高效液相色谱法测定大黄末中大黄蒽醌的含量

建立了大黄末中大黄蒽醌含量测定的高效液相色谱方法。采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(85∶15)为流动相,流速1.0 m L/min,荧光检测器检测,激发波长为442 nm,发射波长为514 nm。大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的浓度分别在0.2108-10.540 0μg/m L(r=0.999 9)、0.200 0-10.000 0μg/m L(r=0.999 6)、0.209 2-10.460 0μg/m L(r=0.999 5)范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率(n=3)分别为103.5%(RSD为3.0%)、102.3%(RSD为2.6%)、98.76%(RSD为2.9%)。结果提示,本方法准确灵敏,可用于大黄末的质量控制。     

三子散中川楝子的鉴别及栀子苷的含量测定

为了完善三子散的质量控制方法,采用薄层色谱法鉴别川楝子以及高效液相色谱法测定栀子苷的含量.色谱条件:XBridge C18(5μm,4.6 mm×150 mm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-水(88:12),检测波长238 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL.线性回归方程为y=15314x +2611,相关系数r =0.999997,即在10～ 300 μg/mL范围内,栀子苷峰面积与浓度有良好的线性关系,回收率为98.2％.该方法简便、准确,可以有效地控制三子散的质量.     

苦玄参提取物中苦玄参苷ⅠA质量控制方法的建立

[目的]建立苦玄参提取物中苦玄参苷ⅠA的鉴别和含量测定方法。[方法]采用薄层色谱法对苦玄参苷进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定提取物中苦玄参苷ⅠA的含量,色谱条件为：Waters Symmetry C18（4.6×250 mm,5μm）色谱柱,流动相为乙腈—水（35∶65）,流速1.0 m L/min,检测波长264nm,柱温35℃,进样量20μL。[结果 ]苦玄参苷ⅠA的薄层色谱鉴别方法专属性强;苦玄参苷ⅠA在20.06～104.10μg/m L的质量浓度范围内线性关系良好（R2=0.9992）,平均加样回收率为99.90%,RSD=0.53%。[结论]建立的方法专属性强,定量准确性高,适用于苦玄参提取物的质量控制。     

芩草止痢颗粒质量标准的研究

采用薄层色谱法鉴别黄芩和白头翁,采用高效液相色谱法测定黄芩苷的含量.采用XBridge C18(5μm,4.6×150 mm)色谱柱,甲醇-0.2%磷酸溶液(53:47)为流动相,检测波长为280 nm,柱温为30C,进样量为10μl.线性回归方程为y=33146x+4089,相关系数r=0.99997,即在1~100 g/ml范围内,黄芩苷峰面积与浓度有良好的线性关系,回收率为97.6%.该方法简便、准确,可以很好地控制黄白止痢颗粒的质量.     

中兽药乌梅颗粒质量标准的研究

为了建立乌梅颗粒的质量标准,采用薄层色谱法(TLC)对乌梅、黄连进行鉴别;用高效液相色谱法测定乌梅颗粒中枸橼酸的含量。色谱条件为Silgreen C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱;流动相为乙腈-0.5%磷酸二氢铵溶液(3∶97)(用磷酸调节p H值至3.0);检测波长为210 nm;流速为0.6 m L/min;柱温为室温。研究建立了乌梅、黄连的薄层色谱定性鉴别的方法;建立了HPLC测定乌梅颗粒中枸橼酸含量的方法。建立的乌梅颗粒鉴别及枸橼酸含量测定方法简单、易于操作、准确度高、重现性好,可用于乌梅颗粒的质量控制。     

甜地丁中槲皮素的薄层鉴别和含量测定

为完善甜地丁质量标准,采用薄层色谱法对甜地丁中槲皮素的鉴别进行了研究,并用高效液相色谱法测定其含量。薄层色谱以甲苯-乙酸乙酯-甲酸（7：5：0．5）为展开剂,高效液相法色谱柱为C18（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-0．3％磷酸溶液（50：50）,检测波长为360nm,流速1mL／min,柱温25℃,进样量10μL。结果表明薄层色谱法能对槲皮素实现有效分离,高效液相色谱法槲皮素进样浓度在5。100μg／mL范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=O．9997）;样品平均回收率为96．1％（n=6）,RSD为0．7％。本方法为进一步控制甜地丁的质量提供了依据。     

HPLC-DAD法检测马波沙星片中马波沙星氧化物的研究

建立并验证了高效液相色谱法测定马波沙星片中马波沙星氧化物含量的方法。试验采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以辛烷磺酸钠磷酸盐缓冲液-甲醇-四氢呋喃(65∶32∶3)为流动相,流速1.0 m L/min,柱温30℃,检测波长为210～400 nm。试验结果表明:马波沙星氧化物在0.5～100μg/m L范国内线性良好,R^2=0.9997,平均回收率为95.9%(n=9),RSD≤1.5%。方法检测限为0.2μg/m L,专属性好,可用于马波沙星片的质量控制。     

丁香微乳的质量控制试验

为了建立丁香微乳的质量控制标准,用薄层色谱法对制剂中丁香进行定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法(HLPC)测定丁香酚含量,色谱柱为Welchrom C18(4.6 nm×250 nm, 5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(55∶45),检测波长为282 nm。结果显示,丁香微乳薄层色谱中,在与对照药材或丁香酚对照品相应的位置上,显示相同颜色的荧光斑点,阴性对照无干扰;HPLC测定丁香酚含量的线性方程为y=22 545 602.597 4x+30 256.800 0,丁香酚在0.011 0～0.066 0 mg/mL范围内与峰面积有良好线性关系(r=1.000 0),平均回收率为100.60%,RSD为0.99%。结果表明该方法简便易行,专属性强,重复性好,可用于丁香微乳的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定氯前列醇钠含量

建立了氯前列醇钠含量测定的高效液相色谱法。采用Agilent ZORBAX RX-SIL(4.6mm×250 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,冰乙酸-无水乙醇-正己烷(1∶100∶900)为流动相,流速1.5 m L/min,检测波长220 nm,柱温35℃,进样量10μL。结果表明,在0.05~2.50 mg/m L浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999)。本方法结果准确可靠,可用于氯前列醇钠的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法测定普抗合剂中黄芩苷的含量

建立了测定普抗合剂中黄芩苷含量的反相高效液相色谱法。采用Symmetry C18分析柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-0.006%磷酸(50∶50);流速1.0 mL/m in;色谱柱温度25℃;检测波长278 nm;进样体积10μL;外标法计算含量。结果表明,黄芩苷进样量在0.412~4.12μg范围内,其色谱峰面积与进样量间有良好的线性关系,r=0.999 5,n=5,回收率为99.48%,RSD=1.07%(n=5)。该方法可用于控制普抗合剂中黄芩苷含量。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -