Single and Combined Effects of As （Ⅲ） and Acetochlor on Phosphatase Activity in Soil

The actions and interactions of acetochlor and As on the soil phosphatase activity were investigated after 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 30 and 60 d of exposure under control conditions. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of acetochlor and As individually and simultaneously. The results showed that acetochlor, As only, and combined pollution all clearly inhibited soil phosphatase activity. The maximum inhibition ratios of soil phosphatase activity by acetochlor, As only and combined pollution were 36.44, 74.12 and 61.29%, respectively. Two kinetic models, ν=c/(1+bi) (model 1) and ν=c(1+ai)/(l+bi) (model 2), were used to describe the relationship between the concentrations of As and acetochlor and the activity of soil phosphatase. The semi-effect dose (ED 50 ) values induced by As and acetochlor stress based on the inhibition of soil phosphatase were 18.1 and 33.11 mg kg-1, respectively, according to calculation by model 1. The interactive effect of acetochlor with As on soil phosphatase primarily consisted of significant antagonism effects at the higher concentrations tested. The step regression results show that the toxicity order was As (III)>acetochlor>As (III)×acetochlor throughout the incubation period.     

Regional Variability of the Effects of Land Use Systems on Soil Properties

In order to explore the regional variability of the effects of land use systems on soil properties, Shouyang County in Shanxi Province and Danling County in Sichuan Province of China were selected as the study areas. Field soil samples of the four land use systems （natural forest, forest plantation, shrubland, and cropland） were collected, respectively, from the two areas. The general statistical tools were used to analyze soil data. The results showed that the influence of land use systems on soil properties was significant. In general, soils in slightly human-disturbed land use systems presented a higher fertility level than those in strongly human-disturbed land use systems in both areas. Furthermore, the impacts of the same land use systems on soil properties showed a distinct regional variability, and even in the same land use system, different farming systems and site management measures （such as irrigation, fertilization, and pesticides） could also lead to the regional heterogeneity in soil properties. The regional variability of land use effects on soil properties reveals the regional variability of the effects of human activities on environmental changes, and could explain the complex relationship between humans and the natural environment in certain ways.     

Evaluation of Some Physical Properties of Cucumber （Cucumis sativus L.）

Cucumber is one of the important vegetables in many countries. Information about physical properties of cucumber is necessary for designing, grading, sorting and processing operations. In this study, some physical properties such as diameter, length, height, and weight of three varieties of cucumber （Green Gold, Dharwad, and Super Dominus） were measured. The results revealed that there was no significant difference （P〈0.01） in the density values of the studied varieties, but regarding other physical properties there were a significant difference （P〈0.01） among them. The average density for Green Gold, Dharwad and Super Dominus were 0.98, 0.95 and 0.94 g/cm^3, respectively. Green Gold cucumber had the highest diameter, volume, weight, flesh diameter, geometric mean diameter and sphericity. Dharwad and Super Dominus varieties with 15.49 cm length and 4.61 length to diameter ratio had the highest length and length to diameter ratio, respectively. Smallest skin thickness （1.48 cm） was for Super Dominus. Surface area of Green Gold, Dharwad and Super Dominus were 192.29, 192.4 and 131.2 cm^2. As well as there was a high and positive correlation between weight and volume in the studied varieties. There was a non-significant and low correlation （0.56） between diameter and length in Super Dominus. There was also a high and positive correlation between diameter and geometric mean diameter in all the varieties.     

Effects of Magnesium Compound with Fertilizer on Daylily （Hemerocallis citrina Baroni） Growth and Soil Nutrients

Effects of two kinds of magnesium compound with fertilizer on Daylily （Hemerocallis citrina Baroni） growth, yield, and soil nutrients in red soil were studied. The results indicated that significant effects of magnesium applied to soils were observed in increasing Daylily （Hemerocallis citrina Baroni） yield, improving its growth, and strengthening its antivirus property as well as increasing the amount of exchangeable Mg, N, P, and K in red soil. In particular, the effects of magnesium compound fertilizer Ⅱ （MCF2） with higher Mg content were better than that of the others, which increased Daylily （Hemerocallis citrina Baroni） yield by 57.4, 32.8, and 14.5% compared to that of control treatment （CK）, chemical fertilizer with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium treatment （CF）, and magnesium compound fertilizer Ⅰ treatment （MCF1） with lower Mg content. It increased soil Alkali N, available P, exchangeable K, and exchangeable Mg by 94.9, 46.5, 31.1, and 35.3%, respectively, compared with that of CK treatment. Therefore, the application of magnesium compound with fertilizer is an optimum method for improving red soil quality.     

