水稻化感作用潜力研究初报

6个化感水稻的化感作用潜力试验结果表明，不同品种水稻的化感潜力存在差异，6个供试水稻按其对稗草生长抑制率的大小依次为“Woo Co Chin Yu”＞“Kouketsumuchi”＞“AC1423”＞“CN-15”＞“Taichung Native 1”＞“YH-1”。提高化感物质的浓度，可相应增强对稗草生长的抑制作用。试验证实，水稻对稗草的化感作用具有密度依赖效应，表现为杂草密度加大，水稻化感抑制效果降低，这与资源竞争的结果恰好相反。     

不同化感潜力水稻化感效应与产量的关系

本研究探讨了连续3年5种不同化感潜力水稻田间抑草效应、产量及其之间相互关系。结果表明,不同种植时间,不同化感潜力水稻田间种植过程中伴生杂草总生物量以非化感水稻"Lemont"最大,化感水稻"PI-1"最小。化感潜力分析结果表明,不同化感潜力水稻以化感水稻"PI-1"化感抑草潜力最强,非化感水稻"Lemont"最弱。水稻产量分析结果表明,不除草条件下,不同种植时间均以化感水稻"PI-1"产量最高,非化感水稻"Lemont"产量最低。除草条件下,依然以化感水稻"PI-1"产量最高,化感水稻"IAC47"产量最小。杂草生物量、水稻化感潜力与水稻产量的相关性分析结果表明,不同化感潜力水稻产量的大小与田间杂草生物量存在极显著负相关,与化感潜力大小存在极显著正相关。     

化感水稻苗期不同器官水浸提液及根系分泌物对稗草的化感作用

在自然种植条件下研究了强化感水稻品种“P1312777”不同叶期(3～6叶)、不同器官(根、茎、叶)水浸提液对稗草根长的抑制率,比较了不同极性树脂处理后水稻根系分泌物水溶液的抑制率变化。结果表明:在3～6叶期相同水稻器官比较,均以5叶期浸提液抑制率最高;5叶期水稻不同器官比较,以叶的浸提液抑制率最高;土培至6叶期的水稻根系分泌物水溶液的抑制率为47．06％,经极性树脂ADS-21处理后抑制率增强为64．71％,经非极性树脂ADS-5处理后抑制率减弱为26．47％;水培至6叶期的水稻根系分泌物水溶液的抑制率为38．24％,经ADS- 21处理后抑制率增强为58．82％,经ADS-5处理后抑制率减弱为20．59％。因此水稻“P1312777”根系分泌物中化感物质以非(弱)极性物质为主,极性物质减弱了非(弱)极性物质的化感抑草作用。     

水稻化感物质作用特性的研究

在对水稻化感作用生理生化特性研究的基础上，进行了水稻叶片浸提液的GC-MS分析和相关酶的活性测定。结果表明，水稻叶片中苯丙氨酸裂解酶（PAL）和肉桂酸-4-羟化酶（CA4H）活性的大小与酚的含量密切相关，同时水稻化感作用强度与其肉桂酸含量呈正相关关系。而与其水杨酸含量呈负相关关系，因此水稻化感作用是由许多化感物质共同作用的结果。     

田间旱育条件下不同化感潜力水稻的抑草效应分析

研究了田间旱育条件下, 在土壤水分充足和适度干旱状态时, 化感水稻"PI312777"和非化感水稻"Lemont"的抑草效应差异.结果表明, 在两种供水状态下, 化感水稻"PI312777"对田间杂草的控制效应显著高于非化感水稻"Lemont","PI312777"对各种杂草抑制效应指数的绝对值多在0.5以上, 而"Lemont"对各种杂草抑制效应指数的绝对值则多在0.5以下.进一步分析发现, 适度干旱胁迫下"PI312777"和"Lemont"对杂草的抑制效应都有增强趋势, 且"PI312777"稻田杂草生物量的降低幅度高于"Lemont"稻田; 以与非化感水稻"Lemont"共生下的杂草生物量为对照, 化感水稻"PI312777"对稻田杂草均表现出一定的化感抑制作用, 且适度干旱胁迫诱导下化感作用强度进一步增加.此外, 水稻对不同杂草的生物干扰强度不同, 化感水稻"PI312777"对夏熟稻田阔叶杂草有较强的控制效果, 干旱胁迫诱导"PI312777"对无芒稗(Echinochloa crusgalli L.)的化感潜力明显增强.     

