Dissolved and Particulate Metals in the Mero River (NW Spain): Factors affecting Concentrations and Load during Runoff Events

This article examines the metal [aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn)] runoff dynamics in the Mero River (northwestern Spain). At the catchment outlet, metal concentrations, suspended solids, dissolved organic carbon, pH, and discharge were determined during three runoff events. The river drains an agroforestry catchment of 65 km² with relatively high livestock density. Dissolved and particulate metal concentrations increased during the events with respect to pre-event concentrations, but the increase of the dissolved fraction is relatively small compared to that of the particulate fraction. The dissolved metal concentration peaks appeared after the hydrograph peak, suggesting transport associated with subsurface flow. For particulate metals, peaks usually occurred during the falling limb of hydrograph, implying distant-river source of metals. Particulate forms represented more than 90% of total Al, Fe, and Mn load, whereas for Cu and Zn its contributions were 52–76% and 31–56%, respectively. The high positive correlations of all particulate metals, except Zn, with suspended solid concentrations indicate that these constituents play a major role in transport of metals. Soil erosion is the main process responsible for causing elevated Al, Fe, and Mn concentrations in the river during rainfall–runoff events while Zn and Cu come mainly from the addition of slurries and manures to farmland.     

Geochemical Behavior of Dissolved Organic Carbon under Baseflow Conditions at the Corbeira Stream Water,Spain

Geochemical processes related to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) under baseflow are studied in Corbeira Stream (northwestern Spain). The stream drains a catchment occupied by forest and agricultural fields. Dissolved organic carbon and other chemical parameters were analyzed. Seasonally, DOC values show a gradual rising background beginning in late spring to summer, finishing with major anomalies in the early to middle autumn. Suspended solids (SS) values exhibit a steady to falling background. The greatest DOC peaks seem be a function of rising temperatures and degradation of organic matter in wet soils. Divergent DOC and SS backgrounds in dry season and synchronicity between DOC-SS peaks associated with negative correlation of SS to pH in autumn seem be conspicuous geochemical signatures in perennial streams under temperate climates. The first one indicates the predominance of subsurface flows in streams, and the second one indicates the predominance of overland runoff.     

嘉陵江流域非点源溶解态氮污染负荷模拟研究

嘉陵江流域是乏峡水库最大的支流,为研究嘉陵江流域非点源溶解态氮污染负荷的年际变化规律及其来源的空间分布情况,以流域土地利用类型为研究单元,通过引入具有物理机制的半分布式水文模型——sLuRP水文模型,并推导溶解态氮的流域输移损失系数,建立了流域非点源溶解态氮污染年负荷模型。借助GIS技术,应用所建模型,对嘉陵江流域各土地利用类型L的年地表径流量和溶解态氮污染负荷进行了模拟。模拟结果表明,以旱地和水田为主的涪江流域的溶解态氮流失情况最为严重,其次是渠江下游流域和西汉水流域,1990---2005年嘉陵江流域各土地利用类型上产生的非点源溶解态氮年均负荷为35726t·a^-1,约占流域出口总氮负荷的32％。     

海河流域水稻田氮磷地表径流流失特征初探

选取海河流域水稻田作为研究对象,在自然降雨条件下通过田间实测方法研究其氮磷元素地表径流流失特征。结果表明,氮磷元素流失率分别为0.7%和0.6%,流失负荷分别为4.77kg.hm-2和2.08kg.hm-2。在详细分析试验结果后,找出影响氮磷地表径流流失量的因素,其中颗粒态氮是农田径流流失的主要形式,并与径流量成明显正向相关,而磷素流失量则受施肥量和径流量双重影响,影响规律较氮素更为复杂,尚需进一步研究。进而得出结论：在北方干旱少雨的气候影响下,地表径流并非海河流域农田种植作物氮磷元素流失的首要途径。     

Phosphorus and Suspended Sediment Loads in Base-Flow and Runoff Events: A Case Study of a Small Stream in NW Spain

This study focuses on the role of runoff events in influencing concentrations and export of suspended sediments and phosphorus in a headwater stream draining an agroforestry catchment in northwestern Spain. Large differences exist between suspended sediment and phosphorus (P) concentrations measured during base-flow conditions and runoff events, with a higher delivery during runoff events. Suspended sediment and phosphorus exports were 29.44 and 0.08 kg ha^?1 y^?1 respectively, with more than 50% delivered during runoff events (12% of the year). The relative contributions of phosphorus forms to the total annual export were 75% and 25% as particulate and dissolved phosphorus, respectively. Soil erosion is the main source of suspended sediment and phosphorus in the stream.     

Temporal Oscillations of Calcium,Magnesium, Potassium,and Sodium Dissolved Contents in an Agroforestry Catchment from the Atlantic Galicia

There is an increasing awareness worldwide of the conveyance of sediment-associated nutrients across eroding soil surfaces into receiving waters. The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal oscillations of concentrations as well as the exportation of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) at the outlet of an agroforestry catchment. These macronutrients were measured in the drainage waters of a 36.3-km² catchment located at the Valiñas River (Coruña, northwest Spain), where 560 samples were taken from 2003 to 2007. The water collection strategy was a stratified point sampling involving more frequent collections when flow was high. Element contents in the water were analyzed by inductively coupled argon plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The dissolved content ranges were as follows: Ca between 4.47 and 20.7 mg L^–1, Mg between 2.4 and 7.3 mg L^–1, K between 1.13 and 8.6 mg L^–1, and Na between 8.9 and 27.2 mg L^–1. Significant correlations among all the analyzed elements were observed during the entire study period. Mostly, nutrient losses were related to degradation induced by soil erosion on the cultivated land portion of the catchment.     

暴雨径流对流域不同土地利用土壤氮磷流失的影响

以广州流溪河流域内土地利用类型齐全、相对闭合的小流域——新田小流域为例,分析了不同暴雨径流过程与土地利用对氮、磷流失的影响,结果表明:(1)林地氮磷的流失较少,说明植被覆盖可以有效减少土壤侵蚀、总磷和总氮的流失;而坡耕地是氮磷流失的重要策源地,说明人类活动对土壤氮磷的干扰很大。(2)流域径流中氮、磷的流失形态分为可溶态和颗粒态,径流中流失是以颗粒态形式流失,即氮磷是以泥沙结合形式流失的;径流中氮素主要是以可溶态氮流失的。(3)氮磷浓度在降雨初期与末期最大。(4)降雨径流是引起土壤氮磷损失的重要原因,但不同的土地利用方式是造成土壤氮磷流失的本质因素,因此在降雨前应特别注意减少和避免那些会加剧土壤侵蚀和磷流失的农事活动。     

巢湖流域麦稻轮作农田径流氮磷流失研究

采用田间径流池法,在巢湖流域麦稻轮作种植条件下,研究农田地表径流氮磷流失的特征。研究结果表明:麦稻轮作农田径流总氮流失量为45.27～101.38kg/hm2,总磷流失量为0.302～0.612kg/hm2。总氮的66%以上是在麦季流失的,总磷的89%以上是在稻季流失的。常规施肥条件下麦稻轮作农田氮肥流失率在6%左右,磷肥流失率在0.45%左右。水稻和小麦氮肥减施30%和磷肥减施50%能够减少氮磷的径流流失量,分别减少总氮径流流失量2.83kg/hm2,减少4.1%左右,减少总磷径流流失量0.055kg/hm2,减少10.7%以上。氮肥减施30%对第一年的作物产量没有造成较大减产,可以实现减量不减产的目标。     

灌水对大麦／玉米带田土壤矿质氮影响的研究

在3个氮水平(0,150,300kg/hm2)和两个灌水量(816,1632m3/hm2)下,对3次灌水前、后甘肃河西走廊灌漠土大麦/玉米带田0～200cm土壤矿质氮含量变化进行了研究。结果表明:在灌水前土壤矿质氮含量在0～60cm土层比较高,灌水后0～60cm土层矿质氮含量明显减少,对土壤硝态氮变化影响较大的是第1次和第2次灌水。在150kg/hm2氮水平下,3次灌水大麦带土壤在低灌水量和高灌水量下矿质氮淋失量分别为136.06,142.93kg/hm2,占氮肥用量的90.70%和95.29%;玉米带为95.28kg/hm2和115.89kg/hm2,占氮肥用量的63.52%和77.26%。在300kg/hm2氮水平下,3次灌水大麦带在低灌水量和高灌水量下矿质氮淋失量分别为264.43,237.72kg/hm2,占氮肥用量的88.14%和79.24%;玉米带为163.06,257.76kg/hm2,占氮肥用量的54.35%和85.92%。3次灌水,玉米带土壤矿质氮淋失量在施氮量150kg/hm2时,以第2次灌水淋失量最大,在施氮量300kg/hm2时以第1次灌水淋失量最大;而大麦带都以第1次灌水淋失量最大。说明土壤中矿质氮的淋失首先取决于施氮量,其次才是灌水量。     

