Monitoring Nutrient Status of Guava Fruit Trees in Punjab,Northwest India through the Diagnostic and Recommendation Integrated System Approach

Abstract

The Diagnostic and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was employed for interpreting nutrient analyses of leaf tissue of guava fruit trees (Psidium guajava L.) cultivated in Punjab, northwest India. Standard reference DRIS norms were established for various nutrient ratios and used to compute DRIS indices, which assessed nutrient balance and order of limitation to yield. The DRIS evaluation and sufficiency range approach were equally effective and in agreement for diagnosing deficiencies of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu). The results also show that the position of leaf tissue sampled does not have a major effect on the DRIS diagnosis. Nutrient sufficiency ranges derived from DRIS norms were 1.41–1.65, 0.10–0.17, 0.51–0.97, 1.16–2.12, 0.31–0.51, 0.18–0.28% for N, P, K, Ca, magnesium (Mg), and S and were 105–153, 58–110, 15–29, and 6–16 mg Kg^?1 for iron (Fe), Mn, Zn, and Cu, respectively. According to these sufficiency ranges 35, 62, 51, 75, 70, and 68% of samples were sufficient, and 4, 29, 36, 9, 10, and 22% of samples were low in N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, respectively. More than 50 and 2% of the guava trees selected for sampling was found to deficient in N and P, respectively. For micronutrients, 15, 6, and 7% of samples were found to be low in Mn, Zn, and Cu.     

Mineral Composition and Soil-Plant Relationships for Common Guava (Psidium guajava L.) and Yellow Strawberry Guava (Psidium cattleianum var. lucidum) Tree Parts and Fruits

The mineral compositions of the fruit and tree parts of common guava, Psidium guajava L., and strawberry guava, Psidium cattleianum var. lucidum, were determined. The study occurred during three seasons at six locations in Hawaii to assess guava as feed for livestock. Guava bark contained the greatest concentrations of calcium (Ca) and ash; leaves the greatest concentrations of magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), boron (B), and manganese (Mn); and the shoots had the greatest concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). The leaves and the shoots had the greatest concentrations of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe). Between guava and waiwi, guava had greater concentrations of most minerals except for Na in all plant parts, and Mg and ash in the leaves. Guava leaves and shoots meet the macromineral requirements for various phases of sheep, goat, and beef cattle life cycles with the exception of P and Na. Guava shoots do not meet Mn requirements for lactating cows.     

Effect of Liming on the Mineral Nutrition and Yield of Growing Guava Trees in a Typic Hapludox Soil

Abstract: High soil acidity influences the availability of mineral nutrients and increases that of toxic aluminium (Al), which has a jeopardizing effect on plant growth. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of soil liming on the development of guava (Psidium guajava L.) plants, on soil chemical characteristics, and on fruit yield. The experiment was carried out at the Bebedouro Citrus Experimental Station, state of São Paulo, Brazil, in a Typic Hapludox soil, from August 1999 to March 2003. The treatments consisted of limestone dose: D₀ = zero; D₁ = half dose; D₂ = total dose; D₃ = 1.5 times the dose, and D₄ = 2 times the dose to raise the V value to 70%. The doses corresponded to zero, 1.85, 3.71, 5.56, and 7.41 t ha^?1 applied to the upper soil layer (0–30 cm deep) before planting. The results showed that liming caused an improvement in the evaluated soil chemical characteristics up to a depth of 60 cm in soil samples both in the line and between lines. The highest fruit yields were obtained when the base saturation reached a value of 55% in the line and 62% between the lines. Foliar levels of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were 8.8 and 2.5 g kg^?1, respectively. The highest limestone dose maintained the soil base saturation (at the layer of 0–20 cm) in the line close to 55% during at least 40 months after the incorporation of limestone.     

Comparison of DOP and DRIS Methods for Leaf Nutritional Diagnosis of Vitis vinifera L., Cv. Tempranillo

Deviation from optimum percentage (DOP) and Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) are methodologies for leaf analysis interpretation. DOP calculates the deviation as a percentage for each essential element while DRIS calculates the average deviation for different ratios that include each element. A vine survey was undertaken for 11 years in La Rioja, northeastern Spain, to establish nutritional references for cv. ‘Tempranillo’ (Vitis vinifera L.). Diagnosis of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were performed by DRIS and DOP on the dataset for leaf blade and petiole, at both flowering (n = 684) and veraison (n = 801) with a moderate-yield criterion (3,800–10,000 kg·ha^?1). Important differences between DOP and DRIS were found when a diagnosis using the same dataset was performed. In spite of the differences, the regression equations obtained are an acceptable adjustment between both methods for phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) in blades and petioles, and for potassium (K) in blades.     

Nitrogen nutrition of guava trees in response to byproduct of fruit processing

Studies of the effect of organic fertilization of perennial crops are scarce due to the time necessary for the plants to present the first results. The objective of this study was to assess the leaf nitrogen (N) content, the direct and indirect measures of chlorophyll content, fruit yield and their correlations in an orchard of adult guava trees of the Paluma cultivar, through five consecutive harvests, in function of application of a byproduct of guava processing. The following doses of the byproduct were applied: 0, 9, 18, 27 and 36 t ha^?1. The material was applied on the surface, without incorporation, once a year between 2006 and 2010. The byproduct doses influenced the nitrogen concentrations, SPAD index, chlorophyll b level and fruit production.     

Nutrient Sufficiency Ranges in Mango Using Boundary-Line Approach and Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis Norms in El-Salhiya,Egypt

Nutrient sufficiency ranges are useful for diagnosing and correcting plant nutritional status in order to optimize yield and protect the environment. This study was conducted to determine nutrient sufficiency ranges for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in mango trees grown in El-Salhiya, Egypt, through boundary-line approach (BLA) and compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) technique. For this purpose, foliar samples from 310 mango trees were collected during two successive years from the study area and fruit yields were recorded. The nutrient sufficiency ranges generated by BLA were 0.744–1.430% for N, 0.074–0.142% for P, 0.543–1.045% for K, 1.366–2.653% for Ca, 0.155–0.305% for Mg, 389–1148 ppm for Fe, 23.1–60.5 ppm for Mn, 28.4–56.3 ppm for Zn, and 2.37–12.10 ppm for Cu. The CND-derived nutrient sufficiency ranges were 0.917–1.215% for N, 0.066–0.106% for P, 0.585–0.943% for K, 1.003–2.077% for Ca, 0.112–0.378% for Mg, 277.5–849.2 ppm for Fe, 27.9–82.4 ppm for Mn, 29.2–44.6 ppm for Zn, and 2.42–11.37 ppm for Cu. The optimum nutrient concentrations generated from BLA were in general comparable to those obtained using CND technique. Only Ca and Fe optimum concentrations showed poor match. Seven significant nutrient interactions were strongly evidenced through principal component analysis of the computed CND indexes. The positive interaction was P-K, while the negative interactions were P-Mg, K-Mg, Ca-Zn, P-Fe, K-Fe, and Zn-Cu.     

Soil and Plant Reference Norms for Evaluating Horn Plantain Nutritional Status

Abstract

The objective of this work was to calibrate, classify, and establish soil and plant reference norms for evaluating the nutritional status of the Horn plantain crop (Musa AAB, subgroup plantain cv. Horn). The sampling unit consisted of the “mother” plant and its corresponding soil at the fertilization band. Soil samples at depths of 0–20 cm and 21–40 cm were analyzed. A total of 221 sampling units were studied, hence, 442 soil and 221 leaf samples were used to develop the reference norms. A regression model with linear combinations of the soil and leaf variables for yield estimation was established by using the stepwise method. The model showed a high significant adjustment of 52% (R²) with normality of the standard residues. Four yield subclasses in kg cluster^?1 as 10.9–13.9 (60 units), 14.0–17.9 (92 units), 18.0–19.9 (47 units), and 20 or more (17 units) were defined. With the means of the soil and leaf data linearly related with yield, the reference norms for each subclass were developed. The method thereby established permits to develop reference norms that can be used for the simultaneous interpretation of soil and leaf analysis data and for yield estimation of the Horn plantain crop.     

Crop management advances for nutritional status and fruit yield of guava in semiarid

Guava is an important fruit species but poorly studied for the effect of humic substances and soil mulching on its nutrition and fruit production. Thus, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional status and fruit production of guava as a function of humic substances and soil mulching in Brazilian semiarid. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with treatments distributed in a factorial arrangement (5?×?2) referring to humic substances doses (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40?mL of Humitec plant^?1) and organic mulching (with and without organic mulching). Nutritional status of guava is affected by humic substances and soil mulching. The use of humic substances combined with soil mulching promotes optimum supplies of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur, boron and iron, but not calcium, copper and zinc. Under sandy soil and semiarid climate it is possible to recommend 40?mL?L^?1 of humic substances and soil mulching.     

Verifying critical values from DRIS norms in sweet cherry and hazelnut

Abstract

Previously published DRIS norms for sweet cherry and hazelnut were used to calculate DRIS indices for N, K, P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, B, and Zn on over a thousand leaf sample analyses for each crop. A nutritional imbalance index (NII) was obtained by adding the values of DRIS indices irrespective of sign. The sample with the lowest NII for each crop was assumed to have “ideal”; levels of elements and these “ideal”; levels were used to create an artificial data base to determine which critical values would be most consistent with DRIS evaluations. By maintaining all but one element concentration at “ideal”; levels and artificially varying another, the concentration of a given element that was associated with the onset of severe imbalances could be identified. In addition to providing ratio‐based diagnoses, DRIS norms provide a means of independently evaluating current sufficiency ranges for elements that DRIS diagnoses as relatively deficient or excessive.     

