施硒对芦笋硒含量与品质的影响

以大棚种植的4年生绿芦笋"井冈701"为试材,研究不同浓度的亚硒酸钠溶液的不同施用方式对芦笋含硒量和营养品质的影响。结果表明,叶面喷施和土壤浇灌两种方式对芦笋体内硒的积累呈现不同的特点,但均能显著提高总硒含量,其浓度跟施硒浓度成正相。土壤浇灌100 mg kg~(-1)亚硒酸钠溶液可使芦笋嫩茎总硒含量在2个月以上的时期内持续稳定在100μg kg~(-1)的安全范围内,效果最好。而有机硒含量随施硒浓度的增加先升高后下降。施用适当浓度的亚硒酸钠能提高芦笋嫩茎的Vc和总蛋白质含量,改善芦笋的营养品质。     

Effects of Drought on Nutritive Value of Kudzu

Kudzu (Pueraria montana), a vigorous, perennial warm-season invasive legume is widely spread in the southeastern United States and has the potential to be used as feed by ruminants during its growing season from May until first frost (usually in October). The purpose of this study was to determine the nutritive value of kudzu during a drought-prone growing season. Five samples of apical leaves and stems were harvested once a week from random locations within a 43-year-old kudzu infestation grown on a Cecil clay loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) at the Clemson University Experimental Forest (Clemson, S.C.). We report the effects of plant part, sampling date, mean air temperature (MAT), and precipitation on dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) of the kudzu. Dry matter and CP were significantly greater in the apical leaf than in the stem; CP had a significant mean air temperature by plant part interaction. A significant temperature by plant part interaction also existed for Mg. Magnesium was greater in leaf than in the stem at the beginning of the growing season until the end of October, when small differences in Mg concentrations between stem and leaf were observed. Stem and leaf Ca concentrations were not significantly different. Calcium concentrations did vary across the dates (P?=?0.002). A significant temperature by plant part interaction existed for Mg concentrations (P?=?0.003), Ca to P ratio (P < 0.0001), P concentrations (P?=?0.0007), S (P < 0.0001), Zn (P?=?0.0053), Mn (P?=?0.0014), and Cu (P?=?0.006). Overall, kudzu's nutritive value as feed for ruminants during the growing season is highly variable; however, chemical composition was very comparable to other common forages. More frequent and intensive droughts predicted as a result of climate change may limit forage choices; however, kudzu maintains its forage potential for feeding both domestic and wild animals during drought-prone growing season.     

土壤含硒量对玉米农艺性状、产量及籽粒硒含量的影响

在2个硒含量的土壤背景下,种植8个不同遗传背景的玉米品种,研究土壤硒含量对玉米品种的农艺性状、产量及硒含量的差异,结果表明:(1)土壤硒含量对玉米的株高、穗位、可见叶片数有增加效应,富硒区玉米的3个指标高于非富硒区,但富硒区的单产未能表现高于非富硒区。(2)供试品种的产量依次为康农玉108(7 822.6 kg/hm2)华玉11号(7 302.11 kg/hm2)双玉919(6940.47 kg/hm2)禾盛玉718(6860.41 kg/hm2)正大999(6 374.98kg/hm2)万玉168(5964.29kg/hm2)恩单804(5889.69kg/hm2)兴农单3号(5692.68kg/hm2)。(3)土壤硒含量对玉米籽粒的硒含量有促进作用,供试品种籽粒硒含量依次为:兴农单3号双玉919万玉168恩单804康农玉108正大999华玉11号禾盛玉718。     

Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Seedling Growth and Physiological Traits of Melilotus officinalis L. Grown Under Salinity Stress Conditions

This study was conducted to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation on the leaf relative water content (LRWC), survival capacity, mycorrhizal dependency (MD), essential oil content and total protein content of Melilotus officinalis grown in a greenhouse under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized factorial arrangement design using five replications. Zero (0), 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) and two AM fungal levels were applied. Control (without inoculation) and inoculated (with AM fungi) treatments were considered two mycorrhizal levels. LRWC and survival capacity values in AM Melilotus officinalis were significantly higher than that in the non-AM-inoculated plants. Generally, MD, essential oil content and total protein content values were significantly higher in the AM-inoculated Melilotus officinalis compared with the non-AM-inoculated plants in all treatments. Results suggest that Melilotus officinalis could be used for the economic usage of the saline lands.     

