杉木粉液化与液化产物树脂化的研究

以硫酸为催化剂、苯酚为液化剂采用溶剂热法对杉木粉进行液化,用杉木粉液化产物制备出酚醛树脂;考察了反应温度、反应时间、液比(苯酚-木粉的质量比)和催化剂用量对杉木粉液化效率的影响,并初步探讨了液化产物残渣率对所制酚醛树脂性能的影响。实验结果表明,杉木粉液化的最佳工艺条件是:反应温度160℃,液化时间12 h,液比值3,催化剂用量3%,在此条件下残渣率约为10%。液化产物残渣率的测定表明,升高反应温度、延长反应时间、增加液比和催化剂用量可以降低残渣率,提高液化效率;液比值为0.5~1.5时残渣率随液比增加而显著降低,催化剂用量为0.5%~2%时液化效率的变化明显。红外光谱结果表明,由液化产物所合成的酚醛树脂中羟甲基含量较高。液化产物残渣率低时制备的酚醛树脂残碳率较高。     

竹材苯酚液化及胶黏剂制备工艺

采用单因素试验和正交试验研究了竹材加工剩余物的苯酚液化工艺,并进一步研究了竹材苯酚液化产物-甲醛树脂胶黏剂(BPF)的制备工艺和性能。试验结果表明:竹材苯酚液化过程中,液化温度对液化效果的影响最为显著,其次是液比和液化反应时间,催化剂用量2%~4%范围内对液化效果影响不大。竹材加工剩余物苯酚液化的优选工艺为:液固比值3.5、催化剂用量4%、液化温度145℃、液化时间60 min;在此工艺下竹材液化率为99.1%。胶黏剂制备过程中,竹材苯酚液化物与甲醛溶液(甲醛质量分数为37%)的合理质量比为100∶164.8~199.5,其中以100∶182.1较佳。BPF的固化温度低于普通酚醛树脂胶黏剂(PF),因而可在较低温度下固化良好,在130℃或140℃热压温度条件下,用其制备的胶合板的胶合强度均比较理想,热压温度为140℃时的试验结果更佳。     

人工林木材的苯酚液化及树脂化研究Ⅱ.液化木基酚醛树脂的制备和性能表征

研究液化产物树脂化合成工艺,表征液化木基酚醛树脂的物化性质,评价树脂的胶合强度和木破率.结果表明,采用一次缩聚的投料方式能简化操作工艺,缩短合成时间.木材液化产物中残渣的过滤与否,对树脂性能有一定程度的影响:残渣含量高时,影响较大;残渣含量低时,影响较小.当甲醛与苯酚的量比为1.5和1.8时,利用含11.0%残渣的杉木液化产物和含16.5%残渣的杨木液化产物,制备了性能优良的酚醛树脂.     

思茅松的苯酚液化及树脂化研究

研究了硫酸催化条件下,将恩茅松在苯酚中液化用于制备酚醛树脂的技术工艺,分析了各工艺参数对思茅松液化效率的影响,测定了由液化产物制备的液化木基酚醛树脂的物理化学性质和胶合强度。结论如下：1）．液比、反应温度、时间和木粉目数是影响液化反应效率的重要因素,液化产物的残渣率均随上述工艺参数值的升高而降低。2）．残渣含量对树脂物化性质和胶合强度均有影响,残渣含量降低,树脂粘度减小,聚合时间缩短,游离酚含量降低,胶合强度升高。3）．甲醛／苯酚摩尔比对树脂的物化性质和胶合强度也有影响,甲醛／苯酚摩尔比增加,树脂粘度增加,聚合时间减少,游离酚含量减低,胶合强度升高。     

液化木质素磺酸钙基环保酚醛胶黏剂的合成

探讨了加料方式对传统酚醛树脂(PF)胶黏剂游离酚、醛的影响因素.在此基础上,采用热化学酚化技术活化木质素磺酸钙得到木质素磺酸钙酚化产物,将酚化产物代替苯酚制备低成本的木质素基酚醛胶黏剂(LPF).实验结果表明,当甲醛分3次加入、碱液分2次加入时,制备的PF胶黏剂具有较低的游离酚、醛,且以苯酚为液化试剂,液化温度140℃、液化时间15min、苯酚与木质素磺酸钙的质量比(酚木比)为2∶1,酚化工业木质素磺酸钙,将得到的酚化液代替苯酚在酚醛物质的量之比为1∶1.7时,制得的LPF具有更低的游离酚、醛含量、较长的储存期和优异的胶合性能.     