水稻化感作用的研究进展

综述了水稻化感作用的研究进展,包括水稻与其他植物相互间的化感作用、水稻化感物质的分离鉴定及其特征特性、水稻化感育种、水稻化感作用与农业可持续发展等方面进展。     

水稻化感作用的生理生化特性研究

用化感水稻叶片浸提液处理不同萌发阶段的稗草幼苗，8d后测定受体稗草体内各种酶的活性结果表明，对地上部超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）的活性的最大抑制效应达27.7%，对地下部的最大抑制效应达38.4%；对地上部过氧化氢酶活性（CAT）的最大抑制效应达56.4%，对地下部的最大抑效应达62.4%。经分析，水稻的化感作用具有破坏受体植物膜的功能、影响其生长调节系统和破坏其光合作用等生理生化特性。     

田间旱育条件下不同化感潜力水稻的生理特性分析

以国际公认的化感水稻品种“PI312777”和非化感水稻品种“Lemont”为材料, 研究了田间旱育条件下2 种水稻的生长特性及其对水分和杂草胁迫的生理响应。结果表明, 在水分和杂草双重胁迫下, 田间水稻生长势表现为“PI312777”(旱地)＞“Lemont”(湿地)≥“PI312777”(湿地)＞“Lemont”(旱地)。进一步分析发现, 在各处理小区, 以适度干旱小区化感水稻“PI312777”叶片的叶绿素含量、保护酶活性、光合速率、水分利用效率最高,蒸腾速率最低; 以适度干旱小区非化感水稻“Lemont”叶片的光合速率、保护酶活性、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和水分利用效率最低, MDA 含量积累最高。与非化感水稻“Lemon”相比, 化感水稻“PI312777”对水分的利用效率更高, 有更强的适应水分缺乏的能力。     

水稻化感种质筛选的初步研究

采用砂培法和蒸馏水浸提法对300份水稻品种进行了化感作用初筛，初步发现12份品种分别对稗草或莴苣的幼根、幼苗的生长具有明显的抑制作用，约占总数的4％，主要来源于外国粳稻、籼稻及广西地方晚籼品种；一般情况下，化感物质对稗草幼苗的抑制作用明显强于其对幼根的抑制作用，而对莴苣幼苗的抑制作用则明显弱于其对幼根的抑制作用；对莴苣的化感作用强于对稗草的化感作用，所以初筛时以莴苣为检测植物可提高效率；砂培法和蒸馏水浸提法具有能快速大量测定化感种质的优点，可作为初筛的主要方法，但均需改进，以提高准确性。     

苗期不同化感潜力水稻根际土壤酶活性分析

为揭示化感水稻根际土壤酶活性与水稻化感潜力的关系,在前期研究的基础上,以化感水稻“P1312777”、“IAC47”、“Iguape”和非化感水稻“Lemont”为材料,测定了苗期旱作水稻根际土壤酶活性。结果表明,化感水稻抑制了根际土壤的脱氢酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、脲酶活性、纤维素分解酶活性,提高了酸性磷酸酶、、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性。脲酶、多酚氧化酶活性与水稻化感潜力呈显著负相关,酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶与水稻化感潜力呈显著正相关,蛋白酶、脱氢酶活性与其他土壤酶、土壤微生物区系、水稻化感潜力间均无显著相关性。化感水稻降低根际土壤多酚氧化酶活性,有利于根际化感物质的积累,提高了酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性,促进土壤磷、碳循环,为实现水稻化感效应奠定基础。     

Impact of allelochemical exuded from allelopathic rice on soil microbial community

Allelopathic rice releases allelochemicals from its roots to paddy soils at early growth stages to inhibit neighboring weeds. However, little is currently known about the effects of allelochemicals on soil microbes. In this study, we show that allelopathic rice can have great impact on the population and community structure of soil microbes. Allelopathic rice PI312777 seedlings reduced the culturable microbial population and total PLFA when compared to non-allelopathic rice Liaojing-9. Similar results were observed when, instead of growing seedlings, soils were incubated with plant root exudates. This result demonstrates that the composition of root exudates from the rice varieties tested contributes to the soil microbial community. Further experiments showed that the microbial community was affected by the allelochemical 5,4′-dihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranosylflavone exuded from allelopathic rice roots, through immediately hydrolyzing glucose with stimulation on soil bacteria and aglycone (5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavone) with inhibition on soil fungi. This result indicates that the flavone O-glycoside can provide carbon and interact with soil microbes. PC analysis of the fatty acid data clearly separated the allelopathic PI312777 and the non-allelopathic Liaojing-9 variety (PC1 = 46.4%, PC2 = 20.3%). Similarly, the first principal component (PC1 = 37.4%) together with the second principal component (PC2 = 17.3%) explained 54.7% of the variation between the allelopathic and non-allelopathic root exudates. Furthermore, the canonical correlation between allelopathic root exudates and the flavone O-glycoside was statistically significant (Canonical R = 0.889, χ² (25) = 69.72, p = 0.0041). Although the data generated in this study were not completely consistent between culturable microbes and PLFA profile, it is a fact that variation in soil microbial populations and community structures could be distinguished by the allelopathic and non-allelopathic rice varieties tested. Our results suggest that individual components of rice root exudates, such as allelochemicals from allelopathic rice, can modify the soil microbial community.     

