赤霉素及其功能类似物与赤霉素受体的研究进展

赤霉素是一类以贝壳杉烯为骨架的植物激素,现已鉴定出136种赤霉素结构,但仅有少部分具有调节植物生长和发育的生理功能。近年来,赤霉素受体的研究取得了重大突破,尤其是最近成功鉴定了拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana中GA3/GA4-GID1A-DELLA复合物的晶体结构,这为基于受体蛋白结构进行新型赤霉素功能类似物的生物合理设计奠定了重要基础。主要针对赤霉素及其功能类似物的化学结构与合成、赤霉素受体蛋白的结构特征及其与赤霉素类化合物分子间的相互识别规律进行归纳和总结,以期能够为以生物靶标蛋白为导向,开发新型骨架的赤霉素功能类似物提供参考。     

脱落酸受体调控剂分子设计的研究进展

非生物胁迫会严重影响植物的生长发育,危害农业生产。脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)可以调控植物生长发育和提高植物的胁迫抗逆能力,能够有效缓解这一问题。但ABA存在代谢的不稳定性、易反式异构化等缺陷制约其应用。而ABA受体调控剂具有与ABA类似的生理调控功能,因此研究和开发ABA受体调控剂具有重要的意义。近些年研究者们相继设计了多个ABA受体调控剂,而关于ABA受体调控剂分子设计的全面总结鲜少报道。该文首先对ABA受体蛋白的发现及信号传导机制进行讨论,同时对现有的ABA受体调控剂的分子设计方法进行综述并介绍了其对调控植物表型的影响,最后讨论了ABA受体调控剂目前存在的问题,以期为进一步探索ABA受体调控剂的生物合理设计提供借鉴和参考。     

产植物激素拮抗细菌CX-5-2的筛选、鉴定及其特性研究

 利用高效液相色谱筛选到能够同时产生IAA和GA₃的细菌菌株1株,产GA₃的细菌菌株2株。生测结果显示,菌株CX-5-2对小麦的促生长作用最明显,10倍稀释发酵液处理比清水对照处理可使麦苗高度增加10.54%。利用反相高效液相色谱法明确了菌株CX-5-2在不同培养条件下产生GA₃和IAA的积累情况;通过细菌16S rDNA的保守序列鉴定,菌株CX-5-2为假单胞菌属。本研究表明利用高效液相色谱可快速高效地筛选产激素类植物促生菌。     

寄生蜂调控寄主分子机制的研究进展

在寄生蜂与寄主相互作用的研究中,揭示寄生蜂攻克寄主防御系统和调控寄主生长发育的分子机制,已成为生物防治领域的研究热点。有关研究表明:寄生蜂通过控制血细胞增殖与分化的转录/信号传导因子、调节血细胞延展/包囊的因子及诱导血细胞凋亡,以破坏寄主细胞免疫系统;干扰与血淋巴黑化相关基因及抗菌肽基因的表达以抑制寄主的体液免疫反应;调节与生长发育相关蛋白和酶类以扰乱寄主生长发育。作者从细胞免疫、体液免疫和对寄主生长发育三个方面综述了寄生蜂调控寄主分子机制的研究进展。     

杀虫剂分子靶标烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体研究进展

昆虫烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,nAChRs)广泛分布于昆虫中枢神经系统,是杀虫剂作用的主要靶标。目前昆虫中该受体的天然亚基组成尚不完全明确。果蝇的任意α亚基与脊椎动物的一个β亚基共表达是目前最好的异源表达模型,但仍然急需新的研究工具,研究表明一些与受体相关的蛋白质影响着表达。胞内磷酸化的调节作用为今后受体药理学特性的研究提供了新方向。受体亚基上一些关键氨基酸在新烟碱杀虫剂对受体的选择作用中起重要作用。在对吡虫啉抗性的褐飞虱种群中找到了与抗性相关的突变位点,这为新烟碱类杀虫剂靶标不敏感性研究提供了直接证据。对昆虫烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的分子多样性、功能表达、胞内调节机制、受体与杀虫剂的选择作用及其抗性分子机理等的研究进展进行了综述。     

昆虫蜕皮激素类似物的定量构效关系及其受体三维结构研究进展

蜕皮激素及其类似物具有调节昆虫蜕皮、变态和繁殖的功能。蜕皮激素类似物在农业生产,尤其是鳞翅目害虫的防治中发挥着重要作用。总结近期的文献,同时结合课题组的工作,综述了蜕皮激素类似物的定量构效关系、蜕皮激素受体三维结构的研究进展。     