Effects of N and K Fertilization on Cotton in Saline Soil

海涂棉花施用氮钾肥的田间试验于１９９５年在浙江省上虞市海涂实验场进行．试验结果表明，施用氮肥能大大促进棉花生长，显著增加棉花产量，而施用钾肥对棉花生长和产量无显著影响，这与土壤有效钾含量较高有关．从经济效果和产量来看，最适施氮量（Ｎ）为２７０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２．     

Soil Properties Degradation Assessment Using Infrared Scanning Technique of Soils （Case Study： Eastern of Congo）

Recently, near infrared reflectance （NIR） and mid-infrared （MIR） spectroscopy techniques are increasingly introduced as convenient and simple non-destructive techniques for quantifying several soil properties. This study uses MIR method to predict pH, soil organic C, total N, AI, Ca, Mg and K, CEC and soil texture for soil samples collected in Sud-Kivu, Congo. A total of 536 composite soil samples were taken from two locations （Burhale and Luhihi） at two depths （0-20 cm and 20-40 cm） using a spatially-stratified random sampling design within an area of 200 km2. Differences in characteristics were evaluated between the two locations, land use （cultivated vs. non-cultivated land） with soil depths. A random subset of the samples （10%） were analyzed using standard wet chemistry methods, and calibration models developed by MIR data to estimate soil properties for the full soil sample set. Partial least squares regression （PLS） method gave acceptable coefficients of determination between 0.71 and 0.93 for all parameters. Soil organic matter levels were higher in cultivated plots in Luhihi （3.9% C） than in Burhale （3.0% C）, suggesting lower levels of soil fertility in the later area. This indicates high levels of acidity, which are likely to limit crop production in the area. Phosphorus deficiency is acute in Burhale （2.4 mg P/kg） but less in Luhihi （5.4 mg P/kg）. In both locations, low levels of Ca and Mg indicate that soils may be susceptible to deficiencies in both elements.These findings provide new opportunities for monitoring soil quality in the region which can benefit multiple actors and scientists involved in the agricultural and environmental sectors.     

In Vitro Activity of Lawsonia inermis （Henna） on Some Pathogenic Fungi

The present study was conducted to investigate antifungal activity ofLawsonia inermis （Henna plant）. Leaf samples of the plants were collected from Eastern Nile of Khartoum state, Sudan. Ethanol and petroleum ether extracts in various concentrations were obtained by maceration （cold method）. The extracts were bioassay in vitro to know their bioactivity to inhibit the growth of tested fungi. The cup plate agar diffusion method was adopted to assess the antifungal activity of the extracts against tested yeasts while agar incorporated method was used for other molds. Both extracts revealed anti fungal activity against all yeast strains except Pichiafabianii which was found resistant to both ethanol and ether extracts. The results displayed antifungal activity against tested fungi. Minimum mould concentration （MMC） of the extracts was determined. The obtained results revealed antifungal activity of henna leaves extracts which support the traditional use of the Henna in therapy of fungal infections. The possibility of therapeutic use of Sudanese henna as antifungal agents is recommended.     

Sublethal Effects of Metaflumizone on Plutella xylostella （Lepidoptera： Plutellidae）

Metaflumizone is a novel sodium channel blocker insecticide,which has been registered for controling the diamondback moth (DBM),Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae) in China.It is unavoidable ...     

沙土掺黏土后土壤保水保肥性研究

采用室内土柱模拟的方法,研究不同剂量(0、176.60、235.46、294.33 g)的黏土对一定比例的混合沙土保水保肥能力的改良效果。结果表明,黏土能显著提高混合沙土的保水保肥能力。与对照相比,磷酸二铵溶液在加有黏土的土柱中渗透更慢,且渗透速率随黏土的施入量而减小;淋溶液中的铵态氮与有效磷总量随黏土施用量的增加而减少,说明黏土可以显著提高混合沙土的保水与保肥能力。     

黄河古道沙土地冬小麦节水灌溉研究

研究了河北黄河古道沙土地冬小麦的节水灌溉。结果表明，在自然降水条件下，冬小麦在返青至收获灌三次水：起身水（3月中旬）、孕穗水（4月中旬）和灌浆水（5月中旬）、每次灌水量为40．5mm，小麦可达4644kg·hm－2。由于沙土持水性弱，高出一倍多水量的灌溉对小麦无增产效果。因此，节水灌溉比高出一倍的一般畦灌水量可节水50％，比当地农民长畦漫灌节水可达73％以上。     

生物炭对风沙土理化性质及玉米生长的影响

为了明确生物炭对风沙土的改良以及对玉米生长的影响,通过施用化肥、秸秆还田以及不同施入量的生物炭试验研究生物炭对风沙土理化性质及玉米植株生长和产量的影响。结果表明:与常规施肥(NPK处理)相比,秸秆还田降低风沙土的土壤体积质量,增加田间持水量、苗期的株高、茎粗、叶长、叶宽以及地上、地下干质量和籽粒产量,但都没有达到显著水平。生物炭不同施用量条件下,随着生物炭施用量的增加,土壤体积质量表现为持续降低的趋势,在施用量为31 500kg/hm~2时与NPK处理相比较表现显著差异,并在最大施用量63 000kg/hm~2时达到最低值2.42g/cm3;生长指标中,苗期的叶长和穗期的株高、叶长以及叶宽都在NPK+B12处理条件下达到最大值,其余指标均在NPK+B24处理条件下达到最大值;干物质积累以及籽粒产量亦随着生物炭施用量的增加而增加,其中地上干质量及籽粒产量均在施用量为2 580kg/hm~2时达到与NPK处理相比较差异显著,地下干质量在施用量31 500kg/hm~2时与NPK处理相比较表现显著差异。与秸秆还田相比,生物炭与NPK配施更能改善风沙土的理化性质,促进玉米生长及产量增加,且生物炭的施用量越高,其效果越明显。     

