土壤颗粒分布参数模型对黄土性土壤的适应性研究

土壤颗粒组成是土壤最基本的物理性质之一,其分布曲线可用来估算土壤的水力学性质,然而对于土壤颗粒分布曲线的完整表达需要借助于参数模型,对于不同类型的土壤,参数模型的拟合效果不尽相同.为了选择能够较好描述黄土性土壤颗粒分布状况的参数模型,该文采用了3个指标--相关系数(R),均方根误差(RMSE)和Akaike信息准则(AIC)值,对3类共10个参数模型(单参数模型2个,二参数模型6个,三参数模型2个)在黄土性土壤上的适应性进行了评价(共828个土壤颗粒分析资料).结果表明:简化的三参数Fredlund模型对黄土性土壤颗粒分布的拟合效果最好,且受质地影响较小,二参数Weibull模型次之,单参数的Jaky模型效果最差.三参数Fredlund模型是估算黄土性土壤颗粒组成的最适宜的模型.     

预测土壤水力性质的形态学网络模型应用研究

土壤水力性质是研究非饱和带中水分和溶质运移的重要参数 ,可以用孔隙网络模型进行预测。通常采用的网络模型中的参数是任意指定的 ,无法真实反映土壤孔隙空间的形态特征。本文采用了一种基于孔隙形态学的网络模型来预测土壤的水力性质 ,即通过图像分析来直接测定孔隙的大小分布及其连通性 ,并将其结合到网络模型中 ,最大程度地再现了三维的土壤孔隙结构。本文根据河南封丘地区采集的砂壤土样本图像分析结果 ,采用形态学网络模型预测了其水力性质 ,同时也进一步评价了这种模型的优缺点及其应用前景。     

两种土壤水分特征曲线间接推求方法对黄土的适应性评价

土壤水分特征曲线(SWCC)是模拟土壤水分运动和溶质运移的一个重要参数,利用十壤的基本物理性质来间接推求SWCC的方法已经成为当今土壤物理学领域的研究热点.为了比较两种SWCC间接推求方法——Arya-Paris物理经验方法(简称AP方法)和Tyler-Wheatcraft分形几何方法(简称TW方法)对黄土的适应性,该文分析了黄土高原296组土壤颗粒分布、容重和水分特征曲线等资料,利用简化的Fredlund(Fred3P)模型模拟得到连续的十壤颗粒分布曲线,然后应用AP和TW方法预测出相应吸力下的土壤含水量.研究结果表明,对于黄十性土壤,AP和TW两种方法的预测结果均达到了一定的精度,相比较而言AP方法的预测效果明显优于TW方法,且受质地影响小.     

封丘地区土壤传递函数的研究

以黄淮海平原封丘地区的潮土和风沙土为研究对象 ,试图寻求解决土壤水动力学特性参数问题的更加实用可行的方法。根据大量的土壤基本物理性质和土壤持水数据 ,利用多元逐步回归分析方法 ,分别建立了vanGenuchten模型的参数θr、θs、a、n的土壤传递函数模型 ,并通过统计分析和数学模拟进行模型验证。研究结果表明 ,vanGenuchten模型参数与土壤的质地、有机质含量及容重等基本物理性质有一定的线性相关性。vanGenuchten模型的参数估计模型对粘性土壤的拟合效果较好 ,而拟合砂性土壤时误差较大。     

基于探地雷达的喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤深度和分布探测

[目的]研究喀斯特土壤的深度和分布,为利用探地雷达(GPR)技术开展喀斯特地区峰丛洼地土壤分布的研究提供理论依据。[方法]通过室内模拟试验,建立喀斯特地区3种典型质地土壤(砂质黏壤土、黏壤土、粉(砂)质黏土)中探地雷达电磁波波速和土壤含水量的关系式。通过实地测定土壤质地和含水量,选择合适的关系式,对探地雷达图像进行校准、解译,获得土壤深度,并采用开挖法进行验证。[结果]得到了3种质地土壤中电磁波波速(ν)与含水量(θ)关系的三次多项式。利用该关系式探测的喀斯特土壤理论深度与实地开挖的结果相符,误差为0—10cm。利用探地雷达软件生成了反映测线下不同位置土壤深度的二维图像和样方内土壤深度分布的三维图像,表明土壤主要分布在0—50cm。[结论]利用探地雷达技术探测喀斯特地区土壤深度和分布是切实可行的。     

基于CT数字图像的土壤孔隙分形特征研究

通过CT扫描获得了河南封丘地区3种不同质地潮土样本的高精度图像,利用数字图像分析方法识别出土壤孔隙及其轮廓线,然后用计盒法确定了表征土壤孔隙形态不规则性的分形维数.在此基础上,通过不同形式的分形模型预测了土壤水分特征曲线.结果表明,河南封丘地区不同质地潮土的孔隙分形维数(包括面积和轮廓线分维)差异不明显;预测水分特征曲线时,针对不同质地的土壤选择适宜的分形模型才能得到较好的模拟结果.     

根据颗粒大小分布估计土壤水分特征曲线:分形模型的应用

根据UNSODA数据库和文献中的 1 1种质地共 5 5 4个样品的颗粒大小分析和水分特征曲线资料 ,对Tyler Wheatcraft、Brooks Corey和Rieu Sposito三种分形模型在预测土壤水分特征曲线中的适用性进行了研究。结果表明 ,Brooks Corey形式的分形模型预测精度高于其它两种模型。同时本文还指出了这三种模型适用的土壤质地范围 ,即Brooks Corey模型对于中、粗质地的土壤预测效果好于另外两种模型 ,Rieu Sposito分形模型则适用于细质地土壤 ,Tyler Wheatcraft模型的预测误差界于二者之间 ,也适用于中、粗质地的土壤。     

土壤粒径分布单重分形与孔隙单重分形

土壤颗粒大小的分布是重要的土壤物理性质,对土壤水、气、热传导特性有着显著的影响。鉴于土壤颗粒分形在分析和描述岩土介质多孔结构的优势,本文通过对5种不同质地的土样进行颗粒分析与水分特征曲线的测试。结果表明:土壤结构定量化表征的方法就是确定土壤结构的分形维数,针对不同地区的土壤,可以通过土壤粒径分布分形维数体现土壤粒径分布的情况,分形维数越大,颗粒粒径越小,细粒含量越高,质地越发呈现不均匀性;且可利用土壤粒径分形维数估算土壤孔隙分形维数。为建立土壤粒径分布模型提供数据支持,同时也为推进土壤结构的研究进展提供了新的方向。     

基于单一和集合土壤转换函数模型对土壤含水量的模拟性能分析

土壤转换函数(Soil pedotransfer function,PTF)是一种高效获取土壤水力参数的方法。由于土壤具有很强的空间异质性,确定最优PTF模型成为模拟土壤含水量的关键。为此,以海河流域3个实验场地(密云站、大兴站、馆陶站)为研究区,采用7种常用的单一PTF模型预测土壤水力参数作为HYDRUS-1D的模型参数,求解Richards方程获得土壤含水量,并与实测土壤含水量进行比较,评价了常用单一PTF模型预测的土壤水力参数对土壤含水量的模拟性能。此外,采用3种方法构建集合PTF模型,评价了集合PTF模型对土壤含水量的模拟性能。结果表明：基于van Genuchten方程构建的单一PTF作为模型参数模拟土壤含水量的均方根误差最小;而其中Rosetta3模型表现更优。在集合PTF模型中,基于遗传算法加权法构建的模型表现最好。集合PTF模型预测土壤水力参数可以较好的捕捉多个单一PTF预测土壤水力参数的整体趋势,弥补单一PTF在某些情况下模拟误差较大的不足。     