植物抗蚜生理及分子机制的研究进展

蚜虫作为农业害虫和植物病毒的传播者,已经成为严重威胁全球农业生产发展的主要害虫之一。本文综述了植物宿主免疫系统在抗蚜过程中的作用,从物理屏障、化感元素以及基因调控等方面阐述目前的抗蚜应答机理研究,提出了抗蚜研究应该整体地考虑植物-蚜虫互作动态体系,抗蚜基因的挖掘应该建立在有效性和持久性双重标准上,培育抗蚜新品种应考虑蚜虫效应因子与植物的基因间互作以及植物NBS-LRR抗病基因家族可能参与抗蚜免疫反应等观点,以期为揭示植物-蚜虫之间相互作用的分子机制,探索在生产实践中绿色、生态的蚜虫防治新方法提供理论依据。     

水稻矮缩病毒对3种内源激素含量及代谢相关基因转录水平的影响

本文以抗病品种宜香2292(Oryzas ativa L. ssp. indica cv. Yixiang 2292)为材料,采用高效液相色谱技术(HPLC)和Real-time PCR技术研究了水稻矮缩病毒(Rice dwarfvirus,RDV)胁迫下水稻内源赤霉素(GA3)、生长素(IAA)和脱落酸(ABA)的动态变化。结果表明,受RDV侵染后,病株体内GA3含量显著低于健株,在显症后的第1d和第10d最为明显,分别较健株低6.28和5.92倍;IAA含量呈现波动变化,但病株体内的IAA含量始终较健株低,在显症后的10d最为明显,比健株低3.58倍;与GA3和IAA相反,病株体内ABA的含量始终高于健株,显症后的第1d和第13d最为明显,分别较健株高2.29和2.84倍。Real-time PCR定量检测了植物内源激素相关基因mRNA的表达,结果显示,GA3代谢相关的氧化还原酶基因表现为下调,而IAA和ABA代谢相关的Cullin-1和P-glycoprotein1基因表现出不同程度的上调。以上结果表明:水稻矮缩病的症状表现可能与病株体内的植物内源激素失调有关。     

昆虫鱼尼丁受体结构功能及抗性机制研究进展

双酰胺类杀虫剂可用于控制包括鳞翅目、鞘翅目等在内的多种重要农业害虫,作用机制新颖且对非靶标生物安全低毒,已成为目前全世界销量最高的杀虫剂品种之一。近期在抗性昆虫种群里发现的突变大幅降低了其效能,对各国的农业生产造成了巨大的经济损失。双酰胺类杀虫剂的分子靶标鱼尼丁受体作为近年来最受关注的新型热点靶标被广泛研究。本文总结了昆虫鱼尼丁受体结构和功能研究方面的最新发现,包括1)双酰胺类杀虫剂在昆虫鱼尼丁受体上的结合位点和作用方式;2)抗性突变对靶标结构功能的影响;3)双酰胺类杀虫剂结合位点以外的潜在新作用位点;4)传统和新作用位点在靶标和非靶标生物鱼尼丁受体上的结构差异,并对基于鱼尼丁受体结构的新一代绿色杀虫剂设计开发进行了展望。     

分子模拟在农药半抗原设计及其免疫识别机制中的应用

免疫半抗原的分子设计与合成是建立小分子免疫化学分析方法的关键步骤。在介绍农药半抗原设计一般策略的基础上,指出分子模拟技术在农药半抗原合理设计中的适用性在于其能通过对分子结构和动力学行为的模拟,获得能表示和解释农药分子免疫原性和生物活性的参数。重点阐述了分子模拟在免疫原和竞争原设计中的应用,揭示了采用分子模拟技术进行半抗原设计的优势在于其能够克服目前半抗原设计方法的经验性和主观随意性。运用分子模拟技术能够更好地研究抗原抗体反应中的分子间作用力,因此该技术有利于促进抗原抗体反应识别机制研究的深入进行。分子模拟技术还能够应用于解释抗体的交叉反应率,从而能应用于提高抗体宽谱性研究。     

