Genetic and amino acid analysis of the GL protein of Canadian, American and European equine arteritis virus isolates.

The genetic variation in equine arteritis virus (EAV) GL protein encoding gene was investigated. Nucleic and deduced amino acid sequences from 7 different EAV isolates, including 4 eastern Canadian field isolates, were compared with those of the Bucyrus reference strain. Nucleotide sequence identities between these isolates and the Bucyrus reference strain ranged from 87.5% (Vienna isolate) to 93.9% (11958 isolate). Amino acid identities with the Bucyrus reference strain varied from 90.2% (Vienna isolate) to 95.1% (19933 isolate). A 2nd potential N-linked glycosylation site was found at position 81 in the GL protein of all EAV isolates. Three amino acid substitutions at residue position 90 (Glu-->Val), position 101 (Ala-->Val or Thr), and position 119 (Val-->Leu, Phe or Ser) were also found in all EAV isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the North American EAV isolates, including the Canadian isolates, and the European prototype Vienna isolate could be classified in 2 distinct groups. Three putative sequential antigenic sites were predicted in EAV GL protein. The 1st antigenic site (TAQRFT) was located at positions 24 to 29, and the 2nd antigenic site (RYDEHTA) at positions 47 to 53. The 3rd antigenic site was predicted to be located at positions 78 to 84 and showed the less conserved amino acid sequence.     

A novel subgroup among genotypes of equine arteritis virus: genetic comparison of 40 strains

The authors determined partial nucleic sequences of the variable regions of open-reading frame (ORF5) from 151 nucleotide to 668 nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of 518 nucleotide respectively of 20 equine arteritis virus (EAV) isolates. About 19 Hungarian and one Austrian EAV strains were subjected to sequence analysis, the further data of 20 EAV strains: six North American and 14 European were obtained from the GenBank. Comparative sequence analysis of the Hungarian EAV strains indicated that among the three variable regions the first has been affected mostly by point mutations. Genetic comparison of the Hungarian strains with other EAV isolates from western Europe and North America (including the Bucyrus reference strain) has been performed on the aforementioned genome region. Besides the already known genetic subgroups of EAV; phylogenetic analysis revealed a novel subgroup comprising mainly Hungarian strains. Compared with the Bucyrus virus, the overall sequence divergencies of the examined Hungarian strains ranged from 81.47 to 90.73% at nucleotide and from 84.88 to 91.86% at amino acid level. Epizootiological studies have shown that the significant part of the EAV strains having been existed in Hungary before and in 2000 belong to this unique cluster (II.D) which was not indicated in former phylogenetic studies. After 2000 new EAV strains emerged in Hungary, one of them causing abortions or neonatal death. The previously dominant 'Hungarian' EAV genotypes were replaced by these new strains belonging to North American and European subgroups (I.A, I.B, II.A, II.B). The anamnesis of these cases revealed connections with persistent virus shedder stallions, those were imported to the country after 2000 or have been infected abroad. One of these Hungarian stallions became the source of abortion storms in Hungarian studs.     

Differentiation of strains of equine arteritis virus of differing virulence to horses by growth in equine endothelial cells

OBJECTIVE: To compare growth characteristics of strains of equine arteritis virus (EAV) of differing virulence to horses in rabbit kidney (RK)-13 cells and equine endothelial cells (EECs) cultured from the pulmonary artery of a foal. SAMPLE POPULATION: 13 strains of EAV, including 11 field isolates of differing virulence to horses; the highly virulent, horse-adapted Bucyrus strain; and the modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine derived from it. PROCEDURE: The growth characteristics of the 13 strains were compared in EECs and RK-13 cells. Viral nucleoprotein expression, cytopathogenicity, and plaque size were compared to determine whether growth characteristics of the 13 strains were predictive of their virulence to horses. RESULTS: Cytopathogenicity, viral nucleoprotein expression, and plaque size induced by all 13 viruses were similar in RK-13 cells, whereas virulent strains of EAV caused significantly larger plaques in EECs than did the avirulent strains of EAV. Paradoxically, the highly attenuated MLV vaccine and 1 field isolate of EAV caused plaques in EECs that were larger than those caused by any of the other viruses, and sequence analysis confirmed the field isolate of EAV to be indistinguishable from the MLV vaccine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: With the notable exception of the MLV vaccine, growth of the various strains of EAV in EECs was predictive of their individual virulence to horses. Thus, EECs provide a relevant and useful model to further characterize determinants of virulence and attenuation amongst strains of EAV.     

9株鸡毒支原体29 Ku多肽基因的克隆与序列分析

根据已发表的鸡毒支原体(MG)S6株29Ku多肽基因序列设计了1对引物,以9株(广西分离株5株、标准株4株)DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,均得到802bp的特异性片段,将9株MG PCR产物纯化后克隆到pMD18-T载体上,得到重组质粒.重组质粒经PCR法和EcorⅠ、SalⅠ双酶切等方法鉴定后,测定了9株29 Ku多肽基因序列,并在基因库中S6标准株的29 Ku多肽基因序列进行分析比较.结果表明,5株分离株与5株标准株29Ku多肽基因核苷酸序列同源性分别为94.4%～99.9%,推导的氨基酸同源性分别为89.7%～99.2%.从各毒株的进化分析表明,5个分离株与标准强毒株S6、A5969、K1501和PG31强毒株间遗传距离较近,而5个分离株与标准株F疫苗株间遗传距离则较远.     

犬冠状病毒JS1706和JS1712毒株基因组3'端分子特性分析

为了全面了解犬冠状病毒（CCoV）分离毒株JS1706和JS1712基因组3'端主要结构蛋白基因和非结构蛋白基因的分子特征,本研究设计了8组引物进行RT-PCR扩增,产物经测序和拼接后,获得了约8.7 kb基因组片段,该基因组结构及其编码蛋白顺序为5'-S-3abc-E-M-N-7ab-3'。对CCoV JS1706、JS1712株8.7 kb基因组核苷酸序列与α冠状病毒属参考毒株的相同区域核苷酸序列进行比对,结果表明,2个分离株与CCoV Ⅱ型参考毒株相似性最高（83.4%~93.1%）,其次为FCoV Ⅱ型参考毒株（87.1%~87.9%）、TGEV参考毒株（86.1%~86.8%）、CCoV Ⅰ型参考毒株（72.0%~72.1%）和FCoV Ⅰ型参考毒株（67.5%~69.9%）。JS1706、JS1712毒株与同属冠状病毒参考株的结构蛋白S、E、M和N蛋白氨基酸相似性分别为46.4%~95.2%、75.6%~100%、82.8%~99.2%和78.5%~99.7%。说明同属内冠状病毒的S基因变异度大,E、M、N基因相对保守。根据基因组3'端8.7 kb核苷酸序列和S蛋白氨基酸序列相似性比对结果,JS1706和JS1712毒株均与泛嗜型原型株CB/05相似性最高,分别为93.0%~93.1%、94.8%~95.2%,其他结构蛋白包括E、M和N氨基酸序列比对也发现与CB/05株的相似性较高,分别为97.6%~100%、92.4%~93.1%和97.9%。S蛋白氨基酸序列的进一步分析表明,JS1706和JS1712毒株的S蛋白N端有一些特有氨基酸,S蛋白氨基酸序列中没有明显的S1/S2蛋白酶切位点（RRARR）,但在958—963位氨基酸有S2'裂解位点特征基序（KRKYRS）。基于S蛋白氨基酸序列构建的系统发育进化树分析显示,CCoV JS1706和JS1712株与CCoV Ⅱa亚型参考毒株和FCoV Ⅱ型参考毒株聚集形成一个分枝。CCoV JS1706和JS1712株非结构蛋白的编码基因ORF3abc和ORF7,其结构、大小与经典疫苗株INSAVC-1相似,无明显插入、缺失和移码突变。本研究有助于深入了解国内CCoV流行毒株的分子特性,为后续分子流行病学调查、诊断试剂和疫苗研发奠定了基础。     

Molecular epizootiology of equine arteritis virus isolates from Poland

Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the sequences of 44 Polish isolates of equine arteritis virus that were isolated from the semen of stallions from national and private studs, collected during 2001--2005. These sequences were also compared with 41 reference strains previously described and commonly used in phylogenesis. On the basis of the nucleotide sequence analysis of the ORF5 gene, encoding the glycoprotein GP5, it was demonstrated that the Polish EAV isolates belonged to two subgroups and showed the closest relationship to the European strains. Similar results were obtained using the nucleotide sequences of the ORF7 gene. The nucleotide identity between the ORF5 and ORF7 sequences of all Polish isolates was in the range of 80.1-99.0% and 93.6-100%, respectively. The analysis of genetic diversity within the ORF5 sequences enabled a retrospective epizootic investigation. This study suggested that some of the EAV shedding stallions were probably infected before they were moved to Poland.     

Molecular characterization of reticuloendotheliosis virus insertions in the genome of field and vaccine strains of fowl poxvirus

Evidence of the widespread occurrence of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) sequence insertions in fowl poxvirus (FPV) genome of field isolates and vaccine strains has increased in recent years. However, only those strains carrying a near intact REV provirus are more likely to cause problems in the field. Detection of the intact provirus or REV protein expression from FPV stocks has proven to be technically difficult. The objective of the present study was to evaluate current and newly developed REV and FPV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect the presence of REV provirus in FPV samples. The second objective was to characterize REV insertions among recent "variant" FPV field isolates and vaccine strains. With REV, FPV, and heterologous REV-FPV primers, five FPV field isolates and four commercial vaccines were analyzed by PCR and nucleotide sequence analysis. Intact and truncated REV 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences were detected in all FPV field isolates and vaccine strains, indicating heterogeneous REV genome populations. However only truncated 3' LTR and envelope sequences were detected among field isolates and in one vaccine strain. Amplifications of the REV envelope and 3' LTR provided strong evidence to indicate that these isolates carry a near intact REV genome. Three of the four FPV vaccine strains analyzed carried a solo complete or truncated 5' LTR sequence, indicating that intact REV provirus was not present. Comparison of PCR assays indicated that assays amplifying REV envelope and REV 3' LTR sequences provided a more accurate assessment of REV provirus than PCR assays that amplify the REV 5' LTR region. Therefore, to differentiate FPV strains that carry intact REV provirus from those that carry solo 5' LTR sequences, positive PCR results with primers that amplify the 5' LTR should be confirmed with more specific PCR assays, such as the envelope, or the REV 3' LTR PCR.     

Sequence analysis for the complete proviral genome of avian leukosis virus subgroup J associated with haemangiomas, leiomyosarcomas and myelomas in layer flocks

Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) can cause a variety of neoplasms, including mainly myeloid leukosis (myelocytomatosis) and nephromas. Other tumours, such as histiocytic sarcoma (HS), haemangiosarcoma and mesothelioma, may also develop. In a previous article we described a case in which myeloid leukosis, haemangiomas and leiomyosarcomas appeared simultaneously in a commercial layer flock with infection by ALV-J. The present research was completed to understand the molecular characteristics of the ALV-J strain that induced clinical myeloid leukosis, haemangiomas and leiomyosarcomas. Two strains of ALV-J (SDAU1001 and SDAU1002) were isolated and identified, and their full-length sequences were analysed. The complete genome nucleotide sequences of these two isolates were different in length, 7652 nt and 7636 nt, respectively. They shared 98.9% identity with each other, and 93.4% to 97.8% nucleotide identity to the reference ALV-J isolates. A 19-nucleotide repeat sequence was identified in the primer binding site (PBS) leader region of isolate SDAU1001. A base substitution mutation (base 15 C-T) in this insertion was identified. However, the identical insertion at the same site was not found in SDAU1002. The gag and pol genes of the two viruses were more conserved than the env gene. One key deletion in the E element was a common feature of SDAU1001 and SDAU1002. SDAU1001 and SDAU1002, possibly recombinants of ALV-J and another avian retrovirus, may share the same ancestor. Co-infection by SDAU1001 and SDAU1002 isolates is a possible explanation why myeloid leukosis, haemangiomas, and leiomyosarcomas appeared simultaneously in the same commercial layer flock.     

我国部分地区1996-2008年传染性支气管炎病毒分离株膜蛋白基因的遗传变异与系统进化分析

1996-2008年从我国不同地区分离30株传染性支气管炎病毒（Infectious Bronchitis Viruses,IBV）野毒株的M基因,采用RT-PCR方法克隆测定所分离的野毒株和澳大利亚T株的M基因序列,利用生物信息学软件与GenBank中公布的部分国内外IBV毒株的M基因序列进行比较分析,研究我国IBV的分子流行学特点和分子遗传变异规律。结果发现所测毒株M基因具有4种不同长度的开放阅读框：669bp、672bp、678bp和681bp,分别编码222、223、225和226个氨基酸的多肽,这些长度的差异是由5′端的核苷酸插入或缺失造成的。30个IBV分离株间的同源性在89．5％～100％之间。以疫苗株H120氨基酸位置为参照,在被比较的73株IBVM蛋白中发现62个位点存在变异,其中以2～5、10～16、44～46、217～222等4个区域氨基酸取代率较高。系统进化分析显示,被比较的73个IBV毒株分为5个进化群,我国的IBV分属于其中的4个群,其中第一群和第四群与我国所使用的疫苗病毒株相距较远。同时发现部分近年的分离株与10多年前分离株具有很近遗传进化关系。从M基因看,在我国出现了多种基因型IBV共存的现象,分离株与疫苗株的遗传差异提示我们需要对疫苗的选用做出重新评估。     

IBV D41株主要结构基因及3′端非编码区序列分析

采用反转录及聚合酶链式反应 ( RT-PCR) ,成功地扩增出鸡传染性支气管炎病毒 ( IBV)人工致弱毒D41株 S1基因、M基因、N基因和基因组 3′端非编码区 ( U TR)的 c DNA。序列测定结果表明 :D41株的 S1基因全长 1611bp(从 ATG到 S前体蛋白裂解位点 ) ,编码一条由 53 7个氨基酸组成的多肽 ;M基因全长 678bp,编码一条由 2 2 6个氨基酸组成的多肽 ;N基因全长 12 3 0 bp,编码一条由 410个氨基酸残基组成的多肽 ,3′端 UTR长度为52 5bp,其中高变区 ( HVR)长度为 2 2 5bp。与国内外已报道的一些 IBV标准毒株的相应基因序列进行核苷酸序列同源性分析后发现 :D41株与麻省血清型的毒株同源性最高 ,尤其与国际常用的标准疫苗株 H52和 H12 0的亲缘关系最接近。但它与国内“腺胃型”毒株 QXIBV在系统发生进化树上却相隔较远     

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Meq Gene of Marek's Disease Virus Guangxi Strain

To investigate genetic variation of Marek's disease virus(MDV) in Guangxi province, three isolates of MDV were isolated from infected chicken.One pair of primers for amplifying Meq gene of MDV was designed according to nucleotide sequence in GenBank, Meq gene of the isolates were amplified by PCR, and then cloned, sequenced and compared with reference MDV strains published in GenBank.The results showed that Meq gene from all of the MDV isolates consisted of 1020 bp, coding for 339 amino acids.Compared with reference strains published in GenBank, the sequences of Meq gene in different isolates were relatively conserved and the homologies of nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the isolates were 83.8% to 99.9% and 88.4% to 99.6%, respectively.The proline-rich repeats of Meq gene of the MDV isolates had site mutations, and it was related to MDV's virulence.The isolate were nearly related to YL and GXY2, and far away from RB1B, GA, Md5, 648A and the immune strain phylogenetically.The study would provide research materials for the prevalence, genetic variation, protection and control of MDV in China.     

鸡马立克氏病病毒广西株Meq基因的克隆与序列分析

为研究鸡马立克氏病病毒(MDV)广西流行株的遗传变异情况,本研究从广西发病鸡中分离鉴定了3株MDV。参照GenBank中MDV的核苷酸序列设计1对引物,利用PCR技术对分离毒株的Meq基因进行了克隆、序列测定,并与GenBank中发表的国内外参考毒株进行比对分析。结果显示, Meq基因序列全长为1020 bp,编码一条由339个氨基酸组成的多肽,分离株与国内外MDV参考毒株相比,不同MDV株的Meq基因序列相对较保守,它们之间核苷酸同源性为83.8%~99.9%,氨基酸同源性为88.4%~99.6%。3株MDV分离株Meq基因在相关报道中提到的与毒力相关的脯氨酸重复区存在点突变。3株分离株与国内参考株YL、GXY2关系较近,与参考株RB1B、GA、Md5、648A及疫苗株亲缘关系较远。该研究为中国MDV的流行、遗传变异及防控研究提供了材料。     

犬瘟热病毒SH202003株全基因组序列分析

为了解上海地区犬瘟热病毒（Canine distemper virus，CDV）遗传变异情况，本研究采用首尾重叠的11对特异性引物，对CDV上海株SH202003进行RT-PCR扩增，将扩增片段进行反复测序，序列拼接后最终获得了SH202003株全基因组序列，应用Lasergene 7.0和Mega 6.0软件对全基因及H基因进行序列分析，并构建系统进化树。结果显示，SH202003株基因组全长为15 690 bp，编码6种结构蛋白（N、P、M、F、H和L），H和L基因间隔序列为CUA，L和5'端尾随序列为CAA，与Hebei株核苷酸和氨基酸相似性最高，达到98.6%和96.6%，与疫苗株核苷酸相似性在92.2%~94.3%，氨基酸相似性只有82.7%~87.0%；全基因进化树中，SH202003株与流行野毒株在同一分支，与疫苗株在不同的分支；H基因同样与Hebei株亲缘关系最近，核苷酸和氨基酸相似性分别为98.7%和99.5%，与疫苗株Snyder Hill、CDV3、Convac及Onderstepoort亲缘关系较远；SH202003株处于Asia-1型分支，属于Asia-1型强毒株；SH202003株具有9个潜在N-糖基化位点，与强毒株Hebei株一致。研究表明，上海株SH202003属于CDV强毒株，为Asia-1型，其H基因序列相对保守，具有9个潜在N-糖基化位点，但是全基因序列存在较多突变，与疫苗株的匹配度较差，可能是免疫犬依然发生犬瘟热的主要原因。     

Sequence analysis of the genes encoding the phosphoprotein of recent isolates of canine distemper virus in Japan

The nucleotide sequences of the phosphoprotein (P) of canine distemper virus (CDV) strains isolated between 1992 and 1996 in Japan were determined. This is the first report of the complete sequences of the P genes of recently prevalent CDV strains. The deduced amino acid sequences of the P, C and V proteins showed that in the new Japanese isolates, these proteins have approximately 93%, 90-91% and 92% identities with those of the Onderstepoort vaccine strain, respectively. The predicted functional regions were conserved. RNA editing resulting in a shift to the open reading frame (ORF) of the V protein was shown to occur with the same efficiency in both the field isolates and vaccine strain.     

Highly diverse type of equine arteritis virus (EAV) from the semen of a South African donkey: short communication

Equine arteritis virus (EAV) was detected by RT-nested PCR in semen samples from a naturally infected South African donkey. Sequence analysis of the amplified ORF5 fragment revealed only 60 to 70% nucleotide identity to a panel of EAV reference sequences. The unique donkey EAV sequence was also found to be stable during passage in horses. The sequence data reported in this study indicate that the South African donkey variant might represent a new genotype of EAV. The distinct genetic properties of the South African asinine strain of EAV suggest a divergent evolution of this arterivirus in various host species or, alternatively, a possible role for African donkeys in the emergence of EAV in horses.     

