Responses of Wheat Genotypes to Zinc Fertilization Under Saline Soil Conditions

ABSTRACT

A greenhouse experiment with four bread wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] genotypes, ‘Rushan,’ ‘Kavir,’ ‘Cross,’ and ‘Falat,’ and a durum wheat [Triticum durum L.] genotype, ‘Dur-3,’ at two zinc (Zn) rates (0 and 15 mg Zn kg^?1 dry soil) and four salinity levels (0, 60, 120, and 180 mM NaCl) was conducted. After 45 d of growth, the shoots were harvested, and Zn, iron (Fe), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and cadmium (Cd) concentrations were determined. In the absence of added Zn, visual Zn deficiency symptoms were observed to be more severe in ‘Dur-3’ and ‘Kavir’ than in other genotypes. The effect of Zn deficiency on shoot dry matter was similar to its effect on visual deficiency symptoms, such that shoot growth was most depressed in ‘Kavir’ and ‘Dur-3.’ At the 180 mM treatment, Zn fertilization had no effect on shoot dry matter of genotypes. Genotypes with high Zn efficiency had greater shoot Zn content than genotypes with low Zn efficiency. In the absence of added Zn, the Dur-3, and ‘Cross’ genotypes had the highest and lowest Cd concentrations, respectively. Application of Zn had a positive effect on salt tolerance of plants.     

Zinc Efficiency of Wheat Cultivars Grown on a Saline Calcareous Soil

Abstract

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a yield limiting constraint for wheat production in central Iran. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) to study Zn use efficiency of five wheat cultivars. Two Zn rates were used, i.e., 0 and 40 kg Zn ha^?1 applied as zinc sulfate. Significant variation was found among wheat cultivars in relation to grain yield, straw yield, Zn use efficiency and yield components. Based on grain yield and Zn use efficiency across two years, cultivar Cross was most efficient and Dur-3 was most inefficient for Zn use efficiency. Cultivars Kavir, Falat, and Rushan were intermediate in Zn use efficiency. Zinc concentration and uptake were higher in the zinc efficient cultivar Cross, while these values were lowest in the Zn inefficient cultivar Dur-3.     

Elevated CO2 Improves Growth and Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency in Cereal Species Under Sub-Optimal Phosphorus Supply

Cultivars of Triticum aestivum, T. durum, and Secale cereale were grown at low (2 μM) and sufficient (500 μM) phosphorus (P) under ambient carbon dioxide (380 μmol mol^?1; aCO₂) and elevated CO₂ (700 μmol mol^?1, eCO₂) to study responses of cereal species in terms of growth and P utilization efficiency (PUE) under P x CO₂ interaction. Dry matter accumulation increased under eCO₂ with sufficient P. Nevertheless, dry matter accumulated at eCO₂ with low-P was similar to that obtained at aCO₂ with sufficient P. Leaf area was 43% higher under eCO₂ with sufficient P. Significant increase in lateral root density, length and surface area were noted at low-P under eCO₂. Phosphorus use efficience (PUE) increased by 59% in response to eCO_2­ in low-P plants. Thus, eCO₂ can partly compensate effect of low-P supply because of improved utilization efficiency. Among cereals, durum wheat was more suitable in terms of PUE under high CO₂ and limiting P supply.     

Comparison of Winter Wheat Genotypes Differing in Zinc Efficiency and Origin: The Zinc Uptake and Enzyme Activity

Zinc (Zn)–efficient wheat genotypes yield well on Zn-deficient soil. In this study, two Chinese wheat genotypes, Kenong9204 and Han6172, and two reference genotypes, Bezostaja (Zn efficient) and BDME10 (Zn inefficient), from Turkey were conducted to measure their physiological responses to Zn deficiency in the greenhouse. Results showed obvious genetic variation among the genotypes with Zn efficiency from 76% to 105%. Bezostaja and Kenong9204 had greater shoot dry weight and accumulated more shoot Zn content than BDME10 and Han6172 without Zn application. In one aspect of enzyme activities, Bezostaja and Kenong9204 presented significantly greater activities of superoxide dismutase while maintaining similar activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase compared with inefficient genotypes BDME10 and Han6172 under Zn-deficient condition. Zinc-efficient genotypes are recommended to satisfy the sustainable grain yield in China and other areas, where Zn deficiency in soil is spread and multiple stresses may happen at times.     