不同土壤温度和容重下微咸水上升毛管水

为探索西北干旱地区不同质地土壤以及土壤温度和容重对微咸水上升毛管水运动特性的影响,通过模拟和室内试验,研究了土壤温度和容重对砂壤土和粉壤土上升毛管水运动特性的影响。分别建立了地下水补给量与土壤温度和容重之间的模型,毛管水上升高度与土壤温度和容重之间的模型,其中地下水补给量模型,砂壤土的绝对系数均达到0.96以上,计算值与模拟值最大相对偏差小于10.9%,粉壤土的绝对系数均达到0.96以上,计算值与模拟值最大相对偏差小于8.4%,毛管水上升高度模型,砂壤土的绝对系数均达到0.996以上,计算值与模拟值最大相对偏差小于8.37%,粉壤土的绝对系数均达到0.997以上,计算值与模拟值最大相对偏差小于11.9%,模型拟合程度较好,所建立方程符合实际情况。砂壤土盐分主要聚集在距地表1.70~2.20 m处,粉壤土盐分主要聚集在距地表0.3~1.3 m处,砂壤土土壤盐分分布受土壤温度和容重的影响较显著,而粉壤土土壤盐分分布受其影响并不显著。该研究结果可为盐碱化地区水盐管理提供科学依据。     

Data transformations between soil texture schemes

Various soil texture schemes are in current use. These differ in the size ranges of their particle fractions. There is a need to establish simple methods to correlate these conventional schemes. Therefore I have defined closed-form exponential and power law functions to fit models to cumulative particle-size distribution data. I have tested the functions for their suitability (i) to represent cumulative particle-size distribution curves and (ii) to transfer data between distributions that differ in the size ranges of the particle fractions. I found that closed-form exponential functions adequately represent the cumulative particle-size distributions of fine-textured soils (clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, clay loam, silt loam and loam texture), whilst closed-form power functions better describe the cumulative particle-size distributions of coarse-textured soils (sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, sandy clay and sandy clay loam texture). The functions defined are found to be suitable to transfer data between different texture schemes. The use of this approach is illustrated by examples of data transformations between three widely used soil texture schemes: ISSS, Katschinski's and USDA.     

Evaluation of different procedures to interpolate particle-size distributions to achieve compatibility within soil databases

Many environmental and agricultural problems are not restricted to national boundaries and therefore require international cooperation if solutions are to be found. Often, these solutions require the ability to use soil data as input in simulation models, however, despite a number of recognised international standards, soil data are rarely compatible across national frontiers. This problem was encountered when creating the draulic operties of uropean oils (HYPRES) database. The data, which includes particle-size distributions, were collected from 20 institutions in 12 countries. Only a few of these institutions adhered strictly to a recognised international system. Therefore, interpolation of the cumulative particle-size distribution was required to achieve compatibility of particle-size distributions within the HYPRES database. In this study, four different interpolation procedures were evaluated. The accuracy of the different procedures was found to vary with size intervals between measured points of the particle-size distribution. The loglinear interpolation of the cumulative particle-size distribution has previously been used in various studies but was found to give the least accurate estimation of the four procedures. Fitting the Gompertz curve, which is a special asymmetric type of curve described by a closed-form equation, showed less sensitivity to size intervals between measured points. However, interpolation within some of the particle-size distributions was not sufficiently accurate and this procedure could not be applied to particle-size distributions where the number of measured size fractions was less than the number of model parameters. Fitting a nonparametric spline function to the particle-size distributions showed a considerable increase in accuracy of the interpolation with decreasing size intervals between measured points. As a novel approach, the similarity procedure was introduced which does not use any mathematical interpolation functions. It uses an external source of soil information from which soils are selected with particle-size distributions that match the distribution of the soil under investigation. This similarity procedure was capable of giving the most accurate interpolations. Once an extensive external reference data set with well-quantified particle-size distributions is available, the similarity procedure becomes a very powerful tool for interpolations. Based on the number and distribution of measured points on the particle-size distributions, a general rule was formulated to decide whether to fit a spline function or use the novel similarity procedure to estimate missing values. Results of this study were used to classify all soils in the HYPRES database into the same soil texture classes used in the 1:1.000.000 scale Soil Geographical Database of Europe.     