2018年广东部分地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒流行毒株ORF5基因变异分析

为了解广东省猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)流行毒株ORF5基因遗传变异情况,采用RT-PCR对2018年采自广东部分地区疑似患有PRRS的猪肺组织样品进行PRRSV ORF5基因扩增以及克隆测序,并进行生物信息学分析。结果表明,成功扩增出18株PRRSV流行毒株的ORF5基因片段。ORF5基因序列分析表明,18株PRRSV流行毒株ORF5基因核苷酸同源性为83.7%~99.8%,PRRSV流行毒株与参考毒株的同源性为62.1%~99.8%。基于ORF5基因的遗传进化树分析表明,18株PRRSV流行株均为美洲型毒株。其中,10株与以JXA1为代表的高致病性毒株亲缘较近,2株与新型高致病性毒株FZ16A相似;1株与以NT1为代表的疫苗返强毒株亲缘较近,1株与以R98为代表的疫苗毒株亲缘性较近,4株与广东新报道的GM2和QYYZ毒株亲缘性较近。DNA推导氨基酸序列分析表明,18株流行株的氨基酸序列与国内已报道的代表株相比发生不同程度的变异,GP5抗原表位上存在着差异。研究结果揭示了广东地区PRRSV有新型强毒株、重组毒株以及疫苗返强毒株的流行,提示养殖者谨慎、合理使用疫苗,防止疫苗毒株返强和毒株重组,为该地区防控PRRS提供参考。     

Nucleotide sequence analysis of nucleocapsid protein gene of canine distemper virus isolates in Thailand

The C-terminal part of the nucleocapsid protein gene of 13 canine distemper virus (CDV) isolates from Thailand, were analyzed. The nucleotide sequences were assigned to two clusters; cluster A exhibited a high degree of homology with the vaccine strain Onderstepoort, 99.10 and 97.61%, respectively, in the two isolates examined. Cluster B appeared closely related to virulent strains registered in the GeneBank database and to the virulent reference strain (A75/17); a total of 11 samples were analyzed, with 94.63-99.10% homology at the same position. The deduced amino acid sequences correlated with the two-nucleotide sequence clusters. However, there was no association among the CDV groups with histories of vaccination, sex, ages, clinical findings and evidence of viral antigen in tissues.     

Differentiation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains by nucleotide sequence analysis of a hypervariable region in the spaA gene: discrimination of a live vaccine strain from field isolates.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes erysipelas in swine and is considered a reemerging disease contributing substantially to economic losses in the swine industry. Since an attenuated live vaccine was commercialized in 1974 in Japan, outbreaks of acute septicemia or subacute urticaria of erysipelas have decreased dramatically. In contrast, a chronic form of erysipelas found during meat inspections in slaughterhouses has been increasing. In this study, a new strain-typing method was developed based on nucleotide sequencing of a hypervariable region in the surface protective antigen (spaA) gene for discrimination of the live vaccine strain from field isolates. Sixteen strains isolated from arthritic lesions found in slaughtered pigs were segregated into 4 major patterns: 1) identical nucleotide sequence with the vaccine strain: 3 isolates; 2) 1 nucleotide substitution (C to A) at position 555: 5 isolates; 3) 1 nucleotide substitution at various positions: 5 isolates; and 4) 2 nucleotide substitutions: 3 isolates. Isolates with the same nucleotide sequence as the vaccine strain were further characterized by other properties, including the mouse pathogenicity test. One strain isolated from pigs on a farm where the live vaccine had been used was found to be closely related to the vaccine strain. The phylogenetic tree constructed based on the spaA sequence suggests that the evolutionary distance of the isolates is related to the pathogenicity in mice. The new strain-typing system based on nucleotide sequencing of the spaA region is useful to discriminate the vaccine strain from field isolates.