Auxin herbicides: current status of mechanism and mode of action

Synthetic compounds that act like phytohormonal ‘superauxins’ have been among the most successful herbicides used in agriculture for more than 60 years. These so‐called auxin herbicides are more stable in planta than the main natural auxin, indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA), and show systemic mobility and selective action, preferentially against dicot weeds in cereal crops. They belong to different chemical classes, which include phenoxycarboxylic acids, benzoic acids, pyridinecarboxylic acids, aromatic carboxymethyl derivatives and quinolinecarboxylic acids. The recent identification of receptors for auxin perception and the discovery of a new hormone interaction in signalling between auxin, ethylene and the upregulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis account for a large part of the repertoire of auxin‐herbicide‐mediated responses, which include growth inhibition, senescence and tissue decay in sensitive dicots. An additional phenomenon is caused by the quinolinecarboxylic acid quinclorac, which also controls grass weeds. Here, the accumulation of phytotoxic levels of tissue cyanide, derived ultimately from quinclorac‐stimulated ethylene biosynthesis, plays a key role in eliciting the herbicidal symptoms in sensitive grasses. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Studies on the mechanism of selectivity of the auxin herbicide quinmerac

Investigations were conducted to elucidate the mechanism of selectivity of the auxin herbicide, quinmerac, in cleavers (Galium aparine) and the tolerant crops sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris), oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). After root treatment with the herbicide, the selectivity has been quantified as approximately 400-fold between oilseed rape and Galium and 1000-fold between sugarbeet or wheat and the weed species. When 1 and 10 μM [¹⁴C]quinmerac were applied for 4 h, no significant differences between root absorption and translocation of ¹⁴C by Galium and the crop species were found. After 16 h, metabolism of [¹⁴C]quinmerac to the biologically inactive hydroxymethyl and dicarboxylic acid derivatives was more rapid in wheat and sugarbeet than in Galium. In oilseed rape, a lower rate of herbicide metabolism was observed. In Galium, accumulations of abscisic acid (ABA), triggered by quinmerac-stimulated ethylene biosynthesis, were found to cause the herbicidal growth inhibition which develops during 24 h of application. Within 1 h of treatment, quinmerac stimulated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase activity and ACC concentration specifically in Galium shoot tissue. During the next 4 h, ACC synthase activity was increased up to 50-fold, relative to the control. Within 3 h of exposure to quinmerac, increased ethylene formation followed by higher ABA levels was detected. In sugarbeet, oilseed rape and wheat, quinmerac did not stimulate ACC synthase activity and ACC and ABA levels. It is suggested that (i) the selectivity of quinmerac is primarily based upon the lower sensitivity to the herbicide of the tissue/target in the crop species, (ii) the induction process of the ACC synthase activity in the shoot tissue is the primary target of herbicidal interference. In wheat and sugarbeet, tolerance to quinmerac is additionally increased by a more rapid metabolism. © 1998 SCI.     

刺萼龙葵种子中适宜内参基因的筛选

入侵杂草刺萼龙葵Solanum rostratum Dunal传播扩散的主要载体是种子,研究其种子休眠萌发基因的激素调控对于其防除具有重要意义,而选择合适的内参基因可以提高相关基因表达分析的准确性。本研究以赤霉素、脱落酸和水处理的刺萼龙葵种子为材料,利用geNorm、NormFinder、BestKeeper和RefFinder 4种软件对15个候选内参基因进行表达稳定性评价,并通过检测ABI5(abscisic acid-insensitive 5)的表达验证所筛选的内参基因的适用性。结果表明,对于赤霉素、脱落酸和水处理过的种子,最稳定的内参基因分别为eIF(eukaryotic initiation factor)、SAND(SAND protein family)和ACT(β-actin);对所有种子样本而言,PP2Acs(a catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A)是最稳定的内参基因。研究结果将为刺萼龙葵种子休眠萌发的遗传调控研究提供重要参考。     

杂草对芳氧苯氧丙酸类(APPs)除草剂的抗性分子机理研究进展

芳氧苯氧丙酸类（aryloxyphenoxypropionates,APPs）除草剂是一类广泛使用的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶抑制剂,可高效专一抑制禾本科杂草的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase,ACCase）。目前已出现大量抗芳氧苯氧丙酸类除草剂的禾本科杂草,其抗性大多由叶绿体乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的羧基转移酶（carboxyltransferase,CT）功能域中的氨基酸突变引起。在所有已发现的氨基酸突变中,最引人关注的是第1 781位（对应大穗看麦娘Alopecurus myosuroides质体ACCase的氨基酸残基位置）异亮氨酸到亮氨酸的单点突变,该特定位置形成亮氨酸会导致某些杂草对APPs类除草剂产生抗性。综述了乙酰辅酶A羧化酶CT功能域的研究进展及杂草对APPs类除草剂的抗性分子机理,探讨了杂草对APPs类除草剂抗性分子机理研究中存在的问题,以期为进一步深入研究APPs类除草剂的抗性机制提供参考。     

RNA-Seq解析cAMP促进禾谷镰孢菌DON毒素产生的分子基础

 禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)引起的小麦赤霉病(Fusarium head blight)不仅造成小麦产量损失,而且病菌在侵染过程中会释放大量真菌毒素,导致小麦籽粒污染,严重威胁人畜健康。实验室前期研究发现外源添加环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)可以促进禾谷镰孢菌脱氧雪腐镰孢菌烯醇毒素(Deoxynivalenol, DON)产生,但其分子机制尚不清楚。本研究利用转录组分析了cAMP处理后禾谷镰孢菌基因的表达情况,探究了cAMP促进DON毒素合成的潜在机制。研究发现响应cAMP处理的差异表达基因有4 470个,其中1 818个基因上调,2 652个基因下调。负责DON毒素合成TRI基因簇的所有基因在cAMP处理下均上调表达,表明cAMP通过诱导TRI基因簇表达促进DON毒素合成。进一步分析了cAMP下游依赖性蛋白激酶A(PKA)的敲除突变体Δpka的转录组数据,发现几乎所有TRI基因簇基因均下调表达,并且cAMP处理上调表达而Δpka突变体中下调表达的基因中显著富集真菌毒素代谢相关的基因,该结果进一步表明cAMP通过PKA通路调控DON毒素合成。此外,cAMP处理后,可诱导DON毒素产生的γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA)合成相关基因上调表达,而GABA分解相关基因下调表达。这表明禾谷镰孢菌可通过调节细胞内的GABA水平促进DON毒素合成。     

Differential response of phytohormone signalling network determines nonhost resistance in rice during wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) colonization

Stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat. Breakdown of host resistance under field conditions triggered by the evolution of new pathogenic races and pathotypes is a perennial threat for wheat cultivation. Rice, often grown in a rice–wheat cropping system, is immune to rust infection. Our microscopic studies revealed that P. graminis f. sp. tritici, although displaying nearly identical uredospore germination, stomatal entry, and epi- and endophytic mycelial growth in rice and wheat, failed to sporulate to cause rust disease in rice. We identified 18 key defence signalling genes in rice and unravelled their elicitation dynamics in time-course studies during infection. ICS1, NPR1-3, PRs, EDS1, PAD4, FMO1 (salicylic acid [SA] signalling), and ethylene-related genes (ACO4 and ACS6) were strongly elicited in rice. However, genes from the jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathway (LOX2, AOS2, MYC2, PDF2.2, JAZ8, JAZ10) showed a delayed response during colonization in rice compared to an early or no induction in wheat. However, the JA/ethylene marker gene PDF2.2 was strongly induced in wheat as early as 12 hr postinoculation. Furthermore, rice and wheat displayed specific profiles of accumulation of various phenolic acids during P. graminis f. sp. tritici 40A infection. We propose a model where a differential modulation of the SA/JA-dependent defence network may modulate nonhost resistance. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism governing differential elicitation of defence signalling may provide a novel resistance mechanism for the sustainable management of rust diseases.     

Thermal and hormonal regulation of the dormancy–germination transition in Amaranthus tuberculatus seeds

The transition from seed dormancy to germination is a multi‐step process. However, distinguishing between physiological processes involved in seed dormancy alleviation and those involved in germination has been difficult. We studied the seed dormancy alleviation process in Amaranthus tuberculatus, an important weed species in midwestern USA. Using three A. tuberculatus biotypes that differ in dormancy level, it was determined that stratification reduced seed dormancy from a high to a low level. Temperature alternation alleviated low seed dormancy and triggered germination. Exogenously applied abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) had no effect on seeds with high dormancy. However, ABA and paclobutrazol (a GA biosynthesis inhibitor) significantly reduced germination of seeds with low dormancy. Hormones could not replace the effects of stratification or temperature alternation on dormancy alleviation. Based on our results, we propose a seed dormancy–germination transition model in which the dormancy of A. tuberculatus seeds is progressively reduced from a high to a low level; but environmental conditions (i.e. stratification) can accelerate the dormancy alleviation process. Under low dormancy levels, the seed is more sensitive to environmental cues that are responsible for removing dormancy and triggering germination (i.e. temperature alternation). Finally, ABA and GA regulation occurs primarily during the final transition from low dormancy to germination rather than the alleviation of high dormancy.