芭蕉芋渣苯酚液化物制备酚醛发泡材料

以苯酚为液化剂对芭蕉芋渣进行液化,获得的液化产物树脂化后用于制备发泡材料。探讨液固比、温度、催化剂对芭蕉芋渣液化效果的影响,并分析芭蕉芋渣液化物的树脂化制备发泡材料的性能。结果表明,苯酚与芭蕉芋渣的质量比为6以上获得较好的液化效果;温度在120℃时,残渣率较低;用硫酸(98%)作催化剂比磷酸、盐酸的效果好。芭蕉芋渣液化的最佳工艺条件是液固比6,温度120℃,催化剂为硫酸(98%)、用量5%,液化时间是60 min。制备的芭蕉芋渣树脂的游离甲醛含量为1.09%,可在一定意义上取代酚醛树脂,既能减少成本,又有利于保护环境。     

木材液化产物制备热塑性树脂的研究

在酸性催化剂作用下,用木材的苯酚液化产物和甲醛进一步树脂化制备了液化木基热塑性酚醛树脂(PWF).用正交试验方法研究了各影响因素对树脂产率和软化点的影响,结果表明,pH值和反应温度对PWF树脂产率的影响最大,而甲醛与苯酚的投料比对PWF树脂软化点的影响最大.当木材液化产物中残留的苯酚与甲醛的物质的量之比为1∶0.75,pH值为木材液化产物的实际值,在105℃反应150min时,液化木基热塑性酚醛树脂的产率达到124%,软化点为110℃左右.用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和核磁共振(NMR)对比研究了PWF和传统热塑性酚醛树脂(PF)的结构特征.结果显示PWF和PF的结构基本相似,酚单元之间的连接形式主要是邻-对位和对-对位连接.PWF中含有木材组分的液化碎片,且相对分子质量较低,分布较窄.     

竹材加工剩余物液化及液化产物制备发泡树脂的工艺研究

采用苯酚和聚乙二醇-400复合液化试剂,对竹材加工剩余物进行液化和液化产物的树脂化试验。采用单因素法,探讨主要工艺因素对液化效果及对树脂性能的影响,得到竹材酚醇复合液化工艺及树脂化工艺的优化参数。利用液化产物制备的树脂,可用于制造建筑用发泡材料,提高竹材加工剩余物的附加值。     

核桃壳苯酚液化及其产物树脂化制备木材胶黏剂的研究

采用硫酸催化剂,考察了苯酚与核桃壳质量比等条件对核桃壳液化的影响。结果表明相同液化条件下,随着苯酚与核桃壳质量比从2∶1升至5∶1,残渣率从26.49%降至6.60%;随着浓硫酸加入量从2%增至4%、反应时间从5 min延至120 min、反应温度从100℃增至150℃,残渣率则分别从20.79%降至10.48%、48.84%降至15.62%、28.86%降至9.39%,游离酚含量分别从17.32%降至12.67%、41.71%降至10.25%、21.94%降至14.33%。同时,液化产物重均相对分子质量(MW)可降至706~1 030、分散度可降至1.04~1.25;液化产物中高相对分子质量部分随着苯酚与核桃壳质量比的增加有所降低,但随着浓硫酸加入量、液化反应时间和温度的增加而有所增加;核桃壳液化产物/苯酚/甲醛共缩聚树脂胶黏剂(WPF)与传统酚醛树脂胶黏剂(PF)的对比表明,WPF的胶接强度可达1.33 MPa,可作为胶合板用胶黏剂。     

反应条件对板栗苞液化和树脂化的影响

在板栗苞粉、苯酚、浓硫酸质量比为1∶3∶0.09,树脂化工艺不变的基础上,研究了液化时间和温度对液化反应过程和树脂化的影响。发现随着液化时间和温度的增加,液化率和树脂化率逐渐增加,但过高温度不利于液化和树脂化。液化时间和温度的改变对游离苯酚含量和可被溴化物含量影响不大,苯酚在板栗苞树脂化过程中起着桥梁作用。在液化时间60min,温度150℃时,板栗苞液化和树脂化实验重现性很好,且制备的酚醛树脂性能较好。     

用FTIR法研究木材阻燃剂FRW的阻燃机理

采用FTIR显微分析技术,对FRW阻燃处理红松木材限制燃烧固相产物的结构进行分析;采用GC_FTIR联机分析方法,对经FRW阻燃剂及其主要组分处理的紫椴木材试样的热解挥发性产物进行分析和鉴定;讨论FRW阻燃处理木材的热解炭化过程、阻燃剂的作用以及热解产物的结构特点。结果表明:FRW阻燃木材受热时,随着温度的升高,在FRW及其分解产物的催化下,木材逐步发生聚糖脱水、半纤维素脱乙酸、聚糖降解、木质素降解、木材热解产物聚合、脂肪族聚合物脱氧及芳构化等反应,最终炭化;FRW阻燃剂改变了木材的热解途径,并且显著降低了挥发性有机化合物的生成量。     