土壤水分状况和质地对稻田N2O 排放的影响

１９９４年中国科学院封丘生态试验站通过小区试验研究了土壤质地和水分状况对稻田Ｎ２Ｏ排放的影响。结果表明稻田Ｎ２Ｏ排放主要受土壤水分状况的影响,淹水状态下,Ｎ２Ｏ排放很少,水分落于期间Ｎ２Ｏ排放量占水稻生长期Ｎ２Ｏ排放总量的８７．５０％～９８．６５％。土壤质地显影响稻田平均Ｎ２Ｏ排放通量,砂质土壤排放的Ｎ２Ｏ显或极显高于壤质和粘质土壤,水稻生长期砂质、壤质及粘质土壤的平均Ｎ２Ｏ排放通量分别为１３７．６３、８７．５４和６３．６μｇＮ２Ｏ－Ｎ／ｍ＾２．ｈ。     

土壤质地对秸秆分解的影响及其微生物机制

本研究以河南省封丘县的砂质、壤质、黏质潮土为对象,基于网袋秸秆埋设法,比较分析了经半年埋设后小麦和玉米秸秆分解速率变化,及基于磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)的微生物组成差异。结果表明:秸秆分解率在不同质地潮土间无显著性差异;残留秸秆中碳含量与原始秸秆相当,表明秸秆分解过程中碳按比例减少;但氮和磷含量显著增加,尤其在质地黏重的土壤处理中更为明显。经半年埋设,小麦和玉米秸秆中钾的释放比例分别高达99%和97%。PLFA结果显示,两种秸秆中的细菌、真菌、放线菌在砂、壤、黏土处理间无显著差异,表明影响秸秆分解的微生物生物量在不同土壤质地处理间相当,这可能是导致秸秆在不同质地潮土中分解率无显著差异的原因之一;但PCA分析表明,参与小麦和玉米秸秆分解的微生物种类有所不同,其差别主要与革兰氏阳性菌14:0、i14:0、3OH-16:0、i17:0,革兰氏阴性菌cy17:0以及放线菌10Me18:0有关。     

Regional-scale modelling of the spatial distribution of surface and subsurface textural classes in alluvial soils using Markov chain geostatistics

Soil texture is directly associated with other soil physical and chemical properties and can affect crop yield, erodibility and water and pollutant movement. Thus, maps of soil textural class are valuable for agricultural management. Conventional spatial statistical methods do not capture the complex large-scale spatial patterns of multi-class variables. Markov chain geostatistics (MCG) was recently proposed as a new approach for the conditional simulation of categorical variables. In this study, we apply an MCG algorithm to simulate the spatial distribution of textural classes of alluvial soils at five different depths in a 15-km² area on the North China Plain. Soil texture was divided into five classes – sand, sandy loam, light loam, medium loam and clay. Optimal prediction maps, simulated maps and occurrence probability maps for each depth were generated from sample data. Simulated results delineated the distribution of the five soil textural classes at the five depths and quantified related spatial uncertainties caused by limited sample size (total of 139 points). These results are not only useful for understanding the spatial distribution of soil texture in alluvial soils, but also provide valuable quantitative information for precision agriculture, soil management and studies on environmental processes affected by surface and subsurface soil textures.     

基于GIS的黄淮海平原典型潮土区土壤重金属积累研究

以黄淮海平原典型潮土区——河南省封丘县为例,基于GIS数据统计分析方法和地统计学空间插值方法,其目的是为了:(1)明确土壤重金属Cr、Hg、As、Cu、Zn的当前含量水平及其历史变化趋势;(2)通过与潮土自然背景值(背景值)、国家土壤环境质量标准一级标准(一级标准)和绿色食品产地环境质量标准(绿色标准)的比较,阐明各重金属元素符合不同标准的土壤面积及其空间分布;(3)在上述研究基础上采用内梅罗综合指数法定量评价基于一级标准的土壤重金属综合环境质量及其县域分布.结果表明,5种重金属含量平均值除Hg与背景值相当外,其余均略高于背景值而远低于一级标准,除As外,土壤Cr、Hg、Cu、Zn含量均有随年限增加的趋势;占全县土壤总面积98％以上的Cr、As、Zn含量,100％的Hg含量,91％以上的Cu含量符合一级标准,超过99％以上的土壤符合绿色标准;基于一级标准的内梅罗综合指数进一步表明封丘地区土壤综合环境质量良好,仅有不足3％的土壤受到轻度污染.表明就重金属污染角度,当前状况下的封丘土壤适宜种植各类农作物,但个别超过绿色标准的地点应引起重视并及时采取防治措施.     