Nitrogen Uptake,Leaf Nitrogen Concentration,and Growth of Saskatoons in Response to Soil Nitrogen Fertility

ABSTRACT

Nutrient requirements of the saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia: Rosaceae), a relatively new horticultural crop on the Canadian prairies, are unknown. In this study, two-year old saskatoon plants of the cultivar ‘Smoky’ were grown in a greenhouse in pots under four different soil nitrogen (N) regimes (20, 40, 60, and 80 mg N L^?1). Half the plants were harvested after one growing season. After a five-month period of dormancy, the remaining plants were grown for a second growing season under the same soil N regimes. At harvest, plant growth, dry weight biomass, and leaf N concentration were measured, and soil N uptake was calculated. In both years, leaf N concentration and plant N uptake were strongly positively correlated (first year r = 0.93; second year r = 0.95) and increased linearly with an increase in soil N. Stem diameter and new shoot growth increased in both years of the study in response to additional N. The soil N treatments had no significant effect on plant biomass during the first growing season. In the second year, stem, root, total shoot and total plant biomass increased with increasing soil N.     

川中紫色土区旱坡地非点源氮输出特征与污染负荷

通过在中国科学院盐亭农业生态站进行定位监测研究,探讨了川中紫色土区旱坡地氮素的农业非点源输出规律。研究表明:紫色土早坡地非点源氮输出以无机氮和颗粒态为主,全氮输出量不高。川中丘陵农田生态系统的旱地径流中,颗粒态氮占比例最大,达到35%,硝态氮和氨态氮的输出水平相反,各径流场的NH4 -N浓度略高于NO3--N的浓度。旱地径流全年总氮污染输出为0.95 kg/(hm2.a),全年通过径流输出的氮素占化肥施用量的0.56%。旱地地表径流中总氮平均浓度顺坡种植>平板种植>聚土垄作。小流域非点源氮污染负荷的季节变化与流域降水的季节变化基本一致,非点源氮污染约从6月开始上升,一直持续到10月,集中在降雨丰富的时段。夏季2个月(7~8月)是非点源污染的高发季节,非点源氮污染负荷的绝大部分发生于该时期,这与年雨量的60%集中于该季节而降水多以暴雨形式出现有关。通过土地利用类型的优化配置,合理采用水土保持耕作法,控制施肥量和适宜的农田耕作方式,可减少地表径流和地下淋洗中氮的含量,减轻农业非点源物质对环境的压力,保护农业生态环境。     

模拟降雨条件下农田地表径流与壤中流氮素流失比较

选择太湖流域平原河网地区为试验地点,采用3次重复人工暴雨试验方法,研究暴雨径流过程中地表径流与壤中流氮素流失特征。结果表明:地表径流与壤中流氮素流失特征具有较大差异,地表径流水相TN平均浓度为12.41 mg/L,壤中流水相TN平均浓度低于地表径流约50.65%。地表径流氮素流失以PN为主,DN和PN的流失量比为1∶2.65,壤中流氮素流失以DN为主,DN和PN流失量比为2∶1。整个暴雨径流过程中氮素流失以地表径流为主,占总流失量的81.66%,壤中流氮素流失量相对较少,仅占氮素总流失量的18.34%。地表径流与壤中流氮素流失量比较分析结果证实,土壤的水分下渗滤过机制对氮素具有较强的削减作用,对PN的削减作用尤为明显,可达70%以上。在流域产汇流过程中,充分发挥洼地和高透水地段对地表径流的蓄渗功能,对面源营养盐污染控制具有重要的作用。     