几种植物纤维原料热解产物的研究

将银杏木、杉木和麦秸秆、稻草、玉米芯等5种木本和禾草类植物纤维原料在氮气气氛中进行常规热解,采用气相色谱在线分析热解气体产物组分,采用气质联用技术分析冷却收集到的热解液体产物组分,并采用卡尔费休法测定热解液体产物中水分含量。在这些禾草类植物原料和木本植物原料的热解过程中,它们热解固体产物炭的得率都在30%左右;禾草类原料的热解液体产物得率在33%～42%,低于木本类原料的得率(45%～51%),而禾草类原料的热解气体产物得率在30%～39%,高于木本类原料(18%～24%)。在热解液体产物中,有机物组分主要为呋喃型化合物和酚类化合物;其中禾草类原料热解得到的液体产物中,呋喃类化合物的总质量分数在25%～33%高于木本植物原料得到的总含量,而酚类化合物的总质量分数较低为24%～30%。在植物原料热解的主要气体产物组分中,CO2和CO的形成主要与原料组分的热分解有关,而CH4和H2的形成则主要与植物原料热解所产生的焦油的进一步热解以及固体炭结构的转变有关。     

纤维素CP-GC-MS法裂解行为研究

采用居里点裂解仪-气相色谱仪-质谱仪(CP-GC-MS)联用分析技术,研究了居裂解温度、时间对纤维素快速裂解产物组成及其含量的影响。结果表明,纤维素在居裂解过程中左旋葡聚糖始终是裂解的主体产物;纤维素在300~370℃居裂解主要生成糖类单体化学品;随着居裂解温度的进一步提高,纤维素解聚形成的单体裂解成为其他小分子的醛酮类化合物种类和含量大幅度提高;居裂解时间的增加对CP-GC-MS谱图的色谱峰没有影响,只是居裂解反应的中间体左旋葡聚糖含量降低,其它产物含量保持不变或有所提高;在居裂解温度358℃、居裂解时间1 s时,左旋葡聚糖含量高达73.07%。     

Fire-retardant mechanism of fire-retardant FRW by FTIR

The structures of the solid state products formed by the partial combustion of Korean pine wood treated with fire-retardant FRW were analyzed by microscopic FTIR. The volatile pyrolytic products of basswood (Tilia amurensis) specimens treated with FRW and its components guanylurea phosphate and boric acid were analyzed by GC-FTIR. The pyrolytic and charring process, the effects of fire-retardant, and the structural characteristics of the pyrolytic products were discussed. It was concluded that upon heating and by the catalysis of FRW and its decomposition products reactions of wood took place successively, namely the dehydration of polysaccharide, the elimination of acetic acid from hemicellulose, the degradation of polysaccharide, the degradation of lignin, the polymerization of the pyrolytic products of wood, reactions of oxygen-element-elimination of aliphatic polymers and the structural change of the latter to form aromatic structures, and charring. The pyrolysis process of wood was altered and the yield of volatile pyrolytic products was decreased by FRW treatment. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2005, 41(4): 149–154 [译自: 林业科学, 2005, 41(4): 149–154]     

松香基水性聚氨酯丙烯酸酯复合乳液的研制

以富马海松酸水性聚氨酯(FWPU)和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)等为主要原料,合成富马海松酸型水性聚氨酯-丙烯酸酯复合乳液(FWPUA)。探讨了引发剂的种类和用量及丙烯酸酯加入量等因素对反应的影响。对所得产品进行了红外光谱分析,并测试了漆膜的拉伸强度、镜面光泽、摆杆硬度和耐溶剂性。结果表明:用偶氮二异丁腈和过硫酸铵为复合引发剂,引发剂用量为0.8%,丙烯酸酯的加入量为30%时,复合乳液的拉伸强度、摆杆硬度、耐水性、耐碱性、耐醇性和镜面光泽均有不同程度的提高。     

Non-timber forest products in rural Mali: a study of villager use

Malian Forest Service activities and policies have evolved since the beginning of colonialism under the assumption that forests and their products are the property of the government. Today the importance of involving local people in forest management is recognized. The purpose of this research was to determine the range of non-timber forest products local people use either for direct consumption or for income generation and to identify the trees/shrubs that yield these products in natural forests, fallow lands and crop fields. A gender analysis of the data was also conducted. The data were collected from face-to-face structured interviews using open-ended questions of 92 randomly sampled households in six Malian villages. One-half of the interviews were conducted with women and the other half were with men. The study identified 55 different non-timber forest products produced by 108 plant species. Almost all (99%) of the products identified are used for personal consumption, whereas 68% of the products are also used to generate income. Products such as firewood, leaves for sauces, shea nuts for oil/butter, seeds for condiments and nuts/seeds for soap are the most frequently mentioned products collected by women. Different categories of products like utensils/house materials, animal feed and construction materials (thatch, poles, mats) are the products most frequently collected by men. Ninety percent of the products collected are found in the natural forests; 63% are collected from trees on fallow lands and 51% from scattered trees in crop fields. Forest Service support of villagers using non-timber forest products would create an economic relationship between the forest and the local people. This is essential for the protection of the forest because people will safeguard their interests.     

