Regulation of calcium release is gated by calcium current, not gating charge, in cardiac myocytes

In skeletal muscle, intramembrane charge movement initiates the processes that lead to the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In cardiac muscle, in contrast, the similarity of the voltage dependence of developed tension and intracellular calcium transients to that of calcium current suggests that the calcium current may gate the release of calcium. Nevertheless, a mechanism similar to that of skeletal muscle continues to be postulated for cardiac muscle. By using rapid exchange (20 to 50 milliseconds) of the extracellular solutions in rat ventricular myocytes in which the intracellular calcium transients or cell shortening were measured, it has now been shown that the influx of calcium through the calcium channel is a mandatory link in the processes that couple membrane depolarization to the release of calcium. Thus, intramembrane charge movement does not contribute to the release of calcium in heart muscle.     

Voltage- and tension-dependent lipid mobility in the outer hair cell plasma membrane

The mechanism responsible for electromotility of outer hair cells in the ear is unknown but is thought to reside within the plasma membrane. Lipid lateral diffusion in the outer hair cell plasma membrane is a sigmoidal function of transmembrane potential and bathing media osmolality. Cell depolarization or hyposmotic challenge shorten the cell and reduce membrane fluidity by half. Changing the membrane tension with amphipathic drugs results in similar reductions. These dynamic changes in membrane fluidity represent the modulation of membrane tension by lipid-protein interactions. The voltage dependence may be associated with the force-generating motors that contribute to the exquisite sensitivity of mammalian hearing.     

Glycerinated muscle fibers: relation between isometric tension and adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis

The isometric tension of glycerinated muscle fibers and the adenosine triphosphatase activity of homogenates were determined as a function of the concentration of adenosine triphosphate without the addition of divalent cations. These two phenomena are not parallel; large tensions can be developed with negligible hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate. It is concluded that the large negative free energy change of the hydrolysis is not required for shortening or development of tension.     

Effect of membrane potential changes on the calcium transient in single rat cardiac muscle cells

The mechanism that links membrane potential changes to the release of calcium from internal stores to cause contraction of cardiac cells is unclear. By using the calcium indicator fura-2 under voltage-clamp conditions, changes in intracellular calcium could be monitored in single rat ventricular cells while controlling membrane potential. The voltage dependence of the depolarization-induced increase in intracellular calcium was not the same as that of the calcium current (Isi), which suggests that only a small fraction of Isi is required to trigger calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In addition, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release may be partly regulated by membrane potential, since repolarization could terminate the rise in intracellular calcium. Thus, changes in the action potential will have immediate effects on the time course of the calcium transient beyond those associated with its effects on Isi.     

Laser diffraction studies on single skeletal muscle fibers

Sarcomere movements during isometric tetanic contractions were resolved to 50 angstroms by diffraction techniques. After a latent period that followed the first stimulus, all sarcomeres shortened simultaneously and uniformly. Oscillations in length and tension in synchrony with the stimuli occurred during an incomplete tetanus. However, no oscillations in length were detected during the plateau of a tetanus.     

Phytochrome-mediated bioelectric potentials in mung bean seedlings

Excised root tips from dark-grown mung bean seedlings (Phaseolus aureus) that adhere to a negatively charged glass surface when irradiated with red light and release when irradiated by far-red light develop a positive bioelectric potential (about 1.0 millivolt) at the tip in red light and a negative bioelectric potential in far-red light. The sign of the bioelectric potential was repeatedly photo-reversible, and the adhesion and release kinetics were similar to those of the development of the bioelectric potentials. Photoconversion of the phytochrome holochrome perhaps changes permeability characteristics of the cell membrane, resulting in an induced localized electrochemical gradient manifested as a bioelectric potential. This supports the view that phytochrome in situ is membrane bound.     

Transmembrane action potentials from smooth muscle in turtle arteries and veins

Transmembrane potential and active tension were measured in isolated segments of turtle aorta and inferior vena cava. Changes in tension were associated with action potentials, but the potentials had a different pattern in the two tissues. When the frequency of the action potentials increased, the contractions summated, resulting in a steadily maintained contraction.     

Paramyosin and contraction of catch muscles

The isotonic shortening of glycerol-extracted preparations of molluscan catch muscles is inhibited at pH's and ionic strengths at which extracted paramyosin crystallizes. The isometric tension development is hardly altered under the same conditions. Consequently, the "catch mechanism" is explained on the basis of the crystallization of paramyosin.     

