超临界CO2喷雾干燥制备乙基纤维素微粒的实验研究

为了扩大喷雾干燥技术在生物物料微粒制备方面的应用,在自行设计的实验台上,以超临界CO2为干燥介质进行了乙基纤维素微粒的制备.研究了喷嘴出口直径、气液比、溶液浓度、温度、压力对微粒粒径及其粒径分布的影响.实验结果表明:改变工艺参数,可在较大范围内调控微粒大小,所制微粒平均粒径为1.07～9.84μm;气液出口为8 mm的喷嘴所得微粒粒径比4 mm的要小且分布变窄、粒度均匀;气液比对微粒粒径的影响存在一个粒径最大值;高浓度溶液所得微粒粒径比低浓度溶液大,粒径分布略有变宽;随温度升高,微粒粒径增大,高温时所得微粒的粒径分布比低温时宽;随压力增加,微粒粒径减小,高压时所得微粒的粒径分布比低压时略有变窄.     

气液两相流流型影响喷嘴喷雾形态及液滴粒径分布

为了获得气泡雾化喷嘴内不同气液两相流流型对喷雾形态及液滴粒径分布的影响规律,该文建立了气泡雾化喷雾可视化试验系统,采用试验方法获得喷嘴内气液两相流流型及宏观喷雾形态;该文建立了喷嘴内和喷雾场中气液流动模型。研究结果表明,泡状流时喷孔出口含气率呈周期振荡衰减且含气率较低,搅拌流时喷孔出口截面含气率脉动幅度及其变化较小且含气率较高(较泡状流高1倍);搅拌流时喷雾形态脉动不明显,喷雾半锥角分布比较集中,而泡状流时正好相反,搅拌流时喷雾半锥角在8°~14°范围内的占比超过70%,而泡状流不到40%。搅拌流时喷孔出口附近液滴粒径分布更加集中且随轴向距离增加分布范围变化更大,液滴平均粒径比泡状流小4%左右;在喷孔出口附近,搅拌流时液滴粒径标准差明显小于泡状流时液滴粒径标准差,较泡状流小30%以上;不同气液两相流流型时液滴粒径分布的差异随轴向距离的增加而减小。研究结果可为气泡雾化喷射技术的发展以及不同领域喷嘴内流型的合理选择提供一定的理论和试验依据。     

超临界CO2连续浓缩鱼油EPA和DHA的研究

为了克服鱼油有效组分超临界CO₂间歇萃取方法的缺点，设计建造了超临界CO₂在内径14 mm、填料高1.8 m的填料塔中连续萃取浓缩鱼油有效组分的流程。根据单因素试验的结果，对工艺参数进行优化。设计了4因素3水平并考虑部分交互作用的正交试验方案，以综合指标进行评价，得到了优化工艺参数为：填料塔压为12.5 MPa；CO₂流量为5L/min；鱼油进料流量为0.8 mL/min；塔的温度分布为40～85℃。经方差分析得知，温度分布的影响对综合指标高度显著，鱼油进料流量对综合指标的影响显著，试验范围内的压力、CO₂流量、压力和温度分布交互作用、温度分布和CO₂流量交互作用以及压力和CO₂流量交互作用对综合指标没有显著影响。     

基于拉瓦尔效应的超音速喷嘴雾化性能分析与试验

为提高喷嘴的雾化性能,得到理想的雾滴粒径和均匀的雾云分布,该文首先对超音速雾化喷嘴的雾化原理进行了分析,应用拉瓦尔喷管超音速原理,对雾化喷嘴内部阀芯的锥形结构作了改进,结合Fluent流体动力学软件,分析了拉瓦尔式阀芯结构内部流场速度分布规律,然后通过喷雾试验对比分析了改进前后喷嘴的雾化效果,并探究了不同运行参数对拉瓦尔式结构喷嘴雾化性能的影响规律。数值仿真结果表明,拉瓦尔式阀芯能够产生超音速气流,对增大气液两相速度差具有显著效果;试验结果表明,改进后的拉瓦尔式喷嘴在雾化性能和效果上优于原锥形式喷嘴,气压和气液压力比的增大以及水压的减小均有利于雾滴粒径的减小,其中气液压力比在0～3区间内,雾滴粒径下降幅度高达90.56%,当气液压力比为6时,雾滴粒径达到最小值18.52μm。该文研究内容可为超音速雾化喷嘴进一步研究以及新型喷雾设备的研发提供参考。     