Changing Consumption and Marketing pattern of Non-timber Forest Products in a Competitive World: case Study from an Urban Area of North-eastern Bangladesh

In the last decade non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and their associated goods have received much attention from researchers and development workers for their perceived socio-economic importance and potential, particularly in developing countries. It has been increasingly recognized that promoting the use, production and sustainable harvesting of such kinds of products could also contribute to forest conservation in the long run. However, since the development process has progressed in most regions, alternatives or substitutes of such products have become available on the markets, and it will be difficult for these nature-based products to exist without additional product values. A market survey was conducted in an urban fringe of north-eastern Bangladesh to investigate NTFP-based product diversity, and marketing patterns and challenges. Further information was collected from sellers and consumers to understand their views on probable future strategies to sustain the markets of these products. A total of 38 NTFP and NTFP-based secondary products were recorded from 25 NTFP shops, including 16 permanent, 7 temporary (or semi-permanent) and 2 mobile shops. The greatest demand was observed for bamboo and cane-based products, for which supply suffered due to the scarcity of raw materials. A decreasing trend in the consumption of NTFP-based articles for urban domestic use was also reported from the sellers. To cope with the competitive markets, sellers were found to place more emphasis on creative marketing, durability and appearance of their products. The study concluded that active government support is needed for the sustenance of this industry in a changing global perspective. This could be in the form of technical advancement in the production process, improvement of existing product supply chains and skill development of the workers which will not only secure the future of these products but also provide an essential means for the survival of this industry and for thousands of people living from it.     

世界软木加工利用现状和我国软木工业发展对策

简述了世界软木资源与软木产品的产量 ,论述了软木加工产品的种类、新型软木材料及其发展现状 ,介绍了软木材料及其产品的 ISO标准 ,提出了我国软木工业发展的对策。     

Estimating Price and Income Elasticities of Demand for Imports of Forest Products from Panel Data

Static and dynamic models of the derived demand for forest product imports were estimated for each of 10 major forest products covering industrial roundwood, wood-based panels, pulp, and paper and paperboard. The models were estimated with panel data from 64 countries for 1970–1987, by pooled ordinary least squares, first differencing, fixed effects, random effects and the Arellano–Bond approach. The predictive accuracy of the demand equations was tested with postsample data from 1988–1997. Based on multiple criteria, the best results were obtained with the dynamic model estimated by the Arellano–Bond method. For most products the demand for imports was found to be inelastic with respect to price. For all products the demand for imports was elastic with respect to income.     

Forest management and carbon sequestration in wood products

Wood products are considered to contribute to the mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions. A critical gap in the life cycle of wood products is to transfer the raw timber from the forest to the processing wood industry and, thus, the primary wood products. Therefore, often rough estimates are used for this step to obtain total forestry carbon balances. The objectives of this study were (1) to examine the fate of timber harvested in Thuringian state forests (central Germany), representing a large, intensively managed forested region, and (2) to quantify carbon stocks and the lifetime of primary wood products made from this timber. The analyses were based on the amount and assortments of actually sold timber, and production parameters of the companies that bought and processed this timber. In addition, for coniferous stands of a selected Thuringian forest district, we calculated potential effects of management, as expressed by different thinning regimes on wood products and their lifetimes. Total annual timber sale of soft- and hardwoods from Thuringian state forests (195,000 ha) increased from about 136,893 t C (~0.7 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) in 1996 to 280,194 t C (~1.4 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) in 2005. About 47% of annual total timber harvest went into short-lived wood products with a mean residence time (MRT) < 25 years. Thirty-one per cent of the total harvest went into wood products with an MRT of 25–43 years, and only 22% was used as construction wood and glued wood, products with the longest MRT (50 years). The average MRT of carbon in harvested wood products was 20 years. Thinning from above throughout the rotation of spruce forests would lead to an average MRT in harvested wood products of about 23 years, thinning from below of about 18 years. A comparison of our calculations with estimates that resulted from the products module of the CO2FIX model (Nabuurs et al. 2001) demonstrates the influence of regional differences in forest management and wood processing industry on the lifetime of harvested wood products. To our knowledge, the present study provides for the first time real carbon inputs of a defined forest management unit to the wood product sector by linking data on raw timber production, timber sales and wood processing. With this new approach and using this data, it should be possible to substantially improve the net-carbon balance of the entire forestry sector.