Dissolved and Particulate Metals in the Mero River (NW Spain): Factors affecting Concentrations and Load during Runoff Events

This article examines the metal [aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn)] runoff dynamics in the Mero River (northwestern Spain). At the catchment outlet, metal concentrations, suspended solids, dissolved organic carbon, pH, and discharge were determined during three runoff events. The river drains an agroforestry catchment of 65 km² with relatively high livestock density. Dissolved and particulate metal concentrations increased during the events with respect to pre-event concentrations, but the increase of the dissolved fraction is relatively small compared to that of the particulate fraction. The dissolved metal concentration peaks appeared after the hydrograph peak, suggesting transport associated with subsurface flow. For particulate metals, peaks usually occurred during the falling limb of hydrograph, implying distant-river source of metals. Particulate forms represented more than 90% of total Al, Fe, and Mn load, whereas for Cu and Zn its contributions were 52–76% and 31–56%, respectively. The high positive correlations of all particulate metals, except Zn, with suspended solid concentrations indicate that these constituents play a major role in transport of metals. Soil erosion is the main process responsible for causing elevated Al, Fe, and Mn concentrations in the river during rainfall–runoff events while Zn and Cu come mainly from the addition of slurries and manures to farmland.     

Geochemical Behavior of Dissolved Organic Carbon under Baseflow Conditions at the Corbeira Stream Water,Spain

Geochemical processes related to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) under baseflow are studied in Corbeira Stream (northwestern Spain). The stream drains a catchment occupied by forest and agricultural fields. Dissolved organic carbon and other chemical parameters were analyzed. Seasonally, DOC values show a gradual rising background beginning in late spring to summer, finishing with major anomalies in the early to middle autumn. Suspended solids (SS) values exhibit a steady to falling background. The greatest DOC peaks seem be a function of rising temperatures and degradation of organic matter in wet soils. Divergent DOC and SS backgrounds in dry season and synchronicity between DOC-SS peaks associated with negative correlation of SS to pH in autumn seem be conspicuous geochemical signatures in perennial streams under temperate climates. The first one indicates the predominance of subsurface flows in streams, and the second one indicates the predominance of overland runoff.     

Relationships between Phosphorus and Suspended Sediment Concentrations in a Stream Draining a Rural Area in NW Spain

This study assesses the possible use of suspended sediment as an indirect measurement of phosphorus (P) concentrations in a rural headwater catchment located in NW Spain. Particulate P accounted for about 70 percent of the P export, indicating that P transport is linked to sediment in this catchment. The relationship between P and suspended sediment concentrations showed that particulate P was strongly dependent on suspended sediment, although the relationship is not consistent throughout seasons. The particulate P–suspended sediment relationship behaved differently at low flow and runoff events; the relationship was only significant during runoff events. This is because low flow is dominated by dissolved P and by pathways that do not mobilize or transport sediment. The particulate P–suspended sediment ratio was lower during runoff events than during low flow, which is consistent with enrichment ratio effects.     

太湖流域典型蔬菜地地表径流氮磷流失

以太湖流域典型蔬菜地为研究对象,采用田间径流池法进行田间小区试验,研究不同施肥模式下蔬菜地地表径流氮磷流失特征。结果表明：地表径流总氮流失量为45.76～60.45 kg/hm^2,总磷流失量为2.67～3.95 kg/hm^2。与常规施肥相比,优化施肥可使地表径流氮磷流失量分别减少2.48,0.31 kg/hm^2;而增氮施肥和增磷施肥处理的地表径流总氮流失量分别增加了7.76%,3.83%,总磷流失量增加2.84%,9.55%。总氮、总磷流失量与径流量呈显著线性相关,且总磷流失量与径流量的相关性更强（R2=0.913）。应加强汛期时段的田间管理和对磷的监控,减少磷流失量。有机肥与化肥以1：1配施,可有效降低菜地氮磷排放,提高蔬菜产量和氮肥利用率分别为25%,23%。     