外源硒肥对茶叶硒含量及化学品质的影响研究

硒肥对提高茶叶品质和增加茶树体内硒含量具有明显的促进作用。为了探讨硒对茶叶品质的影响机制,本研究进行了土施和喷施硒肥的盆栽试验。结果表明:叶面喷施和土施Na2SeO3两种施用方式对茶叶硒含量的提高及品质的改善都非常有利。叶面喷施浓度为120μgSe/ml时,喷施后第12天,春茶的硒含量最高为0.374μg/g;叶面喷施浓度为180μgSe/ml时,喷施后第18天,夏茶和秋茶的硒含量最高,分别为0.380μg/g和0.368μg/g。采用土施硒肥的方法制富硒茶时,土壤施硒量应不少于8mgSe/盆。叶面喷施浓度为180μgSe/ml时,夏茶化学品质提高最为明显,其中酚氨比下降为对照的65.73%,可溶性糖含量增加到对照的116.30%。与叶面喷施有降低儿茶素含量的作用相比,土施硒肥对整个采摘期内茶叶儿茶素的含量无明显影响,因此对改善茶叶品质特别是春茶品质的作用后者优于前者。     

叶面过量施硒对玉米产量、硒和矿质营养元素含量的影响

为了明确过量施硒对作物生长的毒害效应,为合理施用硒肥提供依据,本研究在田间条件下探究了叶面过量施硒对糯玉米京科糯2000和普通玉米郑单958两个品种产量、硒含量和矿质营养元素含量的影响。结果表明,叶面喷硒量(亚硒酸钠)≤0.2 g·L^-1时,京科糯2000植株生物量和籽粒产量与对照(不喷硒)相比持平或略有增加,未表现出毒害效应;京科糯2000在叶面喷硒量≥0.5 g·L^-1时,郑单958在叶面喷硒量≥0.1 g·L^-1时,其植株生物量和籽粒产量均明显降低;随着叶面喷硒浓度的增加,两品种玉米籽粒硒含量均逐步增加,郑单958产量和籽粒硒含量的变化幅度高于京科糯2000。叶面喷硒可显著提高玉米籽粒锌和铁的吸收量,对铜、磷、镁和钙的吸收基本无影响,但抑制硼的吸收。总体来看,过量施硒抑制2个不同品种玉米生长,造成产量下降,但可提高籽粒硒、锌和铁的营养水平。本研究对玉米微量元素营养调控具有一定的借鉴指导意义。     

Effect of combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilization on yield and qualitative parameters of Camelina sativa [L.] Crtz. (false flax)

Abstract

Camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crtz., false flax) is described as a species requiring fewer inputs than other oilseed crops thus making it an interesting alternative in sustainable cropping systems. As information on the combined effects of nitrogen and sulphur on camelina yield and quality parameters is meagre, a pot fertilization experiment was carried out with nitrogen applied as NH₄NO₃ at three increasing rates equivalent to a range from 63 up to 127 kg ha^?1. These treatments were combined with sulphur additions applied as (NH₄)₂SO₄ to achieve a soil sulphate content of 25 or 45 mg kg^?1, respectively (equivalent to 75 and 135 kg S ha^?1). The medium and high nitrogen rates combined with the low sulphur fertilization level increased the number of branches per plant compared with the lowest nitrogen fertilization at the same sulphur rate. Camelina seed yield increased with increasing nitrogen doses at the same low sulphur level, whereas straw yield increased only at the highest rate of nitrogen. Thousand-seed mass increased at the highest nitrogen dose and with the low sulphur application rate. In addition, the increase in nitrogen fertilization reduced seed oil content from 39.8% to 37.1%. A highly negative correlation was observed between oil and protein content of seeds. Nitrogen fertilization increased total oil yield and total protein yield. Differences in crop parameters between the sulphur treatments were not significant statistically, although the higher sulphur treatment tended to increase seed yield as well as oil and protein content compared with the low sulphur treatment. Thus, the combined application of N and S as mineral fertilizers is only recommended when growing camelina on sulphur-deficient soils if the aim is to achieve both high oil and protein production.     

土壤中硒含量、形态及有效性分析

近年来,硒(Se)对于植物以及人体的有效性逐渐得到重视,越来越多的富硒土壤被发现和利用,但目前人们对于土壤中硒的含量、形态、转化及其有效性还没有形成系统、全面和准确的认识。本文通过对国内外硒研究文献的整理和分析,认为当前对土壤中硒总量有较全面的数据,但对于硒的植物有效性与其他影响因素之间的关系认识不一,主要原因在于研究前提(土壤类型、气候等)的差异以及不同因素之间的掩盖。今后应在相对控制某一变量的前提下,采用定量模型技术,分析土壤硒有效性的真实影响因素和定量规律。在区域大气-土壤-水-植物系统的硒平衡方面,针对大气沉降、硒甲基化(挥发)、硒的淋失等途径的定量规律和影响因素,应开展大尺度范围的监测和分析。利用硒同位素技术(自然丰度和加富标记),更加准确地追踪硒在土壤、植物等子系统的转化规律,从而为提高硒的利用效率提供科学依据。     

Effect of Water Stress on Salvia officinalis L. Bioproductivity and Its Bioelement Concentrations

Salvia officinalis L. is an aromatic and medicinal species that has medicinal and antioxidative properties. Studying the growth, productivity, and nutrient absorption of this plant under different water regimes is necessary to optimize its cropping techniques. Five irrigation regimes (100, 75, 50, 25, and 0% of ET₀) were tested in this trial, through two consecutive years, at two sites during the maximum water-demanding season (June–August period of 2003 and 2004), applied by drip irrigation. The effects of water regimes were tested under extreme climatic conditions (summer in Vega del Guadalquivir, Seville). Data were collected on dry-matter production, mineral nutrition, essential oil production, and the concentrations of bioelements in the airborne organs of the plant to determine the influence of water stress on these indexes. Results showed a significant effect of water regime on dry-matter production, essential oil content, and bioelement concentrations of the plant. Reduced irrigation (from 100% to 0% of ET₀) caused a decrease of the dry weight (73% of the commercial production of the plant), essential oil production (69%), and an increase of the nitrogen (N) content of the airborne organs of the plant (15%), together with a decrease of the levels of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) (21, 25, and 10%, respectively). These results confirm that S. officinalis production is limited by availability of water.     

Se肥施用方式和施用时期对水稻含Se量及产量的影响

在田间小区的试验条件下研究不同硒(Se)肥的施用方法及施用时期对水稻植株和籽粒中Se的吸收与富集的影响。研究表明:水稻在生长前期和旺盛时期对Se的吸收和积累有很大差异。与对照相比,苗床施Se、土壤施Se和叶面喷Se 3种方式均能明显提高各生育期水稻植株和籽粒中Se的含量,富Se效果达到差异极显著水平。从稻米富Se效果看,富Se含量在0.163~0.207 mg·kg-1之间,Se含量增加了5.8~7.6倍,且都在安全范围内。从水稻富Se的方式上,不同施Se方式富Se效果依次为水稻扬花期喷Se土壤施Se育苗期喷Se对照。从叶面喷施Se的时间上,稻米富Se效果依次是扬花期喷Se育苗期喷Se灌浆期喷Se齐穗期喷Se对照。从水稻富Se类型上看,外源无机Se和有机Se都能明显促进水稻对Se的积累。水稻育苗期和扬花期叶面喷Se在提高水稻稻米中含Se量的同时,并没有降低水稻产量。因此水稻叶面喷Se是一条安全、简单、易操作的途径。     

Hydro-/Biochar application to sandy soils: impact on yield components and nutrients of spring wheat in pots

From hydro-/biochar application to soils positive effects on soil characteristics and as a consequence on yield of crops were expected. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of maize biochar and maize hydrochar (HTC-char) amendments treated with or without digestate, as well as a wood biochar, mixed with or without digestate and mineral nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components, nutrient contents and quality of spring wheat. Therefore, a pot experiment was set up. Yield, yield components and quality were mainly influenced by nitrogen fertilizer. The application of HTC-char could have negative effects on yield and yield components of spring wheat. Hydrochar treated with digestate had no negative effects on yield of spring wheat.     

Effect of Foliar Salicylic Acid Applications on Growth,Chlorophyll, and Mineral Content of Cucumber Grown Under Salt Stress

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of foliar salicylic acid (SA) applications on growth, chlorophyll, and mineral content of cucumber grown under salt stress. The study was conducted in pot experiments under greenhouse conditions. Cucumber seedlings were treated with foliar SA applications at different concentrations (0.0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mM). Salinity treatments were established by adding 0, 60, and 120 mM of sodium chloride (NaCl) to a base complete nutrient solution. The SA was applied with spraying two times as before and after transplanting. Salt stress negatively affected the growth, chlorophyll content and mineral uptake of cucumber plants. However, foliar applications of SA resulted in greater shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, and root dry weight as well as higher plants under salt stress. Shoot diameter and leaf number per plant increased with SA treatments under salt stress. The greatest chlorophyll content was obtained with 1.00 mM SA treatment in both saline and non-saline conditions. Leaf water relative content (LWRC) reduced in response to salt stress while SA raised LWRC of salt stressed cucumber plants. Salinity treatments induced significant increases in electrolyte leakage. Plants treated with foliar SA had lower values of electrolyte leakage than non-treated ones. In regard to nutrient content, it can be interfered that foliar SA applications increased almost all nutrient content in leaves and roots of cucumber plants under salt stress. Generally, the greatest values were obtained from 1.00 mM SA application. Based on these findings, the SA treatments may help alleviate the negative effect of salinity on the growth of cucumber.     

富硒强筋紫粒小麦品种——农大3753的培育

紫色特用小麦(Triticum aestivum)新品种农大3753是由中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院选育的,由组合京冬8号/黑小麦76经系谱法选育而成,系谱号为:97冬加(2)-0-1-1-3-3-0。2006年通过北京市品种审定委员会审定。该品种为冬性,籽粒紫色,产量高,富含微量元素,强筋,营养品质和加工品质俱佳。本文详细介绍了农大3753的特点、选育过程和栽培措施,并初步分析了该品种株高低于双亲、加工品质优于双亲的原因,为该品种的推广种植,以及小麦新品种的培育开展提供必要的信息和借鉴。     

硒肥对猕猴桃果实硒含量及其营养品质的影响

采用叶面喷施、根施及根叶并施方式对猕猴桃植株进行富硒处理。结果表明:3种施肥方式对于提高猕猴桃果实硒含量效果的顺序为叶面喷肥根叶并施根施,以叶面喷施0.5 kg硒肥最优,果实硒含量增加了103.5%;提高果实维生素C(Vc)含量的效果顺序为根施根叶并施叶面喷肥,根施0.5 kg硒肥最为显著,果实Vc含量增加了23.0%,而叶面喷肥后果实Vc含量下降;提高果实可溶性固形物含量的效果顺序为叶面喷肥根叶并施根施,以叶面喷施0.5 kg硒肥最优,果实可溶性固形物含量提高了37.2%。结合猕猴桃果实硒含量、营养品质、果树长势以及果园管理成本等因素,建议选用果树绽叶期根施硒肥0.5 kg·株-1作为富硒猕猴桃果园的施肥技术。     

典型黑土pH值变化对营养元素有效态含量的影响研究

采用室内培养实验的方法,控制典型黑土样品的酸碱度值,探讨典型黑土中Cu、Zn、Mn、P和Fe等营养元素有效态含量与pH值的关系。结果表明:pH值变化0.5个单位左右,有效态铜含量变化约0.5～1倍;有效态锰含量变化约3～5倍;有效态锌含量变化9～15倍之多;有效态磷含量变化约1.5～2倍;有效态铁含量变化约3～4倍。说明精确掌握土壤的酸碱度值对于土壤诊断、合理施肥、提高作物产量和实现土地的可持续利用都具有重要的理论与实践意义。     

典型黑土pH值变化对微量元素有效态含量的影响研究

采用室内培养实验的方法 ,控制典型黑土样品的酸碱度值 ,探讨典型黑土中 Cu、Zn和 Mn等微量元素有效态含量与 p H值的关系。结果表明 :p H值变化 0 .5个单位左右 ,有效态铜含量变化约 0 .5～ 1倍 ;有效态锰含量变化约 3～ 5倍 ;有效态锌含量变化 9～ 1 5倍之多。说明精确掌握土壤的酸碱度值对于土壤诊断、微肥的合理施用、提高作物产量和实现土地的可持续利用都具有重要的理论与实践意义     

初始含水率对土壤中原油入渗的影响

为确定土壤初始含水率对原油在土壤中入渗的影响,该文利用3种土壤,根据设定不同初始含水率进行配置,开展土柱模拟试验,研究了不同初始含水率条件下原油在土壤中的入渗。试验结果表明：对于同一质地土壤,随着初始含水率的增加,原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离和湿润推进速率均增加。原油在土壤中的入渗与土壤粉粒含量密切相关,当土壤初始含水率较低时,不同质地土壤,粉粒含量越高,原油在土壤中入渗越慢;随土壤深度增加,土壤中原油残留物的含量呈波动递减趋势;原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离随时间的变化可用对数函数拟合,湿润推进速率与时间的关系可用Kostiakov公式拟合。     

芦笋的水土保持性能和效益初探

芦笋不仅是一个营养价值和保健价值极高多年生草本植物，而且也是一个优良的水土保持植物，项目组在内蒙古的典型土石山区、黄土丘陵区布点试验，对其生物、生态学特性、水土保持性能和效益进行深入研究，结果表明，在不同立地条件定植的芦笋成活率大于90％，越冬率100％，生长迅速根系发达，并且表现出良好的水土保持性能和效益。     

Effect of Daylength on the Nitrogen Status of Timothy (Phleum pratense L.)

Abstract

In two experiments timothy plants (Phleum pratense L., cultivars ‘Bodin’ and ‘Grindstad’, well established and vernalized in the first experiment and 7 weeks old in the second) were given daylength treatments with 12 h of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and day-lengthening light of low irradiance for from 2 to 13 weeks. Significant daylength effects on dry-matter, total nitrogen, nitrate and soluble protein content in the leaves of plants were demonstrated after only two weeks of treatment. The nitrogen and protein content decreased with increasing daylength, irrespective of the developmental stage of the plants. The dry-matter content increased with daylength when long days had induced generative development and decreased when all treatments at the same harvest were vegetative. The total nitrogen and protein per plant did not decrease from short to long days. The lower nitrogen and protein content in long days can therefore be regarded as a dilution caused by the increased dry-matter production found in these treatments. The observed effects of daylength on the ratio of assimilated nitrogen to assimilated carbon might be direct or indirect, since long days induce both enhanced dry-matter production and generative development in Bodin and Grindstad.     

Genotypic Differences in Selenium Accumulation in Rice Seedlings at Early Growth Stage and Analysis of Dominant Factors Influencing Selenium Content in Rice Seeds

The paper deals with the selenium (Se) accumulation of different genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa Japonica) seedlings at early growth stage and its correlation with the Se content in grains in 151 rice varieties. A field trial showed the Se content in brown rice to range from 29 μg/kg to 103 μg/kg. The results from hydroponic culture with representative varieties of high-, moderate- and low-Se content showed that total Se values for the high-Se genotypes were markedly higher than those of the low-Se varieties. This was true of Se content of the whole plant, Se content of shoots, biomass of shoots, and rate of Se accumulation in shoots. There were, however, no significant differences in values for total Se in roots, rate of accumulation in roots, and biomass of roots between high- and low-Se groups. Selenium content in brown rice was positively correlated with the total Se of the whole plant, shoot, and biomass of shoots. We concluded that the total Se transported from roots to shoots was more important than other factors in Se accumulation and content in brown rice.