残落物混合分解对杨树-农作物复合系统土壤碳氮矿化的影响

采用室内培养的方法研究杨-麦、杨-花生等不同复合经营模式下,杨树叶与农作物秸秆混合后对土壤碳、氮矿化及土壤微生物量的影响。结果表明:(1)单一模式中,花生叶处理的有机碳矿化累积量最大,花生茎秆、杨树叶处理次之,小麦秸秆处理最低。混合处理有机碳矿化累积量依次为杨树叶-花生叶>杨树叶-花生茎秆>杨树叶-小麦秸秆,且培养结束时,混合物表现出明显的促进作用;(2)土壤微生物量碳、氮与各残落物氮含量、C/N比存在显著的相关性;(3)杨树叶、小麦秸秆及其混合物处理的土壤矿质态氮含量均低于对照,而添加花生叶、花生茎秆以及它们与杨树叶的混合物使矿质态氮含量高于对照。试验说明杨-麦、杨-花生复合模式均能有效提高土壤微生物的生物量,调节碳的动态及氮的供应,而选择种植含氮量高的农作物更有利于促进残落物分解和养分归还,这对深入研究林-农复合系统的模式筛选、结构优化及可持续经营具有一定的现实意义。     

辽宁省浑河流域不同施肥方式下农田氮素随地表径流与壤中流流失特征

通过人工模拟降雨-径流小区监测的试验方法,设不施肥对照(CK)、基肥穴施(G1)、基肥穴施+追肥面施(G2)、基肥穴施+追肥穴施(G3)4种处理,研究辽宁省浑河流域不同施肥方式下农田氮素随地表径流与壤中流的流失规律,分析不同施肥方式对氮素流失量的影响。结果表明:(1)不同施肥方式下农田地表径流与壤中流产流过程差异显著,地表径流产流时间先于壤中流,同时径流量高于壤中流,是农田主要径流输出方式。G2减少地表径流,G3增大壤中流。(2)地表径流TN平均浓度中G2显著高于其他施肥方式,达到59.00mg/L,其他施肥方式差异较小;壤中流TN平均浓度以G3最高。(3)4种施肥处理,氮素总流失量为385～814mg,各施肥处理的总流失量呈G2>G3>G1>CK,追肥对氮素流失有显著影响。与G2相比,G3在减少地表氮素流失的同时,不会显著增大壤中流氮素流失。     

Nitrogen Concentration and Dry-Matter Accumulation in Maize Crop: Assessing Maize Nitrogen Status with an Allometric Function and a Chlorophyll Meter

The ability to determine the optimal nitrogen (N) content in maize plants needed to obtain maximum growth is important to the management of the crop. It has been shown that N content declines as a function of aboveground biomass accumulation (W): [N] = 3.4W^–0.37. The goal of this study is to evaluate the applicability of relating chlorophyll meter readings with the optimal N content relationship to provide a tool for whole-plant N-status diagnosis in maize without the necessity of measuring N content. Biomass of shoot and specific organs, N concentration, and chlorophyll meter measurement of specific leaves were measured over several sites and years. Nitrogen-concentration measurements indicated that whole-plant N status can be represented by the N concentration of the topmost fully expanded leaf. A quantitative relationship between N concentration and chlorophyll meter measurement on the uppermost expanded leaf was established and validated.     

水葫芦高温堆肥过程中氮素损失及控制技术研究

为减少水葫芦高温堆肥过程中氮素损失,采用静态高温好氧堆肥的方法,分析了水葫芦堆肥过程中氮素转化规律,研究了添加化学保氮剂对减少堆肥中氮素损失的效果。结果表明,水葫芦堆肥过程中总氮及有机氮含量均呈上升趋势,铵态氮与硝态氮含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,总氮损失率为12.84%;水葫芦堆肥过程中氮素损失途径主要为以NH3、N2O等气态形式逸出,其中,堆肥前10d是NH3挥发的高峰期,堆制后第5~9d的N2O排放速率最大;添加化学保氮剂对水葫芦堆肥过程第4~10d的氨挥发具有显著的抑制作用,NH3挥发量可减少23.82%,另外,化学保氮剂处理降低了堆制后第0~5d的N2O排放速率,增加了第9d以后的N2O排放速率;使用化学保氮剂原位控制水葫芦堆肥过程的氮素损失具有较好的效果,与常规对照相比,化学保氮剂对水葫芦堆体的保氮效率为32.70%。     