Human skeletal muscle: properties of the "chemically skinned%" fiber

A "skinning%" procedure is described for irreversibly disrupting the sarcolemmal membrane of human skeletal muscle and allowing calcium and other diffusible solutes (such as adenosine triphosphate) access to the myofilament space. Single skinned fibers give isometric tensions of about 1.5 kilograms per square centimeter when exposed to ionized calcium event after 1 to 2 weeks of storage at 5 degrees C. For up to 5 days the preparation will sequester and, under appropriate conditions (anion substitution, caffeine addition, or magnesium withdrawal), release calciumn. The regulation of intracellular calcium distribution and the calcium-induced activation of the contractile proteins are discussed and related to the morphology of humnan fibers and to similar processes occurring on other muscle preparations.     

Single cell layered heart: electromechanical properties of the heart of Boltenia ovifera

The heart of Boltenia ovifera (the sea potato) is a tubular structure formed by a single layer of myocardial cells. Electron microscopic studies show that each cell contains a single myofibril located adjacent to the luminal surface of the cell. Electrical and mechanical measurement of a cannulated perfused heart demonstrate that only the luminal membrane is excitabble and elicits contraction on depolarization. Calcium and magnesium exert antagonistic effects on tension, and potassium depolarizes the myocardium and produces contractures when the luminal membrane is exposed to various concentrations of these ions. The extraluminl membrane does not respond electrically or mechanically to calcium magnesium or potassium, and its potential seems to be effectively "clamped" by the luminal membrane. Functionaly, therefore, this heart consists of a single active membrane with the adjacent contractile apparatus.     

Fatigue in phasic and tonic fibers of frog muscle

Single isolated phasic muscle fibers and small bundles of tonic fibers were directly stimulated in one-per-second twitch series by massive electrode shocks. During the stimulation period the isometric tension developed by the phasic fiber continuously decreased, first rapidly and then slowly. The tonic fibers behaved similarly, but showed much less fatigue than the phasic ones. In general, recovery of the fibers after cessation of stimulation also occurred in two phases.     

REVERSAL OF THE STIMULATING ACTION OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON STRIATED MUSCLE

The usual augmenting action of pressure on the tension developed by striated muscle in response to a single stimulus changes to depression on fatiguing the muscle. On release of the pressure the tension of the single twitch again reaches the control value. A similar reversal may be brought about by cooling the muscle, the change usually occurring at about 13 degrees C. Below this temperature the depression is roughly proportional to the pressure. At about 1 degrees C. the tension development may be completely inhibited by high pressure. The muscle responds normally upon release of the pressure, and upon warming pressure again causes augmentation of contraction.     

家蚕细胞色素C基因的克隆及其蛋白在家蚕凋亡细胞中的释放

 【目的】细胞色素C是线粒体凋亡路径上的关键因子,通过家蚕细胞色素C基因的克隆和其蛋白在家蚕凋亡细胞中的释放研究,为家蚕细胞凋亡的研究奠定基础。【方法】利用生物信息学和分子生物学方法克隆家蚕细胞色素C基因,通过紫外线照射诱导家蚕细胞凋亡,应用流式细胞仪和Western-blotting检测家蚕凋亡细胞的线粒体膜电位变化和细胞色素C的释放。【结果】在家蚕中克隆了一个含有细胞色素C保守结构域的同源基因,该基因cDNA长570 bp,有3个外显子,开放阅读框（open reading frame,ORF）长324 bp,编码108个氨基酸,存在参与细胞凋亡时与下游凋亡蛋白酶激活因子（Apaf－1）相互作用的保守关键位点;紫外线诱导家蚕胚胎细胞BmE-SWU1凋亡后12 h,细胞线粒体跨膜电位明显下降,同时检测到了细胞色素C由线粒体向细胞质释放。【结论】在家蚕细胞凋亡中可能存在细胞色素C由线粒体释放的路径。     

影响精胺/一氧化氮加合物释放一氧化氮的因子及园艺产品吸收一氧化氮的特性

 【目的】研究影响精胺/一氧化氮加合物（SPER/NO）释放NO的因子及园艺产品吸收NO的特性,为SPER/NO应用于园艺产品的贮藏保鲜提供理论依据。【方法】合成SPER/NO,用电化学传感器检测介质、湿度、添加物等对SPER/NO释放NO的影响以及园艺产品吸收NO的特性。【结果】SPER/NO在高湿度酸性介质中能快速释放一氧化氮,添加淀粉能延缓一氧化氮的释放。园艺产品能快速吸收SPER/NO释放的NO,其吸收速率氮气氛围高于空气氛围;【结论】SPER/NO与柠檬酸的混合物在高湿度环境中能释放NO,园艺产品可快速吸收所释放的NO。     

离子交换树脂膜吸附控释肥钾素养分的动力学特征

 在土柱淋溶-培养条件下，以离子交换树脂膜模拟作物根系吸收，研究了几种速度复合型控释肥钾素释放动力学特性。结果表明，树脂膜对各控释肥处理累积吸附K2O净量的大小顺序为：FT1>FT4>FT2=FT7>FT5> FT6=FT3。在试验前期，树脂膜每周吸附钾的净量与其相应的淋溶量间呈显著正相关；而在试验后期，每两周吸附量与其相应的淋溶量之间相关性不显著，树脂膜在第3周和第7周吸附养分净量较大。各处理的Richards 函数M值均很接近，且大于实测值；k值范围为0.1130～0.2722，可以准确地反映出不同控释肥养分释放速率的差异；而各处理Logistic函数中M值差异较大，且均小于实测值；k值范围为0.5066～0.6006，差异不大，难以准确地反映控释肥养分释放速率。因此，Richards 函数比Logistic函数能更准确地描述和预测树脂膜对不同控释肥养分释放动力学特性。     

猪卵母细胞体外发育不同时期膜电位的研究

采用细胞内微电极记录方法，观察了猪卵母细胞体外发育不同时期膜电位的变化．卵母细胞在体外发育０ｈ膜电位为－８．９７±０．５ｍＶ；体外成熟发育１８ｈ膜电位为－４６．４０±１．７ｍＶ；２４ｈ膜电位为＋１０．６０±１．０ｍＶ；３６ｈ膜电位为＋２６．５０±１．０ｍＶ；５０ｈ膜电位为＋２６．４０±１．１ｍＶ；体外受精发育３０ｈ膜电位为－４０．５０±０．１ｍＶ．并据他人电镜观察结果，对卵母细胞体外发育不同时期膜电位与其代谢的关系进行了初步探讨，发现两者间具有显著的相关性．     

The Production of Organic-Inorganic Compound Film-Coated Urea and the Characteristics of Its Nutrient Release

The effect of different concentrations of natural macromolecular compound on the characteristics of nutrient release in the membrane materials of organic-inorganic compound film-coated urea was discussed, and the optimal concentrations for better nutrient release was proposed. The characteristics of nutrient release of film-coated urea were evaluated by soil column leaching experiment. Organic-inorganic compound film-coated urea showed good characteristics of nutrient release, which could be well simulated by Logistic curve. The two parameters in this curve, a and r, can be used to present nutrient release of film-coated urea, and followed the order of B 〉 C 〉 A and C 〈 B 〈 A, respectively, indicating that the release was stronger with the increasing concentration of natural macromolecular compound in the membrane, which implied better controllability of nutrient release. The concentration of 5% of natural macromolecular compound showed better characteristic of nutrient release and can be utilized as a membrane material combined with inorganic mineral powders to develop film-coated slow-release fertilizer.     

杀虫剂药液中表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度及表面张力

采用国家标准GB 5 5 4 9 90的方法测定了 30种市售杀虫剂推荐剂量药液的表面张力值 ,用表面张力法测定了 30种杀虫剂药液中表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度 ,并测定了表面活性剂 885的临界胶束浓度及相同浓度不同气 液界面条件下表面张力的变化。结果表明 ,大多数杀虫剂常规使用剂量的药液中 ,表面活性剂的用量没有达到其本身的临界胶束浓度 (CMC) ,有些药剂的推荐浓度与表面活性剂达到临界胶束浓度时的药液浓度相差 10倍以上。当气 液界面扩大到一定程度时 ,将改变药液中表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度 ,增加溶液的表面张力。为了充分发挥药剂对害虫的防治效果 ,药液中表面活性剂的浓度必须大于临界胶束浓度。     

纳米二氧化铈对斜生栅藻的毒性研究

实验研究了纳米二氧化铈(CeO2)对斜生栅藻的毒性效应.结果显示,当纳米二氧化铈浓度为5、10 mg·L-1时,对斜生栅藻的生长有促进作用(P＜0.01),其促进作用随着浓度增大而减小;至浓度为50 mg· L-1时,开始变为抑制效应;当浓度达到100、200mg· L-1时,表现出显著的抑制作用(P＜0.01),且抑制作用随着浓度增大而增大.光镜拍照和藻细胞直径的变化表现出,随着处理浓度的增大,细胞有小型化的趋势.处理7d后,纳米二氧化铈对叶绿素和SOD含量的影响和对藻密度的影响一致,而对MDA含量的影响刚好相反,说明细胞膜发生了不同程度的脂质过氧化反应.