Copulation behaviour of Neptunea arthritica: baseline considerations on broodstocks as the first step for seed production technology development

Copulation trials under three different scenarios were performed aiming to study the copulation behaviour of Neptunea arthritica and determine whether broodstock maintenance is required for artificial seed production. Neptunea arthritica showed polygamy, copulating at least three times with different partners. From all males and females used in this study, 43% of them copulated at least once. Female whelks showed rejection behaviour, which generated significant difference in copulation time between rejected (13.7±10.7 min) and non‐rejected (49.7±44.7 min) males. The effect of body size on copula duration appeared to be superficial, while its effect on accumulative copulas played an important role as an indicator of copulation capacity because whelks varied in size. After first copula, males showed a contrasting tendency to mate copulated females over non‐copulated females (χ²=6.23, d.f.=1, P=0.01). Broodstock maintenance as the first step in seed production is possible but considering low mating percentage and female rejection, it would be not economically reasonable due to the considerable number of whelks required and related logistical factors.     

Dietary oils influence ovary and carcass composition and embryonic development of zebrafish

To evaluate the effect of different dietary lipids on zebrafish reproduction, we examined parameters including ovary and carcass composition, oestradiol (E2) levels, eclosion rate and embryonic development. In our study, zebrafish were subjected to a 5‐month feeding trial whereby olive (OLV), linseed (LIN), fish (FIS) or corn (CRN) oil were used to compose four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets. A positive correlation was found between ovary EPA and whole‐body E2 concentration (P = 0.005). The developmental dynamics was affected by dietary lipids and embryos from CRN treatment females; which had higher percentage of ARA in ovary (1.48 ± 0.44%) (P = 0.015), developed faster at 8–9 h postfertilization (hpf) than the ones originated from females receiving other diets (P = 0.0069). This effect was not sustained during later observation periods, suggesting ARA may act as a modulator of developmental dynamics only during initial phases. There was no clear effect of dietary lipid source on ovary protein content (P = 0.304) and eclosion rates at 72 hpf (P = 0.0623). Dietary fatty acids play an important role in reproductive outcome; however, additional studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms by which HUFA affect embryonic development.     

日本沼虾胚胎发育不同阶段主要生化成分的变化

为了解甲壳动物胚胎发育过程中主要营养物质消耗利用的规律，采用生物化学方法测定了日本沼虾胚胎发育过程中7个发育期的主要生化成分。结果表明，在日本沼虾胚胎发育过程中，水分含量在早期无显著变化．发育至溞状幼体期达到最高。蛋白质含量在早期略有升高，而从后无节幼体晚期开始下降。脂类含量则逐期下降，只是在前溞状幼体期有所升高。这表明在胚胎发育过程中，脂类和蛋白质不仅在构建组织器官过程中起到重要作用，且两者可能分别作为胚胎发育不同时期的主要能量来源。脂肪酸变化研究表明：DHA主要参与细胞和亚细胞结构形成。亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量在胚胎发育过程中下降，可能为胚胎发育提供能量，并合成部分DHA。∑ω-3HUFA在前溞状幼体期含量开始增加，主要用于胚胎发育后期细胞结构的形成。棕榈油酸在溞状幼体期含量骤然下降，主要作为能量物质被消耗。日本沼虾胚胎发育不同阶段主要生化成分的变化与其组织、器官的发育关系密切。     

Effect of temperature on energetic demands during the last stages of embryonic development and early life of Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) paralarvae

This study describes the effect of seasonal average temperatures (14 and 18°C) in the Ría of Vigo, on the utilization of external yolk over the last five Naef stages of development (XV–XX) for Octopus vulgaris embryos. Also, the transference of the outer yolk to the inner yolk sac, and its use during embryonic development and early life by O. vulgaris paralarvae. Temperature had a marked effect on embryonic development, except during stages XV–XIX (until the second inversion) where development time was the same (14 days), regardless of temperature. There were no significant differences in outer yolk decrease between consecutive Naef stages at 14°C and 18°C. Contrary, significant differences at all Naef stages from XV to XIX (both, with or without outer yolk) were observed for inner yolk between temperatures. A higher accumulation of inner yolk in embryos at 14°C was observed, due to lower yolk consumption. Paralarvae incubated at both temperatures were maintained independently at starvation during 4 days. At 18°C, a reduced accumulation of inner yolk, especially during Naef stage XIX, was observed. In 24 h old paralarvae, there was already significant higher inner yolk content at 14°C than at 18°C. Unfed paralarvae at 18°C lost weight faster than those at 14°C, due to higher energetic requirements. Finally, from these results, we propose a paralarvae rearing protocol during the first days after hatching and during the last five Naef stage (XV–XX) at lower temperatures, since the energy requirements are lower during the initial maturation stage.     