TiO2纳米粒子气固相光催化降解乙烯初探

该文对TiO₂纳米粒子气固光催化降解果蔬贮藏环境乙烯技术进行了初步研究。采用溶胶-凝胶法制备的纳米TiO₂薄膜作光催化剂，利用自行设计的气固光催化实验系统，研究了乙烯浓度、紫外光作用时间对光催化降解反应的影响，探讨了乙烯的光催化降解的动力学。结果显示：该研究所制备的TiO₂锐钛矿型含量为48.766%，比表面积为47.186 m²/g，具有良好的光催化性能；光催化降解乙烯比直接紫外线光降解效果显著，光照10 min时光催化乙烯降解率比直接紫外线光降解提高23.76%；乙烯的降解率随着其浓度的增加而降低；乙烯的光催化降解的动力学可以用Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学方程加以描述。     

超临界CO2萃取万寿菊花中叶黄素的研究

采用超临界CO₂萃取技术,研究了从万寿菊花中萃取叶黄素的工艺条件。对影响超临界CO₂萃取叶黄素的各种因素,包括分离参数、原料含水率、粉碎粒径，超临界萃取温度、压力、流速、时间等因素进行了考察,得到较佳的萃取工艺条件为:原料含水率10.92％，粒径40目，萃取温度60℃，压力30 MPa，CO₂流速15 L/h，分离釜Ⅰ温度40℃，压力6 MPa，分离釜Ⅱ温度20℃，时间为6 h。     

掺气水射流应用于低压摇臂喷头的试验

为解决固定式旋转喷头低压喷灌时,水射流向末端集中形成水量分布不均匀的问题,提出水气两相射流进行喷灌的方法。在摇臂喷头结构的基础上,增加掺气结构,形成掺气射流喷头,以相同工作水压力、射流仰角、喷嘴出口流量相同为约束,以及不考虑副喷嘴对喷洒的影响,对比了掺气与不掺气2种情况下 PY20喷头的射程、径向水量分布、1倍射程间距的正方形组合喷灌均匀系数,雨滴粒径等参数。试验结果表明：原不掺气摇臂喷头出口直径7 mm,安装内径2 mm 的掺气管后出口直径改为8.3 mm,此时两者具有相同的出口流量,2种喷头在相同工作压力下具有近似相等的射程;在掺气喷头工作水压低至100 kPa 情况下,喷头仍具有76 mm 水银柱高差的掺气负压能力;掺气摇臂喷头改善了径向水量分布线射程中段的水量,使水量分布线发生了中段略微增高、末端略下降的变化,从而使1倍间距的正方形组合喷灌均匀系数在低于国家标准工作压力的200 kPa 情况下,从62.8%提高到68.8%;采用激光雨滴谱仪测量射程中部和末端2个地方的水滴粒径表明：掺气状态下射程中部的水量累积百分比中位直径 d50远大于不掺气状态,射流末端对比 d50则小于不掺气状态,说明掺气改变了喷头的雨滴粒径分布。该文试验结果证明掺气摇臂喷头在农业喷灌中应用具有可行性。     

超声强化超临界CO2萃取人参皂苷的研究

为了探讨超声波对超临界CO₂萃取(SCE)的影响，考察了在不同萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间和流体流量下，有、无超声时超临界CO₂萃取人参皂苷的萃取率。试验结果发现，超声强化超临界CO₂萃取(USCE)的合适萃取温度比没加超声(SCE)时的低10℃；在各自合适的萃取压力下，USCE的皂苷萃取率是SCE的1.64倍；CO₂流体的流量大更有利于USCE。在SCE中，超声的加入能明显提高产物的萃取率和生产效率，降低生产能耗和节     

穿心莲内酯超临界CO2重结晶工艺初探

采用单因素实验法探讨超临界CO₂重结晶压力、温度、时间对穿心莲内酯的纯度和结晶率的影响，并借助扫描电镜进行晶体形貌考察，利用高效液相色谱仪进行纯度检测。结果表明，采用超临界CO₂重结晶技术得到的穿心莲内酯晶体形貌更加细小，并呈絮状分布在结晶板上；选择较佳纯化工艺参数为重结晶压力14 MPa，温度55℃，时间60 min，CO₂流量20 L/min时，得到的穿心莲内酯纯度达90%以上，结晶率超过45%。     

压力、温度对穿心莲内酯超临界CO2萃取-结晶的影响

以穿心莲浸膏为原料，进行了穿心莲内酯的超临界CO₂萃取结晶分离纯化。考察了单因素参数压力、温度对穿心莲内酯纯度、结晶量等的影响。结果表明：超临界CO₂萃取结晶穿心莲内酯的纯度在结晶板上呈梯度分布；在25 MPa以下，压力升高，结晶板上部晶体纯度升高，而结晶量先增后减；在结晶板下部穿心莲内酯的纯度和结晶量都是先升高后降低；温度在一定范围内能提高晶体纯度，且有利于缩短萃取结晶时间。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.