河南省封丘县黄河背河洼地稻区水盐状况及其调控

黄河自河南孟津以下为地上河,沿两岸大堤外侧,形成宽约2-6公里,低于河床4-10米的背河洼地,是历来内涝和土壤盐溃化最为严重的地区,治理也很困难。近年来随着引黄灌溉事业的发展,不少地区种稻利用改良盐渍土,取得了很好的效果,但也有一些地区种稻以后,地下水矿化度虽只有0.5-1克/升,而土壤迅速返盐,稻田周围产生严重的土壤次生盐渍化。     

Predicting unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of soil based on some basic soil properties

Soil hydraulic conductivity is a crucial parameter in modeling flow process in soils and deciding water management. In this study, by combining the non-similar media concept (NSMC) to the one-parameter model of Brooks and Corey, a new NSMC-based model for estimating unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of various soils was presented. The main inputs are soil bulk density, particle-size distribution, soil water retention characteristic and saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil. The results indicated that the NSMC-based model could generally more accurately predict unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of soils, as compared to four one-parameter models and van Genuchten–Mualem model. This study, by introducing NSMC, provided a new way to incorporate soil physical heterogeneity into soil hydraulic simulation, and hence NSMC-based approach is expected to improve efficiency of the existing models in the simulation of soil water flow.     

分形模型在利用颗粒分布数据评价土壤持水性质中的应用

Soil water retention characteristics are the key information required in hydrological modeling.Frac-tal models provide a practical alternative for indirectly estimating soil water retention characteristics from particle-size distribution data.Predictive capabilities of three fractal models,i.c.,Tylcr-Wheatcraft model,Rieu-Sposito model,and Brooks-Corey model,were fully evaluated in this work using experimental data from an international database and literature.Particle-size distribution data were firstly interpolated into 20 classes using a van Genuchten-type equation.Fractal dimensions of the tortuous pore wall and the pore surface were then calculated from the detailed particle-size distribution and incorporated as a parameter in fractal water retention models.Comparisons between measured and model-estimated water retention cha-racteristics indicated that these three models were applicable to relatively different soil textures and pressure head ranges.Tyler-Whcatcraft and Brooks-Corey models led to reasonable agreements for both coarse-and medium-textured soils,while the latter showed applicability to a broader texture range.In contrast,Rieu-Sposito model was more suitable for fine-textured soils.Fractal models produced a better estimation of water contents at low pressure heads than at high pressure heads.     

花岗岩风化土物理特征曲线间的相关性研究

花岗岩风化壳水分及收缩特性的研究是花岗岩土体稳定性评价及侵蚀机理研究的基础。通过Van Genuchten(VG)模型对不同风化程度的花岗岩土壤的颗粒累积分布、土水特征曲线和收缩特征曲线进行拟合,分析曲线拟合参数间以及这些参数与基本物理性质间的线性及非线性相关关系。结果表明:VG模型可以很好地用于不同风化程度花岗岩风化土的颗粒组成、土水特征与收缩特征的拟合与预测;曲线拟合参数间具有一定的线性相关关系;曲线拟合参数与基本物理性质间具有一定的线性相关关系,其中土水特征曲线参数与土壤质地以及容重线性相关性较高,收缩特征曲线物理参数与基本物理性质间的线性相关性较收缩特征曲线其他参数高。此外,曲线拟合参数间以及这些参数与基本物理性质间具有一定的非线性相关关系,而关系多为二次、三次非线性相关。根据花岗岩风化土颗粒组成状况及其基本物理性质对其水分特征曲线及收缩特征曲线进行预测具有一定的可行性。