短蛸繁殖行为及胚胎发育过程

采用光学显微镜观察的方法,对短蛸(Octopusocellatus)的胚胎发育过程进行观察。在人工养殖环境下,选用成体短蛸培养1个月后(五月份)即产卵。观察发现,雌蛸一直对其卵子进行看护,直到幼体孵化出膜,随后两周之内雌蛸相继死亡;受精卵卵裂方式为盘状卵裂。根据Naef的划分标准,短蛸胚胎发育过程划分为20期,期间胚胎经历2次翻转,受精卵的孵化水温为16～21℃时,第1次翻转发生在第15天,胚胎原基由动物极转向植物极;第2次翻转发生在第40天,胚胎由卵柄端转向卵柄相对端;从受精卵到幼体孵化出膜共经历41d;刚孵化出的幼体为浮游型,浮游期12d左右,之后营底栖生活。本文系统地描述了短蛸的繁殖行为和胚胎发育各个阶段的形态变化,旨在丰富短蛸繁殖生物学和胚胎发育生物学的基础理论研究,并为开展大规模开展短蛸人工育苗、养殖以及人工增殖放流提供科学依据。     

三疣梭子蟹胚胎发育过程中主要生化组成的变化及其能量来源

系统研究了三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)胚胎发育过程中胚胎体积、单卵干重、湿重、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的变化规律,探讨胚胎发育过程中能量来源和消耗规律。结果表明,三疣梭子蟹胚胎发育过程中,胚胎体积持续增加,由受精卵时的(24.5±1.72)×106μm3增加到孵化前的(39.2±2.8)×106μm3(P<0.01);胚胎体积增加主要发生在胚胎发育后期。胚胎发育过程中单卵中水分含量呈上升趋势(P<0.05),水分绝对量由受精卵的(19.88±1.65)μg上升到心跳期的(28.82±1.77)μg,单卵水分含量升高了44.97%,故单卵湿重显著上升(P<0.05)。整个胚胎发育过程中单卵干重下降了4.64%。胚胎发育过程中单卵中的蛋白质、脂肪下降显著,分别减少了(1.97±0.35)μg和(1.99±0.45)μg,脂肪含量下降幅度为50.48%,而蛋白质含量下降幅度为23.48%;三疣梭子蟹胚胎发育过程中能量主要由脂类提供(71.32±20.46)%,其次由蛋白质提供(27.13±4.29)%,脂类和蛋白质分别充当了不同胚胎时期的主要能量来源,胚胎中的能量消耗主要发生在卵裂期、原肠期和心跳期。     

野生和养殖曼氏无针乌贼亲体形态、生化组分及其胚胎发育的比较

为优化曼氏无针乌贼人工繁育技术,提高人工增殖苗种的产量与质量,采用实验生态学方法,对比分析了野生和养殖曼氏无针乌贼（Sepiella japonica）的表观形态、生化组分及其受精卵的形态差异,探究了光照周期与受精卵胶质外膜对曼氏无针乌贼胚胎发育的影响。结果显示：野生和养殖曼氏无针乌贼的表观形态、生化组分均存在显著差异,野生群体性成熟规格远大于养殖群体,肌肉和肝脏组织中的脂肪含量显著低于养殖群体（P<0.05）,卵巢中的蛋白质含量则显著高于养殖群体（P<0.05）;养殖亲体所产黑卵在12D12L光照周期条件下孵化率最高,所产白卵在24D和24L条件下孵化率最高,野生亲体所产卵在24D和12D12L条件下孵化率最高;随光照时间的延长,受精卵的平均孵化时间具有先增加后减小的趋势,表明光照周期是影响曼氏无针乌贼胚胎发育的重要因素;实验发现,将受精卵胶质外膜剥离处理后,养殖亲体所产黑白卵的平均孵化时间具有减少的趋势,但孵化率显著下降（P<0.05）。综上所述,建议在曼氏无针乌贼人工苗种生产过程中,尽量选用大规格野生乌贼作为繁育亲体。此外,在受精卵孵化期间,应对孵化池进行适当遮光处理,避免受精卵长时间暴露于强光照环境中,以提高孵化率和仔乌成活率。本实验研究结果可为曼氏无针乌贼人工苗种繁育技术优化提供参考。     