施用草炭对科尔沁沙地土壤的改良效果

用草炭在科尔沁沙地上进行土壤改良田间试验,结果表明,施用有机质含量高、含有丰富的植物所需营养元素的草炭,可以有效地改善沙地土壤理化性质,提高其保水、保肥能力,增加作物产量。这为科尔沁沙地土壤改良开辟了一条新的途径。     

2种保水剂对砂土土壤持水性能的影响

以营养型抗旱保水剂、沃特保水剂和冬小麦矮抗58为试验材料,在延津县砂质潮土试验基地开展了2种保水剂不同用量(0、15、30、45、60kg/hm2)和不同生育期(拔节期和孕穗期)施用对麦田砂土土壤物理性质及其持水性能影响的研究。结果表明,施用营养型抗旱保水剂,拔节期和孕穗期土壤容重分别平均减小3.1%、5.8%,土壤总孔隙度分别平均增大14.0%、7.3%,土壤含水量在拔节期增大,孕穗期减小,土壤持水性能在2个生育期都有所增强,并以45kg/hm2用量效果最好;施用沃特保水剂,孕穗期土壤容重平均减小5.1%,土壤孔隙度平均增大1.5%;而拔节期土壤容重、土壤孔隙度变化不明显,土壤含水量和土壤持水性能都随着用量的增加而增大,以30kg/hm2用量效果最好。孕穗期施用保水剂对土壤物理性质的影响比拔节期施用的效果好;2种保水剂以营养型抗旱保水剂的效果较好。     

黄河故道沙土地夏花生灌溉研究

黄河古道沙土的裸地土壤含水量在正常降水补给下可达到田间持水量的水平，直到１０月时，０－１００ｃｍ土壤含水量仍为１５％。造靠天然降水的对照处理，其土壤含水量在雨水补给下也达到田间持水量水平，在１０月花生收获时０－１００ｃｍ土壤含水量为１４％，不同灌溉处理对花生产量影响不大。     

砂姜黑土地不同耕作模式试验研究

通过不同耕作模式的对比试验,探讨在砂姜黑土地不同耕作模式对小麦生长发育和产量形成的影响,建立适合郯城县砂姜黑土地冬小麦生长的合理耕层构建模式。试验结果表明,深松模式可以获得较高的经济价值,值得推广。     

风沙土膜下滴灌灌溉水量对玉米生长和产量的影响

[目的]为了更好地为风沙土膜下滴灌灌溉制度的制定提供理论依据。[方法]通过田间试验对不同灌溉水量条件下风沙土地区膜下滴灌玉米生长和产量的影响进行研究。[结果]灌溉水量对玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积指数（LA,）和单株地上干物质重等营养生长指标影响较小;穗长、穗粗、行粒数、百粒重、穗粒重、穗重等产量构成性状和产量均随着灌水量的增加先增大后减小,灌溉水量为75％Er时产量最高,达到7．67t／hm3;水分利用效率（WUE）随着灌溉水量的增加线性下降,25％ET时WUE最大,为1．30kg／m3。[结论]在风沙土地区,玉米膜下滴灌灌溉水量宜控制在25％ET～75％ET。     

种植甘草对风沙土机械组成与养分的影响

为阐明种植甘草对沙漠地区风沙土的改良效应,以库布齐沙漠阿木古龙甘草基地为研究对象,探讨了不同甘草种植年限下土壤机械组成与养分含量的变化及其二者的相关关系.结果 表明:①随着甘草种植年限的增加,粉沙含量有显著增加的趋势(P＜0.05),1年、2年和4年生甘草样地粉沙含量较裸地分别提高了1.08％、1.35％和4.01％;...     

泥炭和腐泥对风沙土理化性质和白菜生长的影响

选用泥炭、腐泥及其混合物3种天然有机物料作为风沙土改良剂,进行盆栽试验,评价不同处理对白菜生长状况和风沙土性质的影响.结果表明,施入泥炭和腐泥后的风沙土利于白菜生长,单施泥炭8%～12%、或单施腐泥28%～32%效果明显,混合施入12%泥炭+28%腐泥的效果也较好,表现为风沙土的物理结构、pH有所改善,土壤中有机质、速效氮、磷、钾和腐植酸含量都有所增加;白菜的高度、根长、鲜质量和干质量明显优于对照. 因此,认为泥炭和腐泥是风沙土的优良改良剂.