海河流域水稻田氮磷地表径流流失特征初探

选取海河流域水稻田作为研究对象,在自然降雨条件下通过田间实测方法研究其氮磷元素地表径流流失特征。结果表明,氮磷元素流失率分别为0.7%和0.6%,流失负荷分别为4.77kg.hm-2和2.08kg.hm-2。在详细分析试验结果后,找出影响氮磷地表径流流失量的因素,其中颗粒态氮是农田径流流失的主要形式,并与径流量成明显正向相关,而磷素流失量则受施肥量和径流量双重影响,影响规律较氮素更为复杂,尚需进一步研究。进而得出结论：在北方干旱少雨的气候影响下,地表径流并非海河流域农田种植作物氮磷元素流失的首要途径。     

嘉陵江流域非点源溶解态氮污染负荷模拟研究

嘉陵江流域是乏峡水库最大的支流,为研究嘉陵江流域非点源溶解态氮污染负荷的年际变化规律及其来源的空间分布情况,以流域土地利用类型为研究单元,通过引入具有物理机制的半分布式水文模型——sLuRP水文模型,并推导溶解态氮的流域输移损失系数,建立了流域非点源溶解态氮污染年负荷模型。借助GIS技术,应用所建模型,对嘉陵江流域各土地利用类型L的年地表径流量和溶解态氮污染负荷进行了模拟。模拟结果表明,以旱地和水田为主的涪江流域的溶解态氮流失情况最为严重,其次是渠江下游流域和西汉水流域,1990---2005年嘉陵江流域各土地利用类型上产生的非点源溶解态氮年均负荷为35726t·a^-1,约占流域出口总氮负荷的32％。     

甘肃省白龙江流域豆科植物根瘤菌共生固氮研究

对甘肃省白龙江流域甘南、陇南的大部分地区豆科植物——根瘤菌资源进行了调查,共采集21属45种豆科植物69份根瘤样品。从69份样品中获63株根瘤菌,对其中44株根瘤以13种寄主进行了回接试验,31株结瘤,结瘤率70.5%。该区根瘤一般带有粉红色,形态比较规则。乙炔还原活力测定结果表明,88.5%为有效根瘤。不同种根瘤固氮活性相差不大,但高于甘肃省其它地区。对豆科植物在蓄水保土,改良土壤状况中的地位进行了讨论。     

甘肃省白龙江流域豆科植物根瘤菌共生固氮研究

对甘肃省白龙江流域甘南、陇南的大部分地区豆科植物——根瘤菌资源进行了调查 ,共采集 2 1属45种豆科植物 6 9份根瘤样品。从 6 9份样品中获 6 3株根瘤菌 ,对其中 44株根瘤以 13种寄主进行了回接试验 ,31株结瘤 ,结瘤率 70 .5 %。该区根瘤一般带有粉红色 ,形态比较规则。乙炔还原活力测定结果表明 ,88.5 %为有效根瘤。不同种根瘤固氮活性相差不大 ,但高于甘肃省其它地区。对豆科植物在蓄水保土 ,改良土壤状况中的地位进行了讨论。     

Phosphorus and Suspended Sediment Loads in Base-Flow and Runoff Events: A Case Study of a Small Stream in NW Spain

This study focuses on the role of runoff events in influencing concentrations and export of suspended sediments and phosphorus in a headwater stream draining an agroforestry catchment in northwestern Spain. Large differences exist between suspended sediment and phosphorus (P) concentrations measured during base-flow conditions and runoff events, with a higher delivery during runoff events. Suspended sediment and phosphorus exports were 29.44 and 0.08 kg ha^?1 y^?1 respectively, with more than 50% delivered during runoff events (12% of the year). The relative contributions of phosphorus forms to the total annual export were 75% and 25% as particulate and dissolved phosphorus, respectively. Soil erosion is the main source of suspended sediment and phosphorus in the stream.     