铠平鲉的繁殖生物学特征及胚胎发育

为了解铠平鲉繁殖生物学特征及胚胎发育规律,完善铠平鲉繁殖生物学研究内容,为其种质资源保护和资源可持续利用提供基础资料,实验利用春季于青岛胶州湾海域采集的铠平鲉生殖群体样本,开展了其繁殖生物学研究,并使用显微数码摄像系统,观察了铠平鲉体内胚胎的发育过程,定性和定量描述了各发育阶段胚胎的形态特征。结果显示,实验采集样本的体长范围为62~137 mm,体质量范围为9.4~126.8 g,雌雄性比为1.85∶1,最小性成熟年龄为2龄,生殖群体主要由2~4龄个体组成,初次性成熟体长为70.6 mm。绝对怀卵量F为656~9235粒,平均3176粒,体长相对怀卵量FL为12~67粒/mm,体质量相对怀卵量FW为72~140粒/g。雌鱼体内受精卵呈正圆球形,平均卵径为(1.50±0.03)mm,淡黄色,自心跳期开始,受精卵逐渐由正圆球形变为梨形。受精卵在海水中为沉性,具多个油球,在胚胎发育早期存在油球聚合现象,一般至原肠胚末期时仅剩1个大油球。雌鱼体内初孵仔鱼全长(5.57±0.06)mm。研究表明,虽然卵胎生铠平鲉的胚胎发育规律与大多数海水硬骨鱼类基本相似,但胚胎发育中油球数量、色素分布和受精卵外部形态变化等仍具有其特异性。     

Growth performance and biochemical composition of the oysters Crassostrea sikamea,Crassostrea angulata and their hybrids in southern China

The Kumamoto oyster (Crassostrea sikamea) and the Portuguese oyster (C. angulata) are important aquaculture species which naturally coexist along the southern coast of China. To understand the potential feasibility of hybridization between the two species, we conducted two‐by‐two factorial cross‐experiments in Beihai (Guangxi province), and also compared the survival and growth of the hybrids to that of the two parental progenies during the grow‐out period from July 2014 to July 2015. Genetic analysis confirmed that the hybrid spats were true hybrids. Additionally, the biochemical composition of the 1‐year‐old oyster progenies was determined. In July 2015, the mean shell height of the hybrids was 42.98 ± 6.29 mm, which was higher than that of the Kumamoto oyster progeny. The cumulative survival rate of the hybrids was 26.37 ± 1.32%, which was higher than that of the progeny of the Portuguese oyster. Mean lipid content of the hybrids was 13.65 ± 1.63% of dry weight, which showed obvious heterosis compared to those of the two parental progenies. Observation of gonads revealed that all hybrids were completely fertile. Furthermore, relative expression of the lipid homeostasis genes, SREBP (sterol regulatory element‐binding proteins), PPARα (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor) and INSIG (insulin‐induced gene) were found to vary between parental progenies and the hybrids, thus providing a possible reason for difference in the lipid contents of these experimental groups. Overall, the hybrids were viable, rich in lipid and completely fertile and thus could serve as a promising aquaculture stock for oyster breeding in southern China.     

黄条鰤早期生长发育特征

观察和记录了黄条鰤(Seriolaaureovittata)早期生活史阶段生长发育的形态与数量特征,描述了胚胎和仔稚幼鱼各发育阶段的表观特征与生长特性。黄条鰤成熟卵子为透明的圆球形浮性卵,卵径(1.48±0.04)mm,单油球,油球径(0.37±0.02) mm。在水温(21.5±0.5)℃,盐度32, pH 8.0～8.2条件下,受精卵历经73 h 40 min破膜孵化。初孵仔鱼全长(4.23±0.39) mm,卵黄囊长椭圆形,长度约为全长的1/3。3日龄仔鱼全长(4.61±0.43) mm,开口,卵黄囊消耗95%,眼睛变为黑色,鳔原基形成。4日龄仔鱼全长(4.57±0.88) mm,肛门与外界联通,开始摄食轮虫。5日龄仔鱼全长(4.68±0.25) mm,卵黄囊耗尽,鳔开始充气。油球在8日龄消耗完毕,仔鱼全长(5.14±0.36) mm,完全进入外源性营养阶段。7日龄仔鱼全长(4.79±0.36) mm,鳔充气变为亮泡状。初孵仔鱼消化道细而直,随着仔鱼发育,消化道变得粗大,肠道内褶回增多,在10日龄仔鱼全长(5.19±0.37)mm,形成第一个肠道生理弯曲,15日龄仔鱼全长(5.71±0.50)mm,形成第二个肠道生理弯曲,消化能力不断增强。脊椎末端弯曲在15日龄开始,至25日龄全长(8.66±1.06)mm,弯曲过程完成。35日龄稚鱼全长(20.04±1.56)mm,各鳍条数与成鱼一致。60日龄幼鱼全长(65.06±1.94) mm,鳞片形成。80日龄幼鱼全长(134.05±3.25) mm,体表出现一条纵向横贯眼睛和尾椎末端的浅黄色色素带,在体态上与成体无明显区别。     

Effect of incubation temperature on the embryonic development and yolk‐sac larvae of the Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru (Nichols & Murphy, 1922)

The effect of incubation temperature on embryonic development and yolk‐sac larva of the Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru were evaluated by testing the effect of 26, 28 and 30°C, as this is the natural thermal interval reported during the spawning season of Pacific red snapper in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Sixteen developmental stages were observed. The incubation temperature affected the rate of development and time to hatching, being shorter at 30 than at 26°C, but no significant effect (P < 0.05) on larval length at hatching was registered. The depletion rate of yolk sac and oil globule was affected by incubation temperature particularly during the first 12 h post hatching (hph). At the end of the experiment (48 hph), significantly (P < 0.05) larger larvae were recorded at 26°C (TL = 3.22 ± 0.01 mm) than at 28° (TL = 3.01 ± 0.02 mm) and 30°C (TL = 2.97 ± 0.05 mm). Incubation of newly fertilized eggs at 26°C produces larger larvae, which may help to improve feeding efficiency and survival during first feeding.     

Embryonic and larval development in the semelparous Nereid polychaete Hediste diversicolor (OF Müller, 1776) in Norway: Challenges and perspectives

Knowledge of broodstock manipulation, gametogenesis, artificial fertilization and larval nutrition is a prerequisite to reach a large‐scale production of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor. In this study, the characteristics of oogenesis and spermatogenesis and embryonic and larval development were observed. Moreover, the effect of temperature on embryonic development and effect of diets and sediment on earlier juvenile development were tested. Mature oocytes were characterized by a spherical shape with a diameter of about 200 μm. They showed radial symmetry with a large centric nucleus surrounded by four distinctive layers. Embryo cleavage started between 4 and 10 hr after fertilization, and developed to the swimming trochophore stage after 5–6 days after fertilization at 11°C. The rate of embryonic development increased with a temperature increase from 6.1 to 21.2°C. The trochophore larvae increased in length from day 9 and commenced differentiation into 3‐setiger stage larvae at day 12. The length growth of larvae until 7‐setiger stage was 0.43 mm/day when fed with fish feed, while those fed shellfish diet and smolt sludge both grew around 0.21–0.23 mm/day. The results suggest that fish feed is a superior diet compared to shellfish diets and smolt sludge for the early larval stage of H. diversicolor.     

Comparative study on the embryonic development of three mud crabs Scylla spp.

Morphological changes in the embryos, egg size and development, incubation period and morphological structures of newly hatched zoea of three mud crab Scylla species were determined. The three species exhibited similar embryonic development composed of 10 stages. The mean egg diameter of Scylla serrata was significantly larger (P<0.05) at the prehatch stage. The mean egg diameters of Scylla tranquebarica and Scylla olivacea were similar (P>0.05). The incubation period was the longest in S. serrata and the shortest in S. olivacea. There was a positive relationship between egg size and larval size, as S. serrata exhibited the largest egg size and first zoea. However, no correlation was detected between egg size at prehatch and lengths of the morphological structures of the newly hatched zoea. The three species exhibited similar lengths of cephalic structures, but S. olivacea had significantly shorter (P<0.05) abdominal structures. The duration of spawning from ablation was the shortest in S. tranquebarica and the longest in S. olivacea. The study is relevant to aquaculture and fisheries management of Scylla species.     

Embryonic and larval development of serpae tetra Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner, 1882)

In this study, the embryonic and larval development stages of one of the most important ornamental fish serpae tetra (Hyphessobrycon eques) are described. The early life stage is documented from fertilization until the beginning of the juvenile period. The fertilized eggs (the average diameter = 938.55 ± 35.20 µm) were incubated at a water temperature of 26 ± 0.5°C. The cleavage finished in 1:10 hr (=h) and the early blastula stage occurred at 1:26 hr post fertilization (hpf). The gastrulation started at 3:05 hpf, and 50% epiboly was observed at 3:25 hpf. Segmentation stage was monitored at 7:26 hpf. Embryonic developmental stage was completed and hatching occurred 20–21 hpf. The total length (TL) of newly hatched larvae was 2.64 ± 0.21 mm. The larval development of serpae tetra was divided into four different periods: Yolk‐sac larva (1–4 DAH, TL = 2.77 ± 0.09 mm ‐ 3.85 ± 0.11 mm), preflexion larva (5–12 DAH), flexion larva (13–15 DAH, TL = 5.78 ± 0.46 mm on the 15th day) and post‐flexion larva (16–30 DAH, TL = 10.7 ± 0.27 mm on the 28th–30th days). The mouth and anus are closed at 1 DAH. The mouth and anus opened at 4 DAH. Exogenous feeding started on the 4th day. The first gulping of the swim bladder was on days 3. The larva begins to swim freely, and the yolk sac was completely consumed at 4 DAH. Histological structures of the eye and brain of new hatched larva were clearly identified at 1 day after hatching (DAH). According to histological findings, the digestive system (stomach, intestine) started to develop and the liver could be seen on the ventral side of the swim bladder at 5 DAH. No histological difference was observed between the anterior intestine and the posterior intestine at 15–16 DAH. The larval metamorphosis was completed, and the larvae transformed into juveniles at 28–30 DAH.     

Proximate biochemical variations in eggs of the prawn Macrobrachium americanum (Bate, 1869) during its embryonic development

Eggs of seven females were sampled to analyse the lipid, protein and carbohydrate content during the embryonic development of the prawn Macrobrachium americanum . Sampling was performed from recently spawned eggs to hatching. A hundred of eggs were sampled every 48 h during the trial. Proteins, lipids and carbohydrates were quantified. Proteins were the most abundant component, followed by lipids and carbohydrates as only minor constituents. Lipid decreased significantly from 42% to 23% of the total composition, while proteins increased from 55% to 76% and carbohydrates varied inconsistently. The change in total energy per egg through time during the embryonic development is represented by the equation y =−0.0133 x +0.334; r ²=0.94 ( y represents the energy content and x represents days). The main energy provider was lipids whose energy consumption is described by the equation y =−0.0158 x +0.203; r ²=0.96.     

Egg quality criteria in Pacific red snapper (Lutjanus peru)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical parameters used as possible determinants of egg quality in Pacific red snapper (Lutjanus peru). Fertilized eggs of eight spawns were obtained by hormonal induction. Egg quality criteria, including abnormal cleavage (AC), hatching percentage (HR) and survival percentage at first feeding (SR) were recorded. Samples were taken during embryonic development and from yolk‐sac larvae. Proteins, energetic metabolite concentrations and metabolic and digestive enzyme activities were determined using colorimetric methods. Pearson's correlation, and simple and multiple regression models were performed using the biochemical parameters as the independent variables and AC, HR and SR as the dependant variables. Glucose‐6‐phosphatase activity (AC r = 0.87; HR r = ?0.65; SR r = ?0.67) and fructose concentration (AC r = ?0.64; HR r = 0.54; SR r = 0.64) were the only biochemical parameters to be strongly correlated with the three egg quality criteria. The use of multiple regression models increased the regression coefficient of the three quality criteria. Fructose, glucose and glucose‐6‐phosphatase were involved in all multiple regression models. The models proposed in this study may be used to explain egg quality for Pacific red snapper and their use as predictors of egg quality is discussed.     

Biofloc technology in intensive broodstock farming of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum: spawning performance,biochemical composition and fatty acid profile of eggs

A 45‐day trial was performed to evaluate the effect of biofloc technology (BFT) with or without fresh food (FF) supplementation during pre‐maturation period on Farfantepenaeus duorarum spawning performance, biochemical composition and fatty acid profile of eggs as compared with conventional clear‐water system (CW+FF). Females raised in biofloc and that received FF supplementation (FLOC+FF) achieved better spawning performance in terms of number of eggs per spawn (49 × 10³), number of eggs per spawn per g of spawner's body weight (2.1 × 10³) and egg size (~275 μm) as compared with CW+FF (23 × 10³, 1.1 × 10³ and 263 μm respectively), but both treatments did not vary from FLOC (P > 0.05). High spawning activity was also observed in biofloc system as compared with clear‐water system as shown in number of spawns per ablated female (2.2–3.0 versus 0.6) and percentage of females that spawn at least once (80–82 versus 25%). Biochemical composition of eggs presented no significant differences among treatments. FA profile of eggs indicated that high spawning activity performed by females in FLOC+FF treatment was reflected in lower mean levels of EPA, DHA and sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3) and (n‐6). The better reproductive performance demonstrated by females raised in biofloc justified the application of this technology in F. duorarum broodstock.     

Artificial breeding and embryonic development of Synodontis zambezensis (Peters, 1852)

Synodontis sp. are an important source of food in many African countries including, Nigeria, South Africa, Egypt and Ghana. This is likely due to the genus being an excellent source of fat in fish‐based diets. However, there is also increased accumulation of lipophilic pollutants which can be transferred to the human population. In South Africa, Synodontis zambezensis is an important food source in rural communities, particularly along the Phongolo River system. The aim of this study was to breed Synodontis zambezensis in captivity, adapting a variety of protocols previously used in artificial breeding of Clarias gariepinus, Synodontis petricola and Synodontis nigromaculatus. A synthetic gonadotropin‐releasing hormone compound (Aquaspawn®) was used to induce reproductive development followed by manual fertilization of stripped eggs using sperm from dissected testis of sacrificed males. The embryonic development was consistent with other fish species and followed the same embryonic developmental stages. Initial hatching occurred within 26 hrs after fertilization, and survival rates of fry and subsequent fingerlings were as high as 80%. S. zambezensis has previously been used as a bio‐indicator species in field studies. Successful artificial breeding and rearing of this species improves the ability to use this indigenous species as a test organism in laboratory‐based assessments of chemicals and bioaccumulation of harmful chemicals such as Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT).     

Influence of one selected Tisochrysis lutea strain rich in lipids on Crassostrea gigas larval development and biochemical composition

Effects of a remarkably high overall lipid Tisochrysis lutea strain (T+) upon gross biochemical composition, fatty acid (FA), sterol and lipid class composition of Crassostrea gigas larvae were evaluated and compared with a normal strain of Tisochrysis lutea (T) and the diatom Chaetoceros neogracile (Cg). In a first experiment, the influence of different single diets (T, T+ and Cg) and a bispecific diet (TCg) was studied, whereas, effects of monospecific diets (T and T+) and bispecific diets (TCg and T+Cg) were evaluated in a second experiment. The strain T+ was very rich in triglycerides (TAG: 93–95% of total neutral lipids), saturated FA (45%), monounsaturated FA (31–33%) and total fatty acids (4.0–4.7 pg cell^?1). Larval oyster survival and growth rate were positively correlated with 18:1n‐7 and 20:1n‐7, in storage lipids (SL), and negatively related to 14:0, 18:1n‐9, 20:1n‐9, 20:4n‐6 and trans‐22‐dehydrocholesterol in membrane lipids (ML). Surprisingly, only the essential fatty acid 20:5n‐3 in SL was correlated positively with larval survival. Correlations suggest that physiological disruption by overabundance of TAG, FFA and certain fatty acids in larvae fed T+ was largely responsible for the poor performance of these larvae. ‘High‐lipid’ strains of microalgae, without regard to qualitative lipid composition, do not always improve bivalve larval performance.     

中华原钩虾的胚胎发育及其与水温的关系

采用发育生物学和生态学方法,观察描述了中华原钩虾的胚胎发育过程,研究了胚胎发育与水温的关系。结果显示,中华原钩虾的抱卵量与雌体体长呈正相关,抱卵雌虾通过抱卵板附着胚胎,在育卵袋内孵化幼体。水温15~27°C范围内,随着温度的升高,胚胎发育历期缩短,发育速率加快;21°C恒温条件下,中华原钩虾胚胎发育全程大约需要220 h,离体培养受精卵和亲体抱卵孵化基本同步。根据有效积温法则公式计算出胚胎的发育温度阈为6.02°C,有效积温为137.30°C·d。研究表明,中华原钩虾的前几次卵裂为全裂,后转为表面卵裂,初孵幼体与成体形态相似;温度对其胚胎发育历期和发育速率的影响差异极显著。