Effects of Selected Surfactants on Nutrient Uptake in Corn (Zea mays L.)

Surfactants in herbicide formulations eventually enter soil and may disrupt various processes. Research examined effects on nutrient uptake in corn caused by surfactants, herbicides, and surfactant-herbicide combinations applied to silt loam and silty clay loam soils in the greenhouse. Surfactants evaluated were Activator 90, Agri-Dex, and Thrust; herbicides were glyphosate, atrazine, and bentazon. Corn was planted in fertilized soils with moisture content maintained for optimum growth. Foliage (V8 growth stage) was collected for elemental analyses. Nutrient uptake differed with soil texture. Nutrient uptake from silty clay loam was more affected by surfactants and/or herbicides than in silt loam. Potassium uptake was significantly (P = 0.05) decreased in silt loam only by Thrust but uptake of phosphorus (P), potassium (K) calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) decreased by ≤30% in silty clay loam treated with surfactants. Surfactants and/or herbicides may interact with soil texture to affect nutrient uptake. Long-term field studies to validate changes in nutrient uptake and grain yields after annual applications of surfactants plus herbicides are needed.     

Impact of Nutrient Seed Priming on Germination,Seedling Development,Nutritional Status and Grain Yield of Maize

Effects of seed priming with zinc (Zn) plus manganese (Mn), boron (B), and phosphate (P) on growth and nutritional status of maize were studied. Nutrient seed priming significantly increased seed contents of primed nutrients. In nutrient solution (NS) lacking Zn and Mn, growth of maize plants primed with Zn?+?Mn increased by more than 50% and 100%, respectively, as compared to control treatment. The primed nutrients were efficiently translocated to the growing shoot and could maintain Zn and Mn supply for at least three weeks of the culture period. In soil culture, plants suffered from P and Zn deficiency, which was mitigated to some extent by P and Zn?+?Mn priming. Particularly, translocation of Zn seed reserves to the shoot tissue was negatively affected by the highly calcareous soil. In the field experiment, Zn?+?Mn seed priming increased grain yield by 15%, demonstrating the potential for long-lasting effects of nutrient seed priming.     

Effects of zinc activity in nutrient solution on uptake,translocation, and root export of cadmium and zinc in three wheat genotypes with different zinc efficiencies

The interactions of zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in uptake and translocation are common but not consistent. We hypothesized that Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ activity in the apoplasmic solution bathing root-cells could affect Zn accumulation in plants dependent on the wheat genotype. This hypothesis was tested using seedlings of two bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. Rushan and Cross) and one durum wheat genotype (Triticum durum L. cv. Arya) with different Zn efficiencies grown in chelate-buffered nutrient solutions with three Zn²⁺ (10^?11.11, 10^?9.11, and 10^?8.81?µM) and two Cd²⁺ (10^?11.21 and 10^?10.2?µM) activity levels. Increasing Zn²⁺ activity in the nutrient solution significantly increased Zn concentration in root and shoots of all three wheat genotypes, although the magnitude of this increase was dependent on the genotype. Cadmium decreased Zn concentration in roots of “Cross” while it had no significant effect on root Zn concentration in “Rushan.” At Zn^2+?=?10^?11.11?µM, Cd decreased shoot Zn concentration in “Arya” whereas it increased shoot Zn concentration at Zn^2+?=?10^?8.81?µM. Cadmium increased shoot Zn concentration of “Rushan” and “Cross” at Zn^2+?=?10^?8.81?µM but it had no significant effect on shoot Zn concentration of these genotypes at Zn^2+?=?10^?11.11?µM. The zinc-inefficient genotype “Arya” accumulated significantly more Cd in its root in comparison with “Cross” and “Rushan.” Cadmium concentration in roots of “Arya” was decreased significantly with increasing Zn activity. The effect of Zn on accumulation of Cd in roots of “Cross” and “Rushan” was dependent on the dose provided, and therefore, both synergistic (at Zn^2+?=?10^?9.11?µM) and antagonistic (at Zn^2+?=?10^?8.81?µM) interactive effects were found in these genotypes. Zinc supply increased the Zn concentration of xylem sap in “Cross” and “Rushan” whereas Zn content in xylem sap of “Arya” was decreased at Zn^2+?=?10^?9.11?µM and thereafter increased at Zn^2+?=?10^?8.81?µM. Cadmium treatment reduced Zn concentration in xylem sap of “Arya,” while it tended to increase Zn content in xylem sap of “Cross.” At Zn-deficient conditions, greater retention of Zn in root cell walls of Zn-inefficient “Arya” resulted in lower root-to-shoot transport of Zn in this genotype. Results revealed that the effect of Cd on the root-to-shoot translocation of Zn via the xylem is dependent on wheat genotype and Zn activity in the nutrient solution.     

小麦/玉米免耕处理对产量及土壤水分和风蚀的影响

通过3年田间定位试验,研究在小麦、玉米间作条件下,免耕高留茬、免耕秸秆覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖+播前耙地、传统耕作4种耕作处理对小麦/玉米产量、土壤含水率、土壤风蚀的影响.结果表明:1)免耕处理小麦玉米间作混合产量比传统耕作产量增产2.6％～6.6％,其中玉米产量比传统耕作处理增产8.6％ ～ 13.2％,小麦产量比传统耕作降低5.2％～8.8％;2)免耕处理可增加耕作层土壤蓄水量13.4％～15.9％,降低土壤风蚀量55.6％～100.0％.说明小麦秸秆高茬收割覆盖、玉米秸秆立地过冬的间作免耕技术可在甘肃河西、沿黄地区及国内同类型的小麦玉米间作地区进行示范推广.     

钾氮配施对大蒜生长和养分吸收的影响

连续三年多点研究钾氮配施对大蒜生长及养分吸收利用的影响。结果表明:施用钾肥对大蒜的生长发育有明显的促进作用,三年试验平均,蒜苗、蒜苔和蒜头产量较不施钾的对照分别增长29.8~53.7%、30.4~39.7%和19.8~28.2%,平均增产42.9%、35.5%和24.1%。施用适量的氮钾肥提高了大蒜地上部茎叶含N量,大幅度增加茎叶、蒜苔、蒜头和全株P、K含量,改善大蒜植株的营养状况。两种氮肥水平下,大蒜地上部茎叶、蒜苔、蒜头和全株吸N、吸K及吸P量均随钾肥施用量的加大而提高。钾氮配施可促进磷素和钾素向蒜头的转移,从而提高P和K的再利用程度。     

Effect of Micronutrient-Based Integrated Use of Nutrients on Crop Productivity,Nutrient Uptake,and Soil Fertility in Greengram and Fingermillet Sequence Under Semi-arid Tropical Conditions

To identify the best combinations of micronutrient-based fertilization treatments in terms of crop yield and nutrient uptake, three field experiments with greengram?fingermillet as the test sequence with 12 treatments on micronutrient-based fertilization [with recommended nitrogen (N)?phosphorus (P)?potassium (K) fertilizer] were conducted during 2005 to 2007 in a semi-arid Alfisol at Bangalore. The effects of treatments on available soil and plant uptake of nutrients [N, P, K, sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo)] and yield of crops were assessed based on standard analysis of variance procedure. Using the relationships of yield with soil and plant nutrient variables, regression models of yield through soil and plant variables were calibrated and effects of variables on crop yields were assessed. The models gave high and significant yield predictability in the range of 0.87 to 0.98 through different variables. The model of plant uptake through soil nutrients indicated that soil S, Fe, and Zn had significant positive effects, whereas soil N, K, B, and Mo had negative effects on plant nutrient status in greengram. Similarly, soil P, Mn, and Zn had significant positive effects, whereas soil N, K, and Fe had negative effects on plant uptake of nutrients in fingermillet. Based on a relative efficiency index (REI) criteria, T2 for plant uptake and T12 for maintaining soil nutrients were found to be superior in greengram, whereas T2 for plant uptake and T8 for maintaining soil nutrients were found to be superior in fingermillet over years based on REI. The combined REI over soil and plant nutrients for both crops indicated that application of T8 for greengram and T2 for fingermillet could be prescribed for attaining maximum plant uptake of nutrients and productivity of crops in sequence, apart from maintaining maximum soil fertility of nutrients under semi-arid Alfisols.     

不同耕作与施肥方式对花椰菜生长及养分利用的影响

在设施菜地条件下研究不同有机肥施用及耕作方式对花椰菜产量品质及肥料利用率的影响。试验安排2种耕作方式(浅翻、深翻)与3种施肥模式(不施肥、施有机肥、施有机肥与秸秆),设置6个处理。结果表明:与对照相比,施肥增加了作物株高和叶绿素含量,提高了蔬菜中还原型Vc和硝酸盐含量;土壤深翻显著降低了蔬菜硝酸盐含量,施有机肥和增施秸秆降幅分别为49.42,50.40mg/kg。秸秆还田可使有机肥料氮素利用率增加10.00%(浅翻)和0.11%(深翻),磷素利用率增加8.96%(浅翻)和1.40%(深翻),钾素利用率增加24.88%(浅翻)。单施有机肥时配合土壤深翻也可以提高有机肥料养分利用率。     

保水剂与氮磷肥配施对玉米生长及养分吸收的影响

以夏玉米为研究对象,采用避雨桶栽试验方法精确控制水肥条件,研究保水剂(SAP)与5种氮磷肥配比(N∶P分别为1∶4,2∶3,1∶1,3∶2,4∶1)模式对土壤肥力水平、玉米植株生长及其养分吸收利用的效应。结果表明,保水剂与氮磷肥均衡施用(N∶P为1∶1)能够促进玉米植株的生长及对养分的吸收利用,生育期内平均株高、叶面积较其他处理分别提高了3.36%～7.19%,5.36%～29.26%;干物质积累与植株氮、磷累积量较其他处理分别提高了13.79%～27.61%,15.91%～32.47%,18.66%～33.75%;同时与未施保水剂处理相比,生育期内土壤平均无机氮含量减少5.42%,有效磷含量提高3.55%;在本试验条件下,施用SAP 1.68g/pot、N 2.89g/pot、P 2.89g/pot可得到最大玉米产量113.93g/pot,收获时产量较其他处理提高了18.69%～30.94%。试验结果为华北地区应用保水剂条件下的夏玉米氮磷肥施用配比提供了参考。     

两种根际促生菌在不同氮磷条件下对油菜生长 和养分吸收的影响

油菜是我国和世界主要油料作物,对氮磷肥需求量大,但是氮磷肥利用率低,会造成资源浪费和环境污染等问题。由于根际促生菌能够改善植物生长并提高养分吸收,近些年来不少生物肥料中添加有根际促生菌。采用土培试验,探究了两种根际促生菌(巨大芽孢杆菌和短小芽孢杆菌)在不同氮磷条件下对油菜生长和养分吸收的影响,以期为油菜肥料研制和施肥技术提供帮助。结果表明:油菜在缺氮或缺磷条件下的地上部干重仅为正常氮磷供应的20%;巨大芽孢杆菌在正常氮磷供应条件下改善了油菜生长,促进了油菜对P、K、Zn和B 4种营养元素的吸收,而在缺氮和缺磷条件下没有效果;短小芽孢杆菌在缺氮、缺磷和正常氮磷条件下均没有效果。因此,氮磷肥对油菜生长至关重要,巨大芽孢杆菌能够在适当氮磷供应的条件下发挥促生作用。     

Differential Growth Performance of 15 Wheat Genotypes for Grain Yield and Phosphorus Uptake on a Low Phosphorus Soil Without and With Applied Phosphorus Fertilizer

ABSTRACT

Two field experiments were conducted to compare 15 wheat genotypes at two phosphorus (P) levels (zero-P control or low P level—without application of P fertilizer on soil with 8 mg extractable P kg^?1, and adequate P level—with P fertilizer applied at 52 kg P ha^?1) for yield, P uptake, and P utilization efficiency (P efficiency ratio—PER, P harvest index—PHI, and P physiological efficiency index—PPEI). On the average of two experiments, substantial and significant differences were observed among wheat genotypes for both grain and straw yields at both P levels. Grain yields ranged from 2636 to 4455 kg ha^?1 in the zero-P control, and from 2915 to 4753 kg ha^?1 at adequate P level. Genotype 5039 produced the maximum grain yield, while 6529-11 had the minimum grain yield at both P levels. Relative reduction in grain yield due to P deficiency stress (PSF) ranged from none to 32%, indicating differential P requirements of genotypes. Genotypes 4943, Pasban 90, Inqlab 91, PB 85, Lu 26s, 4770, Chakwal 86, 4072, 6544-6, and 5039 had little or no response to P application. Phosphorus responsive genotypes included FSD 83, Kohinoor 83, Parvaz-94, Pak 81, and 6529-11. A non-significant correlation (r = ?0.466, P > 0.05) between grain and PSF in zero-P control treatment also indicated the least effect of P deficiency on some wheat genotypes. A wide range of PPEI (270–380 kg grain kg^?1 P absorbed in grain + straw at control P level, and 210–330 kg grain kg^?1 P absorbed in grain + straw at adequate P level) indicated differential utilization of absorbed P by the genotypes for grain production. This indicated that wheat genotypes differed considerably in their P requirement for growth and responsiveness to P application. The findings also suggested that PPEI was a better parameter for measuring P efficiency than other parameters, and can be used for selecting P efficient genotypes, because it relates to the internal concentration of a nutrient and genetic makeup of plant. It is concluded that genotypes having ability to produce relatively high grain yield, good command to tune P within plant and high PPEI are suited to low P soil conditions. Genotypes 4072, Inqlab 91, 4943, Pak 81 and 5039 were P efficient and had above mentioned abilities, while genotypes FSD 83, 6544-6, and 6529-11 were P inefficient. It should be noted that traits related to P efficiency are inheritable and can be used to improve P use efficiency of a genotype through back cross breeding programs.     

Humus-Rich Compost Increases Lettuce Growth, Nutrient Uptake, Mycorrhizal Colonisation, and Soil Fertility

Sandy soils, typical of Australia's west, either have little or no habitat protection for microbes including arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which are essential for nutrient cycling. To minimize this problem, the application of organic matter, such as humus-rich composts, is necessary during vegetable crop production. This study aimed at determining the effects of humus-rich composts on either indigenous or inoculated AM fungal colonisation in roots, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Quechua) growth, and soil fertility improvement. Four different humus-rich composts with varying humus contents were applied at the same standard rate to lettuce grown under glasshouse conditions for 10 weeks after sowing and compared with two low-humus composts and non-amended soil (control). Humus-rich composts significantly increased lettuce shoot growth, root growth, and AM fungal colonisation in roots. Humus contents in the composts were also correlated with lettuce shoot and root growth. Soil dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, and fertility were increased with the application of humus-rich composts. These humus-rich composts, especially the compost of higher humic acid with and without AM inoculation, might have a significant role in sustainable vegetable production, for example lettuce growth. Overall, the results indicate that supplementation with humus-rich compost is highly beneficial to enhance soil fertility and potentially maintain the sustainability of vegetable production.     

Effect of Phosphorus Additions and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Inoculation on the Growth,Physiology, and Phosphorus Uptake of Wheat Under Two Water Regimes

Drought stress greatly affected the growth and development of wheat in the world, while wheat growth could benefit through improvement of water status and nutrient uptake by mycorrhizal symbiosis or addition of phosphorus (P). Experimental treatments were (a) phosphorus addition (0 and 90 kg/ha), (b) soil water condition (40% field capacity and 95% field capacity), and (c) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, Glomus intraradices) (noninoculation and inoculation) which were conducted in a growth chamber. The results showed that addition of phosphorus and AMF inoculation significantly increased the relative water content and specific leaf area of flag leaves especially under 40% field capacity (water deficit (WD)). The leaf gas exchange parameters were all decreased under WD. The water use efficiency (WUE) and instantaneous WUE (WUEi) was enhanced by WD, AMF inoculation, and phosphorus addition. AMF inoculation and WD significantly decreased the carbon isotope discrimination (CID) of leaf. The P concentrations in stem, grain, and leaf were significantly increased by phosphorus addition, WD, and AMF inoculation. Significant correlations were found between WUE and grain P, stem P, and leaf P concentrations. Leaf CID was significantly negatively correlated with WUE and stem P concentrations. Inoculation of AMF or phosphorus addition could improve the growth, physiology, and phosphorus uptake in spring wheat under drought conditions.     

淹水条件下硝态氮和铵态氮配施对水稻生长与土壤养分影响

为系统研究硝态氮、铵态氮及二者不同配施比例对土壤养分供应与水稻生长情况的影响，通过田间小区试验，在相同施氮量条件下，研究了单施硝态氮(N)，单施铵态氮(A)，硝态氮、铵态氮按1:3(N1A3)、2:2(N2A2)、3:1(N3A1)比例配施对水稻产量、田间养分和氮素利用率的影响，并与农民习惯性施肥方式(U)作比较。研究结果表明：整个生育期内铵态氮对水稻的生长都起着主要作用，铵态氮通过提高水稻氮素利用率和促进水稻有效分蘖的方式提高了水稻产量。随着铵态氮的配施比例由25% 提高到75%，水稻的产量提高了35.18%、氮素利用率提高了46.67%，每公顷产生的经济收益增加了6 820.15元。A处理土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮和碱解氮的含量较N处理显著增加36.41%、30.30% 和8.42%，水稻产量提高了60.11%，氮素利用率提高了171.31%，有效穗数增加了52.31%，相较农民习惯性施肥，单施铵态氮处理每公顷还能增收522.91元。在0 ~ 180 kg/hm²的施氮量范围内，水稻产量(y)与铵态氮施用量(x₂)呈显著正相关，二者之间关系为y = 18.044x₂ + 4943.4(R² = 0.975 3)。     

磷锌配施对花生不同生育期磷锌吸收与分配的影响

对植物体内磷–锌复杂的交互关系,采用田间试验,研究了磷锌配施对花生不同生育期磷锌吸收、积累、分配及花生产量的影响。结果表明:施磷和施锌均显著提高了花生地上部干重和产量。相同锌用量下,施磷提高了花生地上部、花生壳和花生仁的磷含量和积累量,但降低了其锌含量、磷锌收获指数和荚果磷利用率。其中,施磷对地上部锌含量的降低程度取决于生育期和锌施用水平。随施磷量的增加,在花生苗期、花针前期及不施锌肥时,花生地上部锌含量显著降低;而在花针后期、结荚期和成熟期及施锌肥时,花生地上部锌含量的降低程度逐渐减弱,表明磷-锌拮抗作用在花生生育前期强于生育后期,不施锌肥强于施锌肥。施磷对花生锌积累量的影响取决于锌供应水平和花生生长部位。不施锌肥时,仅适量供磷促进了地上部锌积累,而施锌肥时,适量供磷和高量供磷均促进了地上部锌积累;不同于地上部,高量供磷显著降低了花生壳和花生仁锌积累量。相同磷用量下,增施锌肥对整个生育期花生各部位磷含量和花生生育后期磷积累量无显著影响,显著增加了花生苗期和花针前期地上部及成熟期花生壳和花生仁的磷积累量、磷收获指数和荚果磷利用率。总之,花生体内磷–锌相互作用大小受其生育期、生长部位和锌...     

Effect of Foliar Application of Phosphorus on Winter Wheat Grain Yield,Phosphorus Uptake,and Use Efficiency

ABSTRACT

One would expect foliar applied phosphorus (P) to have higher use efficiencies than when applied to the soil, but limited information is available concerning this. Experiments were conducted in 2002, 2003, and 2004 to determine the effect of foliar applications of P on winter wheat grain yields, P uptake, and use efficiency. Twelve treatments containing varying foliar P rates (0, 1, 2, and 4 kg ha^{? 1} in 2002 and 2003 and additional 8, 12, 16, and 20 kg ha^{? 1} in 2004) with and without pre-plant rates of 30 kg ha^{? 1} were evaluated. Foliar applications of P at Feekes 7 generally increased grain yields and P uptake versus no foliar P. Use efficiency was higher when P was applied at Feekes 10.54. Results from this study suggested that low rates of foliar applied P might correct mid-season P deficiency in winter wheat, and that might result in higher P use efficiencies.     

不同耕作模式对小麦—玉米轮作下潮土养分和作物产量的影响

通过分析裂区设计下的6个处理,即小麦季深耕和旋耕2个主处理×玉米季免耕播种、行间深松和行内深松3个副处理:(1)旋耕+免耕播种(RT—NT);(2)旋耕+行间深松(RT—SBR);(3)旋耕+行内深松(RT—SIR);(4)深耕+免耕播种(DT—NT);(5)深耕+行间深松(DT—SBR);(6)深耕+行内深松(DT—SIR),对土壤养分含量和作物产量影响,筛选适宜于小麦—玉米轮作体系的耕作模式。结果表明,各处理土壤养分含量在小麦、玉米两季中均随土层深度增加而降低。小麦季,旋耕处理0—10cm土层土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量、硝态氮含量显著高于深耕处理;但深耕增加当季30—40cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、硝态氮、铵态氮含量。玉米季,DT—NT处理0—30cm土层有机质含量较RT—NT处理增加40.1%～64.3%。RT—SBR、RT—SIR处理显著提升土壤0—30cm全氮含量,其中RT—SBR处理0—10cm土层全氮含量最高,为1.4g/kg。RT—SIR处理显著增加0—20cm土壤碱解氮含量,较RT—NT显著增加15.0%～25.3%。在0—40cm土层,DT—SBR处理的有效磷含量最高,而RT—SBR处理的速效钾含量最高。DT—SIR处理显著提升20—50cm土层硝态氮和铵态氮含量,其中硝态氮含量为8.5～30.4mg/kg,铵态氮含量为2.6～8.9mg/kg。与小麦季相比,玉米季提升10—20cm土层有机质含量、0—50cm土层的碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量以及40—50cm土层的硝态氮、铵态氮含量。DT—SBR和DT—SIR处理穗长、百粒重、收获指数和产量显著高于其他处理,且二者产量较RT—NT处理显著增加6.4%～10.8%。玉米季DT—SIR处理的肥料偏利用率和经济效益最高。综上所述,深耕+行内深松处理有利于增加土壤养分含量,且增产效果较好,在本研究中最优。