatments. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was also higher in R biotypes than those of S biotypes before and after treatment with paraquat, but the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) were not different between R and S biotypes. Change of ascorbate (AsA) contents before and after paraquat treatment was equivalent in both biotypes. These results indicate that the increased SOD activity and antioxidant capacity in R biotypes contribute to the resistance to paraquat of M. pumilus.     

Induction of an antioxidant enzyme system and other oxidative stress markers associated with compatible and incompatible interactions between chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.ciceris

To ascertain if active oxygen species play a role in fusarium wilt of chickpea caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, the degree of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde formation) and the activity levels of diamine oxidase (DAO), an apoplastic H₂O₂-forming oxidase, and several antioxidant enzymes, namely ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), guaiacol-dependent peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were determined spectrophotometrically in roots and stems of ‘WR315’ (resistant) and ‘JG62’ (susceptible) chickpea cultivars inoculated with the highly virulent race 5 of the pathogen. Moreover, APX, CAT, GPX and SOD were also analysed in roots and stems by gel electrophoresis and activity staining; and the protein levels of APX and SOD in roots were determined by Western blotting. In roots, infection by the pathogen increased lipid peroxidation and CAT and SOD activities, although such responses occurred earlier in the incompatible compared with the compatible interactions. APX, GPX and GR activities were also increased in infected roots, but only in the compatible interaction. In stems, infection by the pathogen increased lipid peroxidation and APX, CAT, SOD and GPX activities only in the compatible interaction, and DAO activity only in the incompatible one. In general, electrophoregrams agreed with the activity levels determined spectrophotometrically and did not reveal any differences in isoenzyme patterns between cultivars or between infected and non-infected plants. Further, Western blots revealed an increase in the root protein levels of APX in the compatible interaction and in those of SOD in both compatible and incompatible interactions. In conclusion, whereas enhanced DAO activity in stems, and earlier increases in lipid peroxidation and CAT and SOD activities in roots, can be associated with resistance to fusarium wilt in chickpea, the induction of the latter three parameters in roots and stems along with that of APX, GR (only in roots) and GPX (only in stems) activities are rather more associated with the establishment of the compatible interaction.     

过表达嗜热毛壳菌Cu/Zn-SOD基因提高转基因水稻对3种病害的抗性

超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD,EC1.15.1.1)是生物体中清除氧自由基、保护细胞免受氧化损害的关键保护酶之一,SOD活性的提高可以增加植物对各种不良环境的适应和耐受能力。本研究将一个源自嗜热毛壳菌(Chaetomium thermophilum,Ct)的Cu/Zn-SOD基因Ct SOD通过农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法转入水稻,转基因植株的SOD活性均得到显著提高。对转基因植株分别接种水稻白叶枯病、细菌性条斑病以及纹枯病的病原,发现过量表达Ct SOD能够显著提高转基因植株对3种病害的抗性。这种对多种病害具有抗性的单个基因在植物抗病育种中具有重要应用价值。     

半夏防御酶系对Fusarium oxysporum和Phytophthora parasitica侵染的动态反应

尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht)和寄生疫霉(Phytophthora parasitica Dastur)分别为引起半夏块茎腐烂病和疫病的病原,为探索半夏在受到这2种病原侵染时的生理生化反应,采用室内盆栽方法,研究超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)5种寄主防御酶活性在块茎腐烂病和疫病发生过程中的变化趋势。结果表明,半夏在接种2种病原菌后,分别于第2天和第3天出现发病症状,第5天病情指数分别高达70.3、70.6;SOD活性都于接种后第1天达到高峰,POD活性都于接种后第3天达到高峰,CAT活性都于接种后第2天达到高峰,PAL活性分别于接种后第2天和第3天达到高峰,而PPO活性分别于接种后第3天和第4天有小幅上升。初步表明,在寄主显症之前或发病初期酶活性达到高峰的SOD、POD、CAT、PAL在半夏抗病生理机制中起着重要作用,在半夏抗病种质筛选时需要重点关注。     

干旱胁迫对两种罗布麻渗透调节物质积累和保护酶活性的影响

作为重要的生态经济型植物,罗布麻在用于生态建设的同时,也能够取得一定的经济效益。开展干旱胁迫下红麻(Apocynum venetum L.)和大麻状罗布麻(A.cannabinum L.)渗透调节物质及保护酶活性的研究,旨在比较二者的抗旱能力。以红麻和大麻状罗布麻2年生盆栽苗为材料,采用盆栽控水法,研究了4种土壤水分条件下两种罗布麻叶片的渗透调节物质及酶活性的变化情况。结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫的加重,两种罗布麻均能够通过提高自身的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、SOD及POD的含量来抵御一定的干旱胁迫。(2)在重度胁迫(T3)条件下,大麻状罗布麻叶片中积累的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、SOD及POD含量均高于红麻的,其中可溶性蛋白质的含量比红麻的高32.3%,SOD的含量是红麻的2倍,且其差异均达到了极显著(P<0.01),这表明大麻状罗布麻较红麻具有较强的抵御干旱胁迫的能力,在宁夏地区栽培具有可行性。     

The impact of co-infection by a nucleopolyhedrovirus and the endoparasitoid Microplitis pallidipes Szepligeti on the protective enzymes in hemolymph of Spodoptera exigua

We determined the effects of parasitism by Microplitis pallidipes and/or nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) infection on protective enzymes in the hemolymph of Spodoptera exigua larvae. We found that concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were constantly higher within the five observation days after treatment in parasitized/virus-infected than healthy (control) larvae. In parasitized + infected larvae, enzyme levels reduced from day 1 compared to parasitized larvae. Compared to enzyme levels in virus-infected larvae, in parasitized + infected larvae, CAT concentrations were generally lower, while SOD concentrations were significantly lower in the first two days and POD concentrations were lower in the first two days, but higher in following three days. We concluded that joint and separate parasitism and NPV infection promoted the activities of protective enzymes. Our findings also revealed that NPV infection inhibited the activities of protective enzymes induced by parasitism of M. pallidipes and that the parasitism inhibited the CAT activity induced by NPV infection.