支原体检验用培养基的研究

水质和血清对比试验结果表明：以水质电导率低于0．5μs／cm、猪血清总蛋白不低于49g／L、胆固醇不高于1．66mmol／L为标准制备的改良Frey培养基和支原体培养基活菌滴度均达10^9CCU／mL。对滑液支原体GX11-T株及猪鼻支原体BTS-7株1—5代对数生长期培养物检测,均达10^9CCU／mL。改良Frey培养基与支原体培养基经反复冻融8次;或改良Frey培养基经37℃保存24h;支原体培养基37℃保存8h均不影响灵敏度。改良Frey培养基在鸡胚成纤维细胞及鸡胚尿囊液中最小检测量分别为4CCU／mL和2CCU／mL;支原体培养基在BHK：,细胞中最小检测量为8CCU／mL。改良Frey培养基和支原体培养基4℃有效期为1个月,-20℃为12个月。     

支原体培养基质控菌株菌种代次与生长曲线研究

为探究支原体液体培养基和固体培养基质控菌猪鼻支原体生长规律,以活菌浓度,菌液pH值为指标,比较了不同代次与不同传代方式猪鼻支原体生长情况。结果显示:3%与10%浓度传代,0~48 h内,活菌浓度持续上升,菌液pH值持续下降,3%浓度传代的支原体生长较均匀,更利于菌种生长;1~5代支原体活菌浓度无显著差异;通过0.3 mL菌液加9.7 mL培养基传代,20组菌液平均浓度为(24.4±5.7)×10~8CFU/mL,通过0.9 mL菌液加29.1 mL培养基传代,菌液平均浓度为(7.2±2.1)×10~8CFU/mL,两种浓度差异极显著,前种传代方式更有利于支原体生长。本次试验为支原体液体和固体培养基的质控工作标准化提供参考。     

3种支原体培养基对猪肺炎支原体CJ株培养效果的比较分析

通过猪肺炎支原体CJ株接种3种猪肺炎支原体培养基后的生长活性研究发现,与其他2种培养基相比,接种改良Friis培养基培养2~3 d含菌量可达到1.0×109~10CCU/m L,具有生长迅速、含菌量高的特点,可用于猪肺炎支原体CJ株的培养。     

兽用药品无菌检验用硫乙醇酸盐培养基的研究

按《中国兽药典》（2005年版）灵敏度法以5种质控菌株对不同配方T．G进行对比试验,筛选出T．G培养基C,其对大肠杆菌C83549株、乙型溶血性链球菌C55943株、铜绿假单孢菌CMCC（B）10110株、金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC6538株、生孢梭菌CMCC（B）64941株灵敏度达10^-9的试验统计次数分别为4／6、2／7、7／13、8／17、9／9,高于其它配方。又按《欧洲药典》（2005年版）微生物促生长方法用3种质控菌株进行配制用水、pH值、高压方式的对比试验,确定配制用水的电导率低于0．5μs／cm、pH值为6．8—7．0,高压灭菌方式为116℃30min。研制的4批培养基用于接种1CFU金黄色葡萄球菌、2CFU铜绿假单孢菌、6CFU生孢梭菌均达3／3生长,结果与进口培养基一致,而国产同类培养基达1／3～2／3生长,结果显示研制的培养基促生长性能均达到或超过国外同类产品,高于国内同类产品。     

禽多杀性巴氏杆菌不同培养方法制备的种子液对高密度发酵培养菌数的影响

本试验用扁瓶固体培养法、摇床液体培养法和10L发酵罐培养法制备禽多杀性巴氏杆菌种子液,采用细菌比浊法和活菌计数法,计算高密度发酵菌液浓度,比较3种方法制备的种子液对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌抗原生产的影响。经过3批次试验,扁瓶固体培养法制备的种子液经高密度发酵培养后测得的活菌数为1.56×1010~1.65×1010 CFU/mL,比浊计数为2.10×1010~2.59×1010 CFU/mL;而摇床液体培养法制备的种子液经高密度发酵培养后测得的活菌数为1.54×1010~1.74×1010 CFU/mL,比浊计数为2.10×1010~2.45×1010 CFU/mL。发酵罐培养制备的禽多杀性巴氏杆菌种子接种200L发酵罐进行高密度发酵培养后测得的活菌数可达1.85×1010~2.05×1010 CFU/mL,比浊计数为2.45×1010~2.80×1010 CFU/mL。结果表明,10L发酵罐培养制备的种子液优于扁瓶固体培养法和摇床液体培养法制备的种子液,而后两者无明显差别;从3批次平均值看,前者比后两者活菌计数结果提高约21.60%,比浊计数结果提高约15.52%。说明采用10L发酵罐培养制备的禽多杀性巴氏杆菌种子进行高密度发酵培养可显著提高菌液浓度,增加单位抗原含量(P0.01)。     