黄河中游地区的水土流失与河流有害污染物关系浅析

黄河泥沙对有机污染物及重金属有较强的吸附能力,它能将溶解于水相中的化学性污染物质吸附而转移到固体中来。据对无定河、窟野河以及黄河府谷等河流(段)水体泥沙与有害污染物汞、砷、化学耗氧量进行的分析,有害物质与原状水含沙量的多少呈正相关。三川河后大成河段,当含沙量为396kg/m~3时,汞的含量为0.0059mg/L,超标4.9倍。黄河吴堡河段含沙量为28.2kg/m~3时,化学耗氧量为62.3mg/L,超标9.4倍。在汛期含沙量较高的水体中,砷的超标现象更为突出。应加强对黄河中游地区水土流失的综合治理,以减少泥沙对河流水质造成的危害。     

淮河流域氮肥农药施用的合理性及其环境影响

根据1990—2008年统计数据和相关参数,通过估算农田系统氮素平衡和农药施用水平来分析淮河流域中下游典型区氮肥农药施用的合理性及其对环境的影响。结果表明,淮河流域研究区N素盈余量和农药施用量呈增加趋势,1990—2008年按耕地平均,N素盈余量由227kg·hm^-2增加到453kg·hm^-2,农药使用量从7.43kg·hm^-2增加到22.63kg·hm^-2。从空间差异来看,在研究区的8个县中,6个县耕地N素盈余量在400kg·hm^-2以上,2个县耕地氮素盈余量超过600kg·hm^-2;5个县农药使用量在20.00kg·hm^-2以上,2个县农药使用量超过30.00kg·hm^-2。8个县中N素盈余量和农药施用量最高的分别是最低的2.54倍和5.29倍。综合潜在风险分级结果为：沈丘、淮滨、凤台、寿县属于高风险区,五河、霍邱、颍上属于中等风险区,临泉属于较低风险区。可见,该地区氮肥和农药施用量大,且分布不平衡。     

有机肥替代化肥氮对水稻田面水和土壤中氮素含量的影响

针对洱海流域稻田氮肥施用加重洱海面源污染的问题,在等氮量替代条件下,利用大田试验研究不施氮肥（CK）、纯化肥（F）、有机肥全部替代化肥氮（M）和有机肥50%替代化肥氮（MF）四种情景对云南洱海流域水稻田面水主要氮素形态指标、土壤无机氮及全氮的影响。结果表明：（1）在洱海流域水稻季生产中,同一施肥处理在施肥1个月内,稻田水总氮（TN）、可溶性总氮（DTN）、铵态氮（?N）含量变化趋势总体一致,施肥1～4d后含量达到最大,然后逐渐下降,施肥后1个月内是防止氮素径流损失的关键期。（2）各处理中,MF处理施肥1个月内田面水TN和DTN含量较高,延长了氮素流失风险关键期。（3）在水稻收获时,不同比例的有机肥替代化肥氮均能提高0-20cm土壤全氮含量,且改变土壤无机氮主要形态。与F处理和MF处理相比,M处理降低了20-50cm土层土壤全氮含量,氮素损失增加;在0-40cm土壤中,M处理土壤无机氮以硝态氮为主,而F和MF处理以铵态氮为主。有机肥50%替代化肥氮提高了0-20cm土壤全氮,但延长了稻田氮素流失风险安全期。因此,有机无机配施在洱海流域水稻季推广应用时,应加强田间水管理,在施肥后1个月内尽可能避免田间排水。     

不同施肥模式对太湖流域农田土体氮磷流失与营养累积的影响

[目的]研究不同施肥模式对太湖流域农田蔬菜产量及土体氮磷流失与营养累积的影响,为太湖流域农业面源污染防治和治理提供科学依据。[方法]以太湖流域农田土体蔬菜地为研究对象,采用田间径流池法进行不同施肥模式的田间小区试验。[结果]与常规施肥相比,优化施肥可减少地表径流氮磷流失量;有机肥的施用能有效抑制地表径流氮流失;与对照地相比,其他几种施肥处理均可使蔬菜植株氮、磷、钾素累积量增加。[结论]优化施肥可使研究区蔬菜产量提高31%,可使作物肥料利用率提高27%。     

Temporal Oscillations of Calcium,Magnesium, Potassium,and Sodium Dissolved Contents in an Agroforestry Catchment from the Atlantic Galicia

There is an increasing awareness worldwide of the conveyance of sediment-associated nutrients across eroding soil surfaces into receiving waters. The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal oscillations of concentrations as well as the exportation of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) at the outlet of an agroforestry catchment. These macronutrients were measured in the drainage waters of a 36.3-km² catchment located at the Valiñas River (Coruña, northwest Spain), where 560 samples were taken from 2003 to 2007. The water collection strategy was a stratified point sampling involving more frequent collections when flow was high. Element contents in the water were analyzed by inductively coupled argon plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The dissolved content ranges were as follows: Ca between 4.47 and 20.7 mg L^–1, Mg between 2.4 and 7.3 mg L^–1, K between 1.13 and 8.6 mg L^–1, and Na between 8.9 and 27.2 mg L^–1. Significant correlations among all the analyzed elements were observed during the entire study period. Mostly, nutrient losses were related to degradation induced by soil erosion on the cultivated land portion of the catchment.     

巢湖流域麦稻轮作农田径流氮磷流失研究

采用田间径流池法,在巢湖流域麦稻轮作种植条件下,研究农田地表径流氮磷流失的特征。研究结果表明:麦稻轮作农田径流总氮流失量为45.27～101.38kg/hm2,总磷流失量为0.302～0.612kg/hm2。总氮的66%以上是在麦季流失的,总磷的89%以上是在稻季流失的。常规施肥条件下麦稻轮作农田氮肥流失率在6%左右,磷肥流失率在0.45%左右。水稻和小麦氮肥减施30%和磷肥减施50%能够减少氮磷的径流流失量,分别减少总氮径流流失量2.83kg/hm2,减少4.1%左右,减少总磷径流流失量0.055kg/hm2,减少10.7%以上。氮肥减施30%对第一年的作物产量没有造成较大减产,可以实现减量不减产的目标。     

Effects of Changing Land Use from Agriculture to Forest on Stream Water Quality in a Small Basin in NW Spain

Monitoring was conducted in a basin with a history of agricultural pollution (mainly due to the spreading of livestock slurry) to evaluate the response of stream water ion concentrations to the change from agricultural land use to forest. We measured pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and major dissolved elements [phosphate (PO₄) phosphorus (P), nitrite (NO₂) nitrogen (N), nitrate (NO₃) N, ammonium (NH₄) N, silicon (Si), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfate (SO₄), and chloride (Cl)] in the stream water during the period 1997–2002 at irregular time intervals. Median values were significantly greater in the agricultural period than in the forest period (P < 0.05). Median pH values remained slightly acidic (5.8–6) for both land uses. NO₃-N was the dominant form of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) under both land uses (agricultural use: 80 percent; forest use: 98 percent. In the forest period, the median PO₄-P and NH₄-N concentrations were reduced by 95 percent compared to the agricultural period. The median NO₂-N and K concentrations decreased by 83 percent and 70 percent, respectively, whereas NO₃-N, Cl, Na, and Si showed minor differences (decreases of 15–20 percent). These findings are consistent with the poor agricultural management practices that have been developed in the basin, especially as regards the application of slurry.     

暴雨径流对流域不同土地利用土壤氮磷流失的影响

以广州流溪河流域内土地利用类型齐全、相对闭合的小流域——新田小流域为例,分析了不同暴雨径流过程与土地利用对氮、磷流失的影响,结果表明:(1)林地氮磷的流失较少,说明植被覆盖可以有效减少土壤侵蚀、总磷和总氮的流失;而坡耕地是氮磷流失的重要策源地,说明人类活动对土壤氮磷的干扰很大。(2)流域径流中氮、磷的流失形态分为可溶态和颗粒态,径流中流失是以颗粒态形式流失,即氮磷是以泥沙结合形式流失的;径流中氮素主要是以可溶态氮流失的。(3)氮磷浓度在降雨初期与末期最大。(4)降雨径流是引起土壤氮磷损失的重要原因,但不同的土地利用方式是造成土壤氮磷流失的本质因素,因此在降雨前应特别注意减少和避免那些会加剧土壤侵蚀和磷流失的农事活动。     

灌水对大麦／玉米带田土壤矿质氮影响的研究

在3个氮水平(0,150,300kg/hm2)和两个灌水量(816,1632m3/hm2)下,对3次灌水前、后甘肃河西走廊灌漠土大麦/玉米带田0～200cm土壤矿质氮含量变化进行了研究。结果表明:在灌水前土壤矿质氮含量在0～60cm土层比较高,灌水后0～60cm土层矿质氮含量明显减少,对土壤硝态氮变化影响较大的是第1次和第2次灌水。在150kg/hm2氮水平下,3次灌水大麦带土壤在低灌水量和高灌水量下矿质氮淋失量分别为136.06,142.93kg/hm2,占氮肥用量的90.70%和95.29%;玉米带为95.28kg/hm2和115.89kg/hm2,占氮肥用量的63.52%和77.26%。在300kg/hm2氮水平下,3次灌水大麦带在低灌水量和高灌水量下矿质氮淋失量分别为264.43,237.72kg/hm2,占氮肥用量的88.14%和79.24%;玉米带为163.06,257.76kg/hm2,占氮肥用量的54.35%和85.92%。3次灌水,玉米带土壤矿质氮淋失量在施氮量150kg/hm2时,以第2次灌水淋失量最大,在施氮量300kg/hm2时以第1次灌水淋失量最大;而大麦带都以第1次灌水淋失量最大。说明土壤中矿质氮的淋失首先取决于施氮量,其次才是灌水量。     

川中紫色土区旱坡地非点源氮输出特征与污染负荷

通过在中国科学院盐亭农业生态站进行定位监测研究,探讨了川中紫色土区旱坡地氮素的农业非点源输出规律。研究表明:紫色土早坡地非点源氮输出以无机氮和颗粒态为主,全氮输出量不高。川中丘陵农田生态系统的旱地径流中,颗粒态氮占比例最大,达到35%,硝态氮和氨态氮的输出水平相反,各径流场的NH4 -N浓度略高于NO3--N的浓度。旱地径流全年总氮污染输出为0.95 kg/(hm2.a),全年通过径流输出的氮素占化肥施用量的0.56%。旱地地表径流中总氮平均浓度顺坡种植>平板种植>聚土垄作。小流域非点源氮污染负荷的季节变化与流域降水的季节变化基本一致,非点源氮污染约从6月开始上升,一直持续到10月,集中在降雨丰富的时段。夏季2个月(7~8月)是非点源污染的高发季节,非点源氮污染负荷的绝大部分发生于该时期,这与年雨量的60%集中于该季节而降水多以暴雨形式出现有关。通过土地利用类型的优化配置,合理采用水土保持耕作法,控制施肥量和适宜的农田耕作方式,可减少地表径流和地下淋洗中氮的含量,减轻农业非点源物质对环境的压力,保护农业生态环境。     

模拟降雨条件下农田地表径流与壤中流氮素流失比较

选择太湖流域平原河网地区为试验地点,采用3次重复人工暴雨试验方法,研究暴雨径流过程中地表径流与壤中流氮素流失特征。结果表明:地表径流与壤中流氮素流失特征具有较大差异,地表径流水相TN平均浓度为12.41 mg/L,壤中流水相TN平均浓度低于地表径流约50.65%。地表径流氮素流失以PN为主,DN和PN的流失量比为1∶2.65,壤中流氮素流失以DN为主,DN和PN流失量比为2∶1。整个暴雨径流过程中氮素流失以地表径流为主,占总流失量的81.66%,壤中流氮素流失量相对较少,仅占氮素总流失量的18.34%。地表径流与壤中流氮素流失量比较分析结果证实,土壤的水分下渗滤过机制对氮素具有较强的削减作用,对PN的削减作用尤为明显,可达70%以上。在流域产汇流过程中,充分发挥洼地和高透水地段对地表径流的蓄渗功能,对面源营养盐污染控制具有重要的作用。