河南省淮河流域不同土地利用类型氮磷流失的特征分析

为了解河南省淮河流域农业面源污染特征,根据河南省淮河流域的地形地貌、降雨量、土地利用类型等因素,选择区域内有代表性的土地类型和试验点位,建立径流小区,通过测试连续2年的氮磷流失,分析不同土地利用类型径流水中氮磷浓度差异、氮磷流失量差异,并分析氮磷流失量与径流量和径流泥沙量的相关性。结果表明:土地利用类型不同氮磷流失存在明显差异,5种土地类型中种植蔬菜的土地氮的流失量最大,达10.21kg/hm2,种植花卉的土地磷的流失量最大,达3.98kg/hm2;地表径流中氮流失以溶解态氮为主要形式,磷的流失以吸附态磷为主要形式;氮磷流失量与径流量和径流泥沙量存在明显相关性。     

连续分级提取法研究春季巢湖沉积物中不同结合态氮的赋存特征

为研究沉积物中不同形态氮的释放能力及其生物可利用性大小,为湖泊水环境生态安全评估提供基础依据,以春季巢湖表层沉积物为例,采用连续分级提取法将氮分为游离态氮（FN）、可交换态氮（EN）、酸解态氮（HN）及残渣态氮（RN）,并研究了这4种形态的赋存特征。结果表明,沉积物中总凯氏氮含量（TKN）在1004—2285mg·kg^-1之间,各形态氮含量大小为HN〉EN〉RN〉FN,占总提取态氮比例分别为78．32％、11．50％、9．76％、0．42％。酸解氨基酸态氮是可矿化态氮最有效贡献者,多元逐步回归方法得到“最优”方程为y=0．696AAN-108．918。连续提取法测得总氮值（TSEN）比用凯氏半微量法测得总氮值（TKN）偏小,但在误差允许的范围内,TSEN可替代半微量凯氏法测得的总氮。     

丹江口水库农业径流小区土壤氮磷流失特征

通过对丹江口水库小流域雨季(2013年8月)观测的降雨—径流农业小区试验数据,分析不同种植作物下农田地表产流规律,研究土壤氮磷流失特征,为库区农业面源污染控制提供依据。结果表明,农业小区径流总磷(TP)含量在0.13~0.82mg/L之间,颗粒态磷(PP)占TP比例超过60%,径流中TSS与PP也呈现极显著相关(p0.01),表明磷素流失主要以颗粒态流失为主。径流总氮(TN)含量范围为0.7~4.7mg/L之间,TN流失量与硝态氮极显著相关(p0.01),径流中硝态氮占TN比例也超过了50%,表明硝态氮是地表径流无机氮流失的主要成分。25°玉米、15°荒地径流小区的氮流失率超过了1.5%、磷流失率超过了0.12%,高于其它类型的小区,可能与这2种小区高坡度、低植被覆盖度有关。土壤氮的流失风险要高于磷,是面源污染的主要控制目标。利用梯田种植作物,同时在坡地上形成相对较高的植被覆盖密度是减少这一地区土壤养分流失有效手段。     

嘉陵江流域水系形态特征与侵蚀产沙响应

流域水系形态指示着流域地貌发育和水文过程,研究其形态特征有助于流域水力开发、生态保护、水土流失治理等规划的制定。基于DEM数据,运用分形维数、河段蜿蜒度、灰色关联度和非线性响应模型分析了嘉陵江流域水系形态特征以及侵蚀产沙与水系形态的关系。结果表明:嘉陵江流域内各子流域水系形态差异显著,其中,渠江子流域水系形态分形维数为5.102,水系分叉总数增加最快,分枝形态最复杂,溯源侵蚀能力最强。其余4个子流域水系形态分形维数分别为白龙江子流域3.706,干流上游子流域3.605,干流中下游子流域3.576,涪江子流域3.548。各子流域河段均以低蜿蜒度为主,约占河段总数的73%~82%;中蜿蜒度河段数约占总数的12%~20%。平均输沙量和泥沙淤积量与水系分形维数间的关联度分别为0.618,0.641,与河段平均蜿蜒度的关联度分别为0.588,0.591。河段蜿蜒度和分枝结构复杂度对输沙量的相对贡献率分别为21%和79%,对泥沙淤积量的相对贡献率分别为18%和82%。