封闭循环流水养殖的花鳗鲡脂肪酸特征分析

为探寻封闭循环流水养殖模式下养殖的较大型(≥2 kg)花鳗鲡(Anguilla marmorata)各可食部的脂肪酸特征,利用索氏抽提法获得各部位的粗脂肪,以37种脂肪酸甲酯混标标准品为标准,气相色谱外标法检测脂肪酸的组成。检测结果显示,鱼皮中粗脂肪含量最高为26.96%,鱼肉的粗脂肪含量为10.36%;不同可食部的脂肪酸组成基本相似,饱和脂肪酸9种,单不饱和脂肪酸6种,多不饱和脂肪酸8种,饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸间的比例大约都为1∶3∶1,三大类脂肪酸中含量最高的分别为软脂酸C16∶0、油酸C18∶1n9c和二十二碳六烯酸C22∶6n3,油酸在不同可食部中均超过20 g/100 g总脂,C22∶6n3(DHA)在不同可食部中含量在4.42~5.59 g/100 g总脂之间。研究表明,较大型花鳗鲡是人体所需脂肪酸的良好食物来源。     

2010年绿潮藻营养成分分析及其食用安全性评价

近几年来,中国南黄海海域连续暴发的绿潮灾害引起了广泛关注,为综合利用绿潮藻,实验采用国标规定方法,对2010年采自江苏和山东的绿藻类海藻的基本营养成分、叶绿素、氨基酸、矿质元素及其重金属含量进行了测定与分析.结果显示,碳水化合物占绿潮藻组成成分的35.82％～52.43％;粗蛋白含量随采集时间的不同变化较大,为31.04％～12.11％;粗脂肪含量很低,不足藻体的1％;叶绿素含量差异较大,随采集时间的延后其含量显著下降;氨基酸含量较高,其中必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的含量可达37.45％,呈味氨基酸天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸含量较高;矿质元素含量丰富,其中Ca、Fe、Zn等含量都较高,重金属元素Pb、Hg、Cd等含量均低于国家标准中的限量要求.固着绿藻的成分变化不明显.     

养殖曼氏无针乌贼白色卵膜营养成分分析及评价

测定分析并评价了养殖曼氏无针乌贼（ Sepiella maindroni）白色卵膜（WEM）的营养成分。结果表明,WEM （鲜样）中水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的质量分数分别为92.34％、1.76％、5.28％和0.34％。WEM（干样）中氨基酸（AA）总量为55.53％,其中必需氨基酸（EAA）总量为19.85％;必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸（NEAA）的比值为65.6％,构成比例符合 FAO/ WHO 规定的优质蛋白质标准;鲜味氨基酸（ DTAA）总量为29.53％。WEM的第一限制性氨基酸为苯丙氨酸＋酪氨酸（Phe ＋ Tyr）,必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）为38.03。脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）占19.21％。矿物质含量丰富,尤其以磷（P）质量分数最高（1423.2 mg·kg -1）。结果表明,WEM 营养组分较为全面,与野生黑色卵膜（BEM）的营养成分进行对比分析发现,在氨基酸组成、必需氨基酸和无机元素质量分数等方面存在差异,这种差异是否是导致白化受精卵孵化率降低的关键因素有待进一步研究。     

3种不同体色刺参体壁营养成分的比较研究

本研究分别对青色、紫色和白色刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)体壁的营养成分,包括蛋白、脂肪、粗多糖、氨基酸组成、脂肪酸组成及微量元素进行了比较分析.结果显示,青色刺参蛋白含量显著低于紫色和白色刺参(P<0.05),脂肪含量三者无显著差异(P>0.05),青色刺参和紫色刺参的粗多糖含量高于白色刺参(P...     

蓝圆鲹肌肉中营养成分分析与评价

为了测定蓝圆鲹(Decapterus maruadsi)肌肉中的营养成分,并对其营养价值进行系统的分析及合理的评价,采用国家标准生化测定方法检测蓝圆鲹肌肉中的水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、氨基酸、脂肪酸及矿物质。结果显示,蓝圆鲹肌肉中水分含量为75.00%,粗蛋白质、粗脂肪及粗灰分的干重含量分别为79.52%、9.88%和4.16%;共检出18种氨基酸,总含量为75.24%(干重),必需氨基酸占氨基酸总含量的30.08%,谷氨酸含量最高(11.40%),主要的限制氨基酸是色氨酸和缬氨酸,必需氨基酸指数EAAI为83.32;共检出17种脂肪酸,棕榈酸含量最高(2.60%),EPA+DHA含量为2.20%;富含磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、钠(Na)、镁(Mg)等矿物质元素,常量元素中磷的含量最高(2 193.99 mg/kg),微量元素中铁的含量最高(22.25 mg/kg)。研究表明,蓝圆鲹是高蛋白低脂肪、营养价值及经济价值均较高的优质海洋经济鱼类,具有较好的综合开发利用价值。     

糙齿海豚营养组成分析

主要就中国水域糙齿海豚肌肉组织的营养组成情况进行分析。分析部位包括背肌、腹肌和尾肌3个部分。分析结果表明,海豚肌肉组织粗营养成分中腹肌脂肪含量最高,背肌粗蛋白含量最高。肌肉中氨基酸组成具有极高的一致性,含量最高的氨基酸均为谷氨酸,最低的是胱氨酸。海豚肌肉组织脂肪酸组成含有动物及鱼油中典型的脂肪酸如棕榈酸（16∶0）、棕榈油酸（16∶1）、硬脂酸（18∶0）、油酸（18∶1）、EPA（20∶5 -3）及DHA（22∶6 -3）。饱和脂肪酸（SFA）的总量与单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）的总量相近且大于多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的总量。不饱和脂肪酸中-3/-6的比值较低(0.12~1.36),与其它海洋有机生物相比（通常高于4,有的高达50）,该值明显偏低。海豚肌肉组织中富含钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）、铁（Fe）及锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）、锰（Mn）、硒（Se）等微量元素,这些元素在海豚肌肉组织中的分布无明显差别。     

Nutritional Properties of the Marine Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Fed the Freshwater Microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum

This study examined the effects of storage time on the fatty acid composition of freshwater Selenastrum capricornutum algal paste under 4 C refrigeration, the fatty acid composition of rotifers fed the fresh and stored algal paste, and the toxicological properties of the algal paste. Microalgae were produced in a hydraulically integrated serial turbidostat algal reactor (HIS-TAR), harvested as a paste, refrigerated and analyzed every 2 wk. Fresh Selenastrum capricornutum paste had almost three times greater concentration of unsaturated fatty acids than saturated fatty acids. Over 50% of the unsaturated fatty acids were made up of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Total unsaturated, n-3 group and n-6 group fatty acids decreased ( P 0.05) during storage, including the nutritionally important fatty acids (C20:4n6, C20:5n3, C22: 6n3). Rotifers fed 2– and 4-wk-old algal paste had a significantly lower ( P 0.05) total unsaturated fatty acid percentage and significantly greater ( P 0.05) total saturated fatty acids than those fed fresh algae. There were no significant changes in the n-6 group fatty acid level in the 4-wk-old paste feeding study or for the n-3 or n-6 groups in the 2-wk-old paste feeding study as compared to fresh algae. The levels of the three nutritionally important fatty acids (C20:4n6, C20:5n3, C22:6n3) did not differ between rotifers fed fresh and stored algae. Stored algae did not present toxicity to rotifers and Daphnia at the normal feeding concentration. These results indicated that the use of refrigerated freshwater algal paste for production of rotifers results in live feed with adequate nutritional properties for marine larviculture. This could eliminate the costs associated with production of marine algae, which could be replaced with freshwater algae, and may provide an alternative to cryopreservation.     

Determination of amino acid and fatty acid composition of goldband goatfish [Upeneus moluccensis (Bleeker, 1855)] fishing from the Gulf of Antalya (Turkey)

In this study, we aimed to determine the basic food components, fatty acids and amino acids, and variations in these components with months in goldband goatfish (Upeneus moluccensis) that fishing from Gulf of Antalya. As a result of the analyzes, the crude fat values were determined between 1.43 and 3.78%, and the crude protein values were determined between 20.79 and 22.16%. The most abundant fatty acids were determined: palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1c9), oleic acid (C18:1c9), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6), eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n-3), arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n-6), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3). The most abundant amino acids were determined lysine and leucine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, and glycine. The differentiations of essential nutrient components, fatty acids, and amino acids were found generally significant (P < 0.05).