Allelopathic potential and an allelopathic substance in mango leaves

The present study was aimed to determine the allelopathic potential of mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves and to identify allelopathic substances in the leaves. The aqueous methanol extracts of mango leaves inhibited seedling growth of garden cress, radish, rapeseed, foxtail fescue and crabgrass, and the inhibitory effects increased with the increasing extract concentration, suggesting that mango leaves may contain allelopathic substances. The extract was then purified by several chromatographic runs through a bioassay-directed fractionation, and an growth inhibitory substance was isolated and identified by spectral data as methyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (methyl gallate). Methyl gallate at the concentration of 10 mM inhibited 98.6% and 99.8% of root and shoot growth of garden cress relative to the control, respectively, and 94.4% and 49.3% of those of foxtail fescue, respectively. The concentrations of methyl gallate required for 50% growth inhibition (I₅₀) on garden cress roots and shoots were 3.9 and 3.3 mM, and those on foxtail fescue roots and shoots were 1.5 and 9.5 mM, respectively. It is the first report of an allelopathic substance in mango leaves and allelopathic activity of methyl gallate. Therefore, the mango leaves may have potential as a soil additive material for the weed management options.     

Release and activity of allelochemicals from allelopathic rice seedlings

3-Isopropyl-5-acetoxycyclohexene-2-one-1 (1), momilactone B (2), and 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone (3) were isolated and identified from an allelopathic rice accession PI312777. These three compounds at low concentrations could inhibit the growth of weeds Echinochloa crusgalli and Cyperus difformis associated with rice, especially mixtures of the compounds had stronger inhibitory activity than did individual compounds. Studies with hydroponic culture, continuous root exudates trapping system (CRETS), and direct resin adsorption methods showed that a total of 7.6 n moles 1, 2, and 3 were exuded from living roots of each seedling into the environment at 10 days after seedlings were transplanted. Furthermore, 1, 2, and 3 were found in the soil growing PI312777 seedlings at day 15 after seedlings emergence and reached a total of 39.5 microg/g soil at day 30. The results indicated that PI 312777 seedlings could release sufficient quantities of 1, 2, and 3 into the environment to act as allelochemicals inhibiting the growth of associated weeds. Investigations on the distribution of 1, 2, and 3 in PI 312777 plant, and its root exudates showed that the levels of 1, 2, and 3 were significantly higher in the shoots and root exudates than in the roots, and only trace 1 was observed in the roots. The results suggest that the roots of rice seedlings are not major site of synthesis or accumulation 1, 2, and 3, but a pathway for their release into the environment. The levels of 1, 2, and 3 in the root exudates were over 2-folds higher under direct resin adsorption than under hydroponic culture and CRETS, and hence, it is the preferred method to collect and identify active allelochemicals in rice exudates in future studies on rice allelopathy.     

化感小麦种质资源的筛选与评价

以国内外90份不同小麦为材料,采用土壤-琼脂三明治法和田间杂草调查法,对不同小麦种质资源进行化感潜力评价,筛选出具有较强化感潜力的小麦品种。土壤-琼脂三明治法测试结果表明,不同小麦品种的化感潜力存在明显差异,对莴苣根长抑制率IR在10．1％和69．1％之间;筛选出“115／青海麦”、“92L89”、“百泉3199”、“81-214”和“92H31”5个强化感潜力的小麦品种,其对莴苣根长抑制率依次为69．1％、68．5％、68．7％、69．1％和65．2％,筛选出“抗10103（80）”和“A246”2个弱化感潜力的小麦品种,抑制率IR依次为10．1％和12．2％;田间杂草调查评价和土壤-琼脂三明治法表现出相似趋势,检测结果也得到了琼脂迟播共培法的佐证,表明采用土壤-琼脂三明治法筛选化感小麦种质资源是可行的。这为小麦化感作用研究提供了重要的种质资源,也为化感小麦种质资源的筛选提供方法借鉴。