生物质灰对红壤酸度的改良效果

用采自安徽、浙江、湖南和广东的4种红壤和1种赤红壤,通过室内培养实验研究了添加生物质灰对酸性土壤的改良效果。结果表明,添加生物质灰提高了土壤p H,降低了土壤交换性铝含量,且阳离子交换量(CEC)越小改良效果越明显。改良后土壤交换性K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量也显著增加,交换性Ca2+增幅最大,其次为交换性K+。有效磷含量也有增加,磷含量较高的土壤有效磷增幅更大。虽然生物质灰含有一定量的重金属,但由于用量较少,对土壤有效态重金属含量的影响小,施用生物质灰的环境风险较小。总之,添加生物质灰不仅可以有效改良红壤酸度,还可提高红壤肥力。     

钢渣与生物质炭配合施用对红壤酸度的改良效果

采用厌氧热解方法制备污泥生物质炭和花生秸秆炭,研究了钢渣和生物质炭单独施用及配合施用对红壤酸度的改良效果,结果表明,钢渣、花生秸秆炭和污泥生物质炭均含有一定量的碱性物质,向红壤中添加钢渣和生物质炭可以中和土壤酸度,提高土壤pH,增加土壤交换性盐基阳离子含量,降低土壤交换性铝含量.90天培养实验结束时,这3种改良剂分别使土壤pH相对对照提高1.10、0.72和0.48.钢渣与花生秸秆炭配合施用对土壤酸度的改良效果最好,使土壤pH相对对照提高2.14,单施污泥生物质炭的改良效果最小.钢渣和生物质炭含一定量的养分元素,添加钢渣和生物质炭可以同时改善土壤肥力.钢渣含丰富的钙,添加钢渣使土壤交换性钙含量增幅最大,相对对照增加4.5倍;添加花生秸秆炭使土壤交换钾增加最显著,相对对照约增加7倍;污泥生物质炭含丰富的磷,添加污泥生物质炭使土壤有效磷增加最显著,相对对照增加5.4倍.添加钢渣和2种生物质炭均显著提高了土壤交换性镁含量,将钢渣与生物质炭配合施用,土壤交换性镁含量的增幅更大.由于钢渣和2种生物质炭的碱含量和养分含量各有特点,因此可以根据土壤酸度状况和养分含量选择将钢渣与不同生物质炭配合施用,以达到既能最大限度中和土壤酸度又能补充土壤所必需养分的目的.     

玉米秸秆和污泥共热解制备的生物质炭及其对盐碱土壤理化性质的影响

[目的]研究不同温度制备的玉米秸秆和污泥基生物质炭不同施加量对盐碱土壤基本理化性质的影响,为盐碱土改良及土壤污染物质的生态修复等方面的研究提供科学依据。[方法]以质量比5∶2的玉米秸秆和剩余活性污泥为原料,分别在300,350,400,450,500℃共5个不同温度条件下热解制备生物质炭,通过扫描电镜、元素分析和红外光谱对其性质及结构进行分析,并通过培养试验研究其对盐碱土壤基本理化性质的影响。[结果]随着热解温度的升高,生物质炭微观结构越发达,比表面积越大,表面官能团的种类和数量也产生了显著性变化;同时随着热解温度逐渐升高,生物质炭C含量不断增加,而O,H和N含量却逐渐降低;添加玉米秸秆和污泥共热解制备的生物质炭能够显著增加盐碱土壤中有机碳含量,而土壤中总氮、总磷、有效磷、速效钾含量变化幅度较小;水溶性盐含量降低明显;加入生物质炭后大幅度提高了土壤阳离子交换能力,添加量越大,阳离子交换量越大;但生物质炭对土壤pH值影响不大。[结论]玉米秸秆和污泥基生物质炭提高了土壤养分含量和肥力指标,降低了土壤盐碱性。玉米秸秆和污泥基生物质炭可用于盐碱土壤的改良。     

生物质炭中盐基离子存在形态及其与改良酸性土壤的关系

为研究生物质炭中盐基离子存在形态及其与改良酸性土壤的关系,通过厌氧热解的方法于300、500和700℃下制备了玉米秸秆炭。考察了热解温度对玉米秸秆炭水溶性、交换性和盐基总量的影响。采用室内培养的方法考察了添加玉米秸秆炭对酸性土壤的改良效果。结果表明:热解温度影响玉米秸秆炭各形态盐基离子含量,玉米秸秆炭总K、总Na、总Ca、总Mg、水溶性K、水溶性Na、水溶性Ca、交换性Ca和交换性Mg含量随热解温度升高显著增加;水溶性Mg和交换性K含量随热解温度升高先增加后下降。玉米秸秆炭中的K和Na主要以水溶态存在,约40%的Ca和30%的Mg以交换态存在,约50%的Ca和70%的Mg以其他形态(主要为难溶态)存在。添加玉米秸秆炭能极显著提高酸性土壤pH和降低土壤交换性Al3+含量,提高和降低幅度随热解温度升高极显著增加。总K+总Na+总Ca+总Mg含量可以作为衡量玉米秸秆炭提高酸性土壤pH能力的间接指标。添加玉米秸秆炭能极显著提高土壤交换性K、Na和Mg含量,能显著提高交换性Ca和总盐基离子含量。玉米秸秆炭总K和总Na含量是提高土壤交换性K和Na含量的决定因素,交换性Ca含量在提高土壤交换性Mg和交换性盐基总量中起决定作用。     

长期定位施肥对亚热带丘陵地区红壤旱地质量的影响Ⅰ.酸度

研究了中国科学院红壤生态实验站长期定位施肥试验5种不同施肥处理对土壤pH、土壤交换性氢、铝的影响,及其与土壤有机质之间的相关性。结果表明,长期不同施肥处理均提高了土壤pH,降低了土壤交换性氢和交换性铝含量,改良了红壤的酸性。施用有机肥(M)、有机肥+菌剂(BM)、有机肥+菌剂+微量元素(BMT)显著优于施用化肥(F)和化肥+微量元素(TF)的处理。添加微量元素和有效菌剂后土壤交换性氢、铝含量略有提高。土壤有机质与土壤pH呈显著正相关,与土壤交换性氢含量的相关性不显著,而与土壤交换性铝含量呈显著负相关。随着土壤有机质含量的增加,土壤交换性氢占土壤交换性酸度比例越大。长期施用有机肥、提高土壤有机质含量是改良红壤酸度和减轻铝毒较好的农艺措施。     

2种含铁材料对水稻土中砷和重金属生物有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验研究添加2种含铁材料(Fe(OH)3、FeCl3)对污染水稻土壤中As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn生物有效性的影响。结果表明,添加Fe(OH)3对土壤As交换态含量没有显著的影响,添加FeCl3显著降低了土壤As交换态含量,添加量为0.50g/kg时,土壤As交换态含量比对照下降46%。添加Fe(OH)3使土壤Pb、Cu交换态含量显著降低,2.00g/kg的添加量使Pb、Cu交换态含量分别下降63%,74%。添加FeCl3使土壤Pb、Cd、Zn交换态含量显著升高,2.00g/kg的添加量使Pb、Cd、Zn交换态含量分别升高3 834%,247%,1 744%。添加Fe(OH)3对糙米中无机As和重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量没有显著的影响,添加FeCl3显著降低了糙米中无机As含量,但显著提高了糙米中Pb、Cu含量,1.00g/kg的添加量使糙米中无机As含量降低33%,Pb、Cu含量分别升高147%,50%。表明添加FeCl3能有效降低土壤As的生物有效性,但提高了土壤重金属的生物有效性。添加Fe(OH)3对土壤pH无显著影响,而添加FeCl3能显著降低土壤pH值,这是FeCl3能有效固定土壤As,提高土壤重金属交换态含量的重要原因之一。     

城市污泥与花生壳制活性炭的重金属形态分析及生态风险评价

采用BCR提取法对以污泥和花生壳为原料制备的活性炭进行重金属形态分析,利用原子吸收法测定污泥热解前后Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb的不同形态含量。结果表明,污泥中Zn的含量最高,Zn和Cu的含量超过了污泥农用标准。热解可使污泥中的可溶解态和可还原态重金属转化为性质稳定的残渣态重金属,在此基础上,利用重金属潜在生态风险指数法（IR）对污泥活性炭的重金属潜在生态风险进行评价,结果得出花生壳添加量为20%,热解温度为600℃条件下,制备出来的活性炭风险最小。同时证实Cd的潜在生态风险系数较大,在利用时应引起足够的重视。     

腐植酸钾对土壤铅化学形态、生物可给性及健康风险的影响

通过重金属分级提取和生物可给性体外模拟试验,研究了腐植酸钾对污染土壤中铅化学形态组成、生物可给性及基于生物可给性的健康风险评价的影响。结果表明,不同比例的腐植酸钾均可显著提高铅污染土壤的pH值和有机质含量,且随着添加量的增大而升高;添加腐植酸钾可显著降低土壤中弱酸提取态铅和可还原态铅含量,增加可氧化态铅和残渣态铅含量,其影响随添加量的增大而增强;土壤中铅的生物可给性随腐植酸钾添加量的增加而显著降低;基于生物可给性的人体健康风险评价显示,经口摄入铅污染土壤造成的危害水平随着腐植酸钾添加量的增大而显著降低,且儿童危害商(非致癌风险)高于成人,约为成人的1.8倍;土壤中铅的安全含量限值随腐植酸钾添加量的增大而增大,非敏感用地高于敏感用地。研究表明,腐植酸钾可有效降低铅污染土壤中铅的健康风险和生态风险,可用于铅污染土壤的修复。     

天然沸石对磷、钾在红壤中迁移影响的室内模拟研究

为了寻求提高磷钾肥利用率的途径，该文采用恒温振荡试验初步研究了天然沸石对水溶性磷、钾在红壤中向无效态转化的影响。结果表明：添加沸石降低了水溶性磷、钾含量，增加了解吸钾量；解吸磷和有效磷在磷酸二氢钾低水平时比对照均降低；在磷酸二氢钾高水平时，前者降低而后者增加了9.6%～32.2%。在富磷的红壤中添加沸石提高了有效磷含量，降低了磷损失的可能性；沸石在红壤中作为钾库和钾源，可调节土壤钾水平。     

施用高浓度Cu、Zn沼液盆栽对土壤理化性状及重金属含量的影响

以潮土、红壤为供试土壤,以玉米、小白菜和紫花苜蓿为供试作物,采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了高浓度的Cu、Zn猪场沼液施用30天后(盆栽开始30天)对几种土壤理化性质和不同形态重金属含量的影响。结果表明,与不施用沼液的对照相比,施用高浓度Cu、Zn猪场沼液使潮土p H下降、红壤pH显著升高,土壤p H值的这一变化在3种供试作物上表现相同;土壤脲酶、磷酸酶活性显著提高,而过氧化氢酶活性变化因土壤类型而异;土壤交换态和铁锰态Cu、Zn含量显著提高,且在红壤上的提高幅度显著大于潮土。研究认为,高浓度Cu、Zn猪场沼液施用于农田在改善土壤肥力性状的同时,也会使土壤重金属Cu、Zn含量特别是有效态含量增加,导致潜在环境风险增大。     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.