     

干燥方法及保存条件对小球藻粉脂肪酸含量和种类组成的影响

研究了低温烘干、真空冻干和微波干燥3种干燥方式对蛋白核小球藻粗脂肪、脂肪酸含量和种类组成的影响及不同保存条件下脂肪酸的变化规律。试验结果表明,低温烘干藻粉的粗脂肪含量明显低于真空冻干藻粉和微波干燥藻粉。3种干燥方式对小球藻脂肪酸含量无显著影响,但藻粉颜色明显不同。藻粉脂肪酸含量与鲜藻之间无显著差异。在小球藻粉保存过程中,脂肪酸种类组成保持不变。藻粉在常温(14.5～18.5℃)下保存半年、4℃下保存1年时,多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著减少,饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著增加。在-24℃下保存1年时,各脂肪酸含量无明显变化。     

Marine Sources of Furan Fatty Acids

The furan fatty acid (F-fatty acid) content was determined in different marine sources as well as in commercially available marine oil products that claim to be health promoting. The five F-fatty acids typically representing the majority of F-fatty acids in fish, 9M5 (9-(3-methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)-nonanoic acid), 9D5 (9-(3-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)-nonanoic acid), 11D3 (11-(3,4-Dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)-undecanoic acid), 11D5 (11-(3,4-Dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)-undecanoic acid), and 11M5 (11-(3-Methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)-undecanoic acid) were measured as methyl esters using a gas chromatograph linked with a tandem mass spectrometer (GC/MS-MS). The results showed a significant difference in F-fatty acid levels between the different marine oil products analyzed, depending on the source of raw material. Of the 11 different Icelandic marine catches analyzed, the highest total amount of F-fatty acids was found in the farmed fish.     

Supplementation of organic acids and algae extracts in the diet of red drum Sciaenops ocellatus: immunological impacts

The evaluation of a wide variety of immunostimulatory compounds in the diet of cultured fish has received heightened attention in recent years. However, two organic acids, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and potassium diformate (KDF), have been researched to only a limited extent with aquatic species but have been shown to have various positive effects on terrestrial animals. Two algae extracts, carrageenan and alginic acid, also have been shown to elicit immunostimulation in some fish. Therefore, this study was conducted with red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, as a model marine species to study the effects of organic acids and algae extracts as feed supplements by evaluating several humoral and cellular immune responses. A 7‐week feeding trial was conducted with disease‐free juvenile red drum (average initial wt. 2.6 ± 0.2 g). Semipurified diets were formulated to be isocaloric and contain 40% crude protein. Based on previous studies with other fish species, experimental diets were produced by supplementing the basal diet with KDF at 0.6%, PHB at 2%, alginic acid at 1% or carrageenan at 0.5% by weight in place of cellulose. Fish were stocked into 110‐L aquaria operated as a recirculating system with each diet assigned to three replicate aquaria containing 15 fish. At the end of 7 weeks, weight gain and feed efficiency were significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced in fish feed PHB compared to the basal diet and both algae extracts. The greatest phagocytic activity was found in fish fed the diet containing PHB. Total immunoglobulin level was higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with carrageenan. Goblet cell proliferation was greatest in the posterior end of the gastrointestinal tract but not different among dietary treatments. Organic acids and algae extracts evaluated in this study produced variable immunological responses in red drum with carrageenan showing the greatest potential as an immunostimulant.     

Compositions of fatty acid hydroperoxide positional isomers in sweet smelt, yellowtail and rainbow trout livers phosphatidylcholine

ABSTRACT: Hydroxy fatty acid isomers derived from phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides (PC-OOH) in the livers of three fish species, including sweet smelt, yellowtail and rainbow trout, were determined by selected ion monitoring of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Total molar amounts of all hydroxy fatty acids determined in the present study coincided well with those of PC-OOH reported previously, suggesting that hydroxy fatty acid composition reflects hydroperoxide composition. The total amount of hydroperoxide isomers accumulated in the livers of sweet smelt was much higher than those of yellowtail and rainbow trout. The amounts of certain isomers, including 10-hydroperoxy octadecanoic acid, 12-hydroperoxy eicosanoic acid and 14-hydroperoxy docosanoic acid, were significantly higher than those of rainbow trout and yellowtail. These results suggest that differences in the contents and compositions of certain hydroperoxide isomers, which are possible precursors of a watermelon-like or cucumber-like aroma, result in differences of fresh fish aroma between aromatic fish and non-aromatic fish.     

Chemical and Nutritional Characteristics of Holothuria tubulosa (Gmelin, 1788); A Seasonally Comparative Study

Sea cucumbers belonging to the Holothuroidea class are a group of worm-like and soft-bodied echinoderms that live in nearly all marine environments. Mediterranean Holothuria tubulosa is an economic sea cucumber species found in Turkish seas. This study aimed to present the first report of detailed amino acid profile and investigate the biochemical and nutritional characteristics of H. tubulosa seasonally collected from one of the densest natural beds, located at Çanakkale Strait (Southern Coast of Marmara Sea), Turkey. According to our results, the highest protein, lipid, and ash contents (%) were found to be 10.2, 1.9, and 5.1, respectively. The highest percentages of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 42.9, 28.3, and 37.8, respectively. Total amino acids (mg/g crude protein) ranged between 867.2 and 974.0 among all seasons. All essential amino acids were found in body wall tissues and ranged between 7.1 and 5.9. Mineral composition was found to be desirable at the recommended and threshold levels. In general, the proximate composition of H. tubulosa was directly affected by seasons (p < .05); however, amino acid, fatty acid, and mineral compositions were found to be similar among all seasons, except summer (p > .05).     

星斑川鲽的营养分析与评价

测定了养殖星斑川鲽肌肉中的蛋白质、脂类和灰分等生化组分,并计算了其比能值,分析了肌肉中构成蛋白质的16种常见氨基酸和主要脂肪酸含量。结果表明,星斑川鲽属高蛋白、低脂肪鱼类;肌肉氨基酸含量同其他鲆鲽鱼类相比,属中上等水平;必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸的含量较高。肌肉蛋白中氨基酸的支／芳值为2．33。各类脂肪酸中,油酸（18：In）含量最高,其次为亚油酸（18：2n6）和棕榈酸（16：0）。星斑川鲽富含EPA和DHA,营养丰富且平衡良好,是值得推荐的优良养殖品种和优质食用鱼类。     

深水网箱和池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉营养成分的比较分析

对深水网箱和池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸质量分数进行了比较分析。结果显示:1)网箱养殖对虾肌肉粗蛋白质量分数显著高于池塘养殖(P0.05),而水分、粗脂肪和粗灰分质量分数无显著差异(P0.05);2)肌肉中检测到18种常见氨基酸,网箱养殖对虾肌肉氨基酸总量(TAA)、天门冬氨酸(Asp)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、精氨酸(Arg)和脯氨酸(Pro)质量分数显著高于池塘养殖(P0.05),而必需氨基酸(EAA)、半必需氨基酸(HEAA)、鲜味氨基酸(DAA)和虾味氨基酸(PFAA)两者无显著差异(P0.05);3)肌肉中检测到30种常见脂肪酸,两者的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(EPA和DHA)质量分数差异显著(P0.05),以网箱养殖对虾较高;两者的棕榈酸(C16∶0)质量分数最高,且网箱养殖对虾EPA+DHA质量分数是池塘养殖的1.90倍。结果表明,网箱养殖对虾营养成分要优于池塘养殖,具有较高的营养价值。     

Inter species changes of lipid compositions in liver of shallow-water sharks from the Indian Ocean

ABSTRACT:     The liver oils of five dominant shark species, Alopias superciliosus, Carcharhinus falciformis, C. longimanus, Prionace glauca , and Sphyrna lewini , in the Indian Ocean were studied for their lipid classes, fatty acid and triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular compositions, in order to understand and identify the inter species changes and possible utilization avenues. The livers showed 26.1–60.1% oil content regardless of the gender or species of shark. Triacylglycerol was the predominant lipid class (65.2–86.1%) in all species followed by sterol esters (2.9–12.7%), hydrocarbons (2.5–11.6%) and diacylglyceryl ethers (1.0–3.8%). The major fatty acid in total lipid and TAG was docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3; DHA), which in male S. lewini was at remarkable levels (43.4%). The predominant fatty acid combinations of TAG molecules in all shark species were palmitic, DHA and oleic acids (PDO 12.5–19.9%), and palmitic, DHA and palmitic acids (PDP; 8.4–15.4%). Tridocosahexaenoin was found in considerable levels in S. lewini (male).     

甘露青鱼肌肉营养分析和评价

取材太湖流域无锡甘露水产公司养殖的大青鱼,采用化学及仪器分析手段,对青鱼含肉率及肌肉营养成分进行了分析测定,含肉率为71 08%,肌肉中蛋白质含量为16 56%,脂肪含量为14 08%,其中70 73%为不饱和脂肪酸,18种氨基酸总量为14 91%,8种人体必需氨基酸的含量为6 07%,4种鲜味氨基酸的含量为5 62%,还含有多种微量元素,通过大量基础数据综合评价甘露青鱼的营养价值。     

达里湖高原鳅肌肉营养成分分析与品质评价

采用常规生化分析方法分析和评价内蒙古达里诺尔湖达里湖高原鳅Triplophysa dalaica肌肉的营养成分。结果表明:达里湖高原鳅全鱼和肌肉的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量分别为:(74.28±1.04)%和(78.30±0.23)%、(14.57±0.02)%和(17.77±0.05)%、(7.15±1.56)%和(1.77±0.03)%、(3.45±0.14)%和(1.14±0.05)%。达里湖高原鳅肌肉中共检测出18种氨基酸,总量(TAA)为(13.80±0.92)%,其中8种必需氨基酸(EAA)总量为(5.72±0.37)%,占氨基酸总量的(41.43±0.69)%,必需氨基酸总量(TEAA)/非必需氨基酸总量(TNEAA)为(70.76±1.99)%,其必需氨基酸比例符合FAO/WTO的理想模式。依据氨基酸评分标准(ASS),达里湖高原鳅的第一、第二限制性氨基酸分别为缬氨酸、色氨酸;依据化学评分标准(CS),达里湖高原鳅的第一、第二限制性氨基酸分别为色氨酸、蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为55.52。肌肉中鲜味氨基酸(DAA)总量为(5.29±0.24)%,占氨基酸总量的(38.40±1.07)%,支链氨基酸(BCAA)与芳香族氨基酸(AAA)的比值(F)为(2.48±0.16)。肌肉中共检测出22种脂肪酸,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)总含量为(23.50±0.12)%,其中二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)+二十碳五烯酸(EPA)含量为(9.37±0.10)%,必需脂肪酸(EFA)含量为(10.07±0.29)%。分析结果表明,达里湖高原鳅具有合理的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,是一种味道鲜美、营养价值丰富的淡水鱼类,具有良好的开发利用前景。     

短须裂腹鱼营养成分分析与品质评价

采用生化方法对短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachii)的常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成进行了分析,并对其营养品质进行了评价,为其养殖生产及饲料配制提供理论依据。2015年5月采集当年人工繁殖的短须裂腹鱼幼鱼200尾作为实验材料,体长为5~8 cm,体重为3.12~4.51 g,分成4个混合样本进行检测分析。结果表明,短须裂腹鱼鲜样中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分分别为(70.66±1.50)%、(14.24±0.40)%、(12.83±1.44)%和(2.05±0.11)%。共检测出17种氨基酸,总量为(10.88±0.21)%,必需氨基酸总量(5.05±0.11)%,非必需氨基酸总量为(5.83±0.10)%;依据氨基酸评分(AAS),短须裂腹鱼的第一限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸(Val),第二限制性氨基酸为异亮氨酸(Ile);依据化学评分,第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸(Met+Cys),第二限制性氨基酸为苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸(Phe+Tyr)。共检测出17种脂肪酸,总量为(84.39±7.20)mg/100 g,饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸以及多不饱和脂肪酸分别为(24.95±2.22)mg/100 g、(38.69±3.29)mg/100 g、(20.22±1.60)mg/100 g。综合分析认为短须裂腹鱼是具有食用价值和资源开发潜力。     

A comparison of the fatty acid profiles of adult tissues,and newly hatched,fed and starved Lysmata amboinensis larvae

This study evaluated the lipid content and fatty acid (FA) profile of the hepatopancreas, ovaries and tail muscle of Lysmata amboinensis broodstock, as well as newly hatched larvae subjected to a period of starvation or feed from hatch to Zoea 2. The hepatopancreas had a high lipid content, confirming its role as a process and storage organ in L. amboinensis. Lipids were also a major component of ovarian dry weight, in agreement with reports on other crustaceans during maturation. The tail muscle, being a functional rather than a storage organ, contained low total lipids and was the tissue that closely resembled the FA profile of the newly hatched larvae. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) were the most abundant components of the lipid profiles in broodstock and larvae. The HUFAs docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic were preferentially retained during nutritional stress, confirming their importance for marine cleaner shrimp during early larval development. It appeared polyunsaturated fatty acid and HUFA requirements were met through the larval diet. The SFAs stearic and palmitic were abundant in adult tissues and larvae, whereas monounsaturated fatty acids may have been preferentially catabolized to meet energetic and metabolic larval requirements.