饲用高效乳酸菌和纤维素分解菌富集培养的研究

研究以通过富集培养法来提高活菌数为主要目的而进行。新疆大学生命科学与技术学院研究室分离筛选出的2类菌株:高效饲料乳酸菌A4和A7与2株纤维素分解菌Nf和Y6等量接种于不同质量浓度的尿素和氯化钠添加的2%糖水中并测其生长曲线,探讨2类菌株在不同质量浓度的尿素和氯化钠中的生长特性。试验结果表明:试验组(2%尿素和1%氯化钠)总活菌数可达44.9亿CFU/m L大幅度高于试验组2%尿素的11.2亿CFU/m L和1%尿素的8.8亿CFU/m L。试验为混合菌饲料添加的研究开发,高品质青贮饲料的生产等方面提供优势菌种和科学依据。     

牛支原体扩大培养效果测定及生长曲线的观察

为了监测培养过程中牛支原体的生长情况,利用含氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)牛支原体培养基,采用倾注培养法对牛支原体扩大培养效果进行了菌落形成单位(CFU)计数,通过颜色变化单位(CCU)法进行浓度检测,并测定了OD630值及pH值的变化,据此绘制生长曲线。结果表明:待测牛支原体培养物在梯度稀释后采用倾注培养可方便计数,且计数菌落显色特征明显;CCU法检测待测菌株在96小时时的生长效价为5.0×108CCU/m L;牛支原体纯培养物在不同时段其OD630值变化范围为0.024~0.213,呈现二段式分布,即快速上升阶段和平稳阶段,平稳阶段后有下降趋势;pH值变化范围为6.8~7.9,随时间累积而下降,且在培养48 h内下降速度较快,48~84 h下降缓慢,84 h后基本无变化。     

绵羊肺炎支原体最适培养基的筛选

为筛选一种适宜绵羊肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae,Mo)生长的培养基,利用活菌计数方法对MoGH3-3株在改良KM2培养基、TSB-1培养基、改良Thiaucourt氏培养基和10%马血清改良KM2培养基中不同培养阶段的生长滴度即颜色变化单位(ccu)进行了测定。结果表明,在培养24,48,72和96 h,MoGH3-3株在TSB-1培养基中的平均生长滴度高于其他3种培养基。在培养的72 h和96 h,在TSB-1培养基中平均最大生长滴度达到了109 ccu/mL,在改良KM2培养基和改良Thiaucourt氏培养基中只有108 ccu/mL,而在10%马血清改良KM2培养基中仅为106 ccu/mL。这为绵羊肺炎支原体培养特性研究和疫苗生产工艺研究提供了参考数据。     

饲用嗜酸小球菌液体生料发酵工艺研究

为提高嗜酸小球菌液体发酵的活菌数,本试验采用生料发酵技术和单因素试验法研究了发酵培养基组成以及发酵条件对嗜酸小球菌活菌数的影响,并采用正交试验法对发酵条件进行优化。结果表明:适宜的发酵培养基配方和条件为葡萄糖2.5%、酵母抽提粉0.3%、蛋白胨0.6%、K_2HPO_40.1%、CH_3COONa 0.6%、NaCl 3%、发酵温度40℃、种龄60 h、接种量20%。在上述优化条件下发酵36 h,嗜酸小球菌的活菌数对数值为11.258 lg cfu/m L。研究结果显示了液体生料发酵技术适合于饲用嗜酸小球菌的生产。     

仔猪副伤寒活疫苗生产用菌株生长曲线的建立及合成培养基初步应用

建立了仔猪副伤寒活疫苗生产用菌株生长曲线,获取菌株培养参数,从而实现合成培养基初步应用。将猪霍乱沙门氏菌(CVCC79500株)运用试管和三角瓶分别静置和振荡培养30 h,期间取4、8、12、18、24、30 h等6个点进行活菌计数并建立生长曲线,确定37℃静置培养18~24 h,37℃、200 r/min振荡培养8~24 h为培养稳定期。不同接菌量比较结果表明,37℃静置培养24 h,37℃、200 r/min振荡培养12 h均可达到菌体稳定期。在稳定期参数条件下,比较合成培养基与常规普通肉汤培养基对该菌的增殖效果,结果表明,37℃静置培养24 h,试管及三角瓶培养菌数分别为27×108~31×108、33×108~41×108CFU/m L;37℃、200 r/min振荡培养12 h,试管及三角瓶培养菌数分别为58×108~66×108、78×108~88×108CFU/m L。而同条件3批普通肉汤培养菌数均低于合成培养基,且批次间稳定性较合成培养基差。将合成培养基振荡培养12 h的菌液接种小鼠均10/10存活;免疫后攻毒家兔达4/5~5/5保护,与普通肉汤基本一致。合成培养基保存期试验表明,25℃避光保存28 d与当天配制的液体合成培养基,振荡培养菌数基本一致。获取的培养参数适合用于合成培养基的初步评价,研制的合成培养基培养菌数优于普通肉汤,且不影响菌体安全性及免疫原性,室温保存期可达28 d。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein