Multielement Extraction from Southern Brazilian Soils

To evaluate the effectiveness of multielement extraction of Mehlich 1 and Mehlich 3 solutions in soils from southern Brazil, correlation studies are needed. The amounts of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) extracted with Mehlich 1 solution, 1.0 M potassium chloride (KCl), and 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) for representative soil types of the Rio Grande do Sul state (Brazil) were compared with those extracted with Mehlich 3 solution. The amount of nutrients extracted with different methods indicated high correlation coefficients. On average, Mehlich 3 solution extracted greater amounts of P (50%) and K (20%) than Mehlich 1 solution. Calcium amounts extracted with all solutions were similar. Magnesium amounts extracted with Mehlich 3 solution were on average 20% less than the amounts extracted with 1.0 M KCl solution. Mehlich 3 solution extracted similar amounts of Cu as the 0.1 M HCl but lesser amounts of Zn. Simultaneous multielement soil-test methods such as Mehlich 1 and Mehlich 3 solutions are efficient in soils from southern Brazil and are a feasible alternative to improving the efficiency of soil-testing laboratories.     

Evaluation of the Mehlich 3 Reagent as an Extractant for Cations and Available Phosphorus for Soils in Mozambique

Accurate soil testing procedures contribute to agricultural development of Mozambique. The Mehlich 3 (M-3) procedure has not been evaluated for Mozambican soils despite its wide applicability. Results showed M-3 solution could extract exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) as well as 1 M ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc), while M-3 was not appropriate for extraction of exchangeable sodium (Na). M-3 was an alternative procedure to Bray-I for available phosphorus (P) extraction. Although M-3 extracted 1.6 times more P than Bray-I, determination coefficient between the two procedures showed significantly high value. P content in M-3 extracts can determine using inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometers (ICP) to maximize the merits of M-3. In conclusion, M-3 is applicable for determination of exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, and available P, in a single determination using ICP, and should contribute to development of effective and accurate soil diagnosis in Mozambique.     

不同利用方式对潮棕壤交换性钾钠及盐基总量的影响

为深刻认识土地利用变化对土壤交换性离子的影响,本文对潮棕壤水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地和人工林地4种土地利用方式经过14年后,在0～150cm剖面中土壤交换性钾、钠、交换性盐基总量的剖面分布及交换性钾钠比值变化进行了比较研究。结果表明,林地和撂荒地各土层交换性K含量及土体中交换性K储量具有高于水稻田和玉米地的趋势;水稻田和撂荒地0～20cm各土层的交换性Na含量显著高于林地和玉米地;林地0～150cm深度土壤交换性Na储量显著高于其他三种利用方式(P<0.05);0～150cm深度内土壤交换性盐基总储量大小依次为林地、玉米地、撂荒地、水稻田;水稻田剖面土壤交换性K/Na随土层深度增加而增大,其他3种土地利用方式则是随土层深度增加而降低。土壤管理和植物自身的特性在土壤剖面中交换性离子的构成以及土壤交换性盐基库的重建等方面可能起到重要作用。     

Soil Phosphorus Available for Crops and Grasses Extracted with Three Soil-Test Methods in Southern Brazilian Soils Amended with Phosphate Rock

The Mehlich 1 (M1) soil-test method has been used for soil phosphorus (P) extraction in southern Brazil. The objective of this work was to compare M1, Mehlich 3 (M3), and ionic exchange resin (resin) soil-test methods to evaluate the soil P available for crops and grasses in soils amended with phosphate rock (PR). Oxisol and Alfisol received triple superphosphate (TS) and PR. The M1 solution extracted greater P amounts in soils amended with PR compared with the M3 solution and resin methods. Lesser P amounts were extracted with the M3 solution. Crops yields were better associated with the P amounts extracted with M3 and resin methods in soils amended with PR. The results showed that M1 overestimates soil P availability to plants in soils amended with PR; the M3 solution best estimated the soil P available for crops and grasses in soils amended with PR.     

Evaluation of Modified Mehlich and Sikora Buffer Methods as an Alternative to Modified Woodruff Buffer in Determining Lime Requirement for Missouri Soils

The modified Woodruff buffer (MWB) test is used to determine lime requirement (LR) for Missouri soils. Though this method is proven to work for Missouri soils, it uses p-nitrophenol, which is a hazardous substance. Soil-testing laboratories are under increasing pressure to reduce hazardous wastes, which must be collected and disposed of following U.S. Environmental Protection Agency protocols. The goal of this study was to evaluate the modified Mehlich buffer (MMB) and the Sikora buffer (SB) as alternatives to the MWB in determining the LR for Missouri soils. Thirty soils were collected from major agricultural areas in Missouri, treated with calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), and incubated for 90 days. Soil pH_s [0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂) 1:1] was regressed against CaCO₃ rate, and the actual LR was estimated for each soil to raise the soil pH_s to target levels of 5.8, 6.3, and 6.8. The MWB, MMB, and SB pHs were regressed against the actual LR for all 30 soils to evaluate the effectiveness of each test for estimating the LR. The MMB and SBs were found to be as good as or better than MWB in predicting LR in Missouri soils. Both buffers (MMB and SB) were found to be equally effective in generating accurate estimates of the LR to raise soils to pH_S 5.8, 6.3, and 6.8 (for pH values 5.8: R² = 0.76, 0.82, 0.81; for pH values 6.3: R² = 0.80, 0.88, 0.86; and pH values 6.8: R² = 0.77, 0.89, 0.87 for MWB, MMB, and SB, respectively). A test to evaluate the stability of the buffers over time indicated that MMB had the shortest bench life (about 21 days) when compared to the MWB and SB, thus making it less feasible for use by soil test laboratories. Based on performance and stability, SB is a better alternative than MWB for Missouri soils.     

Interaction between Plant Nutrients: II. Effect of Chloride on Activities of Cations in Soil Solution and on Nutrient Uptake by Plants

Abstract

In soil solutions the sum of cations is equivalent to that of anions. Anions are soluble or precipitated as less soluble salts. Therefore, the sum of soluble anions are responsible for the sum of cations in the soil solution. Soluble nitrate anions are unstable as they immobilize in biological materials. Hydrogen carbonate is excreted from plant roots and decomposes into carbon dioxide and carbonate. Carbonate reacts with hydrogen ions and forms complexes and ion pairs with calcium ions. Sulphate and chloride are more stable in the soil solution as anions.

Chloride ions were found to increase the activity of cations in the soil solution and to increase uptake of cations through the entire growth period. Increased absorption of cations increased yield. In temperate climate regions the surplus of chloride leaches from the root zone during winter.     

Evaluation of Coconut Wastes as an Amendment to Acidic Soils in Low-Input Agricultural System

The effectiveness of plantation wastes along with locally available organic materials in ameliorating acidic soil was studied by conducting an experiment with coconut husk, poultry manure, vermicompost, and compared with limestone. Application of organic amendments significantly increased the soil pH, and it was greatest in poultry manure–amended soils followed by vermicompost and coconut husk + poultry manure treatments. The relative liming efficiency was greatest for poultry manure through out the observation period of 180 days. The coconut husk alone showed the least liming effect and its liming efficiency had increased when applied in combination with poultry manure and or vermicompost. This increase in soil pH was mirrored by significant reductions in exchange acidity, exchangeable aluminum (Al³⁺), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable iron (Fe²⁺), and manganese (Mn²⁺) and increases in cation exchange capacity, exchangeable bases, especially calcium (Ca), and Olsen-extractable phosphorus (P) by addition of organic amendments and lime. This study indicated the potential of using coconut husk along with poultry manure for managing acidic soils in low-input agricultural systems, especially in tropical islands.     

南方设施菜地填闲苋菜筛选及其氮磷淋失阻控效果研究

筛选经济效益高、易推广,且对夏季休闲期氮磷淋失阻控效果好的填闲作物,对减轻我国珠三角地区设施菜地土壤氮磷流失、保护水体环境具有重要意义.通过淋溶管法研究了夏季休闲期(7月至8月)种植4种苋菜(圆红苋菜、心红苋菜、青苋与南星苋)对设施菜地土壤淋溶液pH、无机氮磷浓度及收获后土壤速效养分等的影响.结果表明:苋菜作为填闲作物...     

Field and Laboratory Evaluation of the Cardy Nitrate-Nitrogen Meter for Measuring Soil Solution Nitrate Nitrogen in Hawaiian Soils

The estimation of plant-available nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) is essential for any nutrient-management plan but can be time-consuming and expensive. However, the efficacy of rapid methods to determine soil NO₃-N levels designed for grower use has received mixed reviews in the literature. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the Cardy electrode-based meter for measuring soil solution NO₃-N concentrations under a perennial peanut living mulch in two mixed orchard systems on O'ahu and (2) determine the influence of soil type on measurement accuracy and precision under laboratory conditions. To achieve the first objective, 24 lysimeters were installed 15–30 cm deep at each of two fruit tree orchards with different soils and climate on Oahu island. For the second objective, a replicated column study was conducted, in which NO₃-N solutions of varied concentrations were leached through three representative agricultural soils (Wahiawa, Loleka'a, and Waialua series). Field soil solution and column leachate were analyzed using the portable electrode-based meter and a standard laboratory colorimetric method. In the field samples, soil solution NO₃-N ranged from <1 to 110 mg/L, and there was a strong correlation (r²?=?0.92) between the portable meter and colorimetric values. Similarly, a strong correlation between the Cardy meter and the laboratory methods was observed in the column study, although r ² values varied with soil type. The data suggest that the Cardy meter can be used to rapidly and accurately measure soil solution NO₃-N, if its concentrations are relatively high and concentrations of interfering ions such as chloride (Cl^?) are low. Overall, the primary value of this rapid method may be in estimating relative changes in soil nitrate in response to nutrient management at a single site.     

泥石流灾害系统的协同进化规律--以南水北调西线一期工程区为例

以南水北调西线一期工程区为研究对象,从协同学的观点出发,探讨了泥石流灾害系统的协同进化规律。研究表明,工程区泥石流灾害系统是一个远离平衡状态的开放系统;泥石流的暴发是系统内部各子系统之间经过非线性作用,在序参量的支配下协同进化的结果。泥石流灾害系统协同进化规律的研究,对于进一步认识泥石流灾害的形成以及制定防灾减灾措施具有重要的意义。