DRIS norms and limiting nutrients in banana cultivation in the South of Ecuador

Abstract

Foliar analysis is an effective method to diagnose the nutritional status of plants. However, the mineral concentration in foliar tissue has traditionally been evaluated by assessing the activity of each element, without considering the interactions between them. To address this, dual interactions were calculated using the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) to identify which crop nutrients are most influential in nutrient imbalances and which are the most limiting nutrients for the nutritional status of banana crops in Ecuador. To achieve this, a regional survey of the nutritional status and its productivity levels was conducted for 188 different sites during the crop season in 2017–2018, involving banana cultivars ‘Vallery’ and ‘Williams’, from the Cavendish subgroup. The DRIS calculation method was combined with Beaufils and Jones functions. From the initial 188 foliar samples, 83 samples (representing 44% of the population) were considered to represent the high-yield reference population, with yields of 38–60 t ha^?1. The DRIS method defined the mean nutritional balance index, which was not found to be statistically correlated (p?>?0.05) with productivity, revealing that there was no significant association with the nutritional status of the plants. Specific DRIS norms were obtained and indicated that deficiencies in K, N, Ca, and Fe, and excesses in Mn, B, Cl, Zn, S, Cu, and Mg were the most limiting nutrients for banana cultivars in the south of Ecuador.     

新式旱育秧苗叶片的解剖学观察

从显微水平和超微水平对杂交水稻汕优桂９９的新式旱育、传统旱育和半水育三种方式秧苗叶片的表皮、叶肉和叶脉进行观察，结果发现：表皮细胞外壁厚度、硅质乳突的数量、泡状细胞组相对大小、气孔器的密度；多环叶肉细胞数量；叶脉面积相对大小、叶脉上下方机械组织的细胞数等，均是新式旱育秧苗的叶片最大，传统旱育的次之，半水育的最小。观察结果从解剖学方面说明了新式旱育秧苗素质好的原因所在     

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System Norms,Sufficiency Range,and Nutritional Evaluation of Arabian Coffee in Two Sampling Periods

ABSTRACT

The objective of this work was to establish and compare Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norms with the sufficiency range approach, and apply these methods on nutritional diagnosis of Arabian coffee, in field samples collected in summer and winter in Southern Brazil. DRIS norms and sufficiency range were established in groves with average biennial yield equal or above 3000 kg ha^{? 1}. The “t” test was used to verify the differences between the sufficiency range and the DRIS norms. The foliar concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) were higher in summer, and iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in winter. The reference values should be specific for the period of the year. There were differences in the foliar nutritional diagnosis, between the DRIS method and the sufficiency range approach. In samples during the summer analyzed with DRIS, copper (Cu), S, potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) were considered more limited nutrients and Mn, S, K, and calcium (Ca) when the sufficiency range was used.     

Effect of Soil Management on Olive Yield and Nutritional Status of Trees in Rainfed Orchards

Studies on the effect of groundcover treatments on perennial tree crops have been common in recent decades. However, few have included leaf analysis as an aid to understand the effects of groundcover treatments on tree crop growth and yield, in particular in rainfed olive orchards. Field experiments took place in northeast Portugal, over the course of eight consecutive years, in two commercial orchards selected on the basis of their contrasting situation regarding the floor-management system before the trial started. An orchard located in Bragança, currently managed as a sheep-walk, received the following treatments: sheep-walk (SW), where the natural vegetation was managed with a flock of sheep; mechanical cultivation (MC), which consisted of two tillage trips per year in the spring; and glyphosate (Gly), where the herbicide was applied once during the first fortnight of April. Another orchard near Mirandela, currently managed by tillage, received the following treatments: mechanical cultivation (MC); glyphosate (Gly); and residual herbicide (RH), where an herbicide with a residual component was applied late in the winter. The trees that underwent Gly treatments produced the greatest tree crop growth and olive yield. The worst results were achieved with the SW and MC treatments in the Bragança and Mirandela experiments, respectively. Leaf nitrogen (N) and boron (B) concentrations were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in the treatments that caused the higher and lower olive yields in both experiments. In the Mirandela orchard, where the leaf potassium (K) concentrations were close to the lower limit of the adequate range, the leaf K levels followed the pattern registered for N and B. The results showed a strong link between tree crop nutritional status and tree crop growth and olive yield. The groundcover treatments that facilitate nutrient absorption by olive trees yielded more crops.     

Nutritional survey of citrus orchards in Sierra Leone

Abstract

Nutritional survey was made by analysing leaf samples from various agro‐ecological zones of Sierra Leone. Leaves were analysed for twelve elements and data were compared with the California leaf analyses standards for assessing the nutrient status of citrus leaves. The deficiency of N,P,K,S,Ca,Mg,Cu, Zn,Mn and B have been recorded to varying degrees. The aluminum was in the excess range.     

Nutritional status of healthy and declining sweet orange trees in punjab

Abstract

A study was made of the comparative nutrient content of healthy and declining sweet orange trees. Leaves were analysed for 12 elements using Kjeldahl and Spectrographic methods. No statistical differences were observed between healthy and declining trees in their content of N, P, Mg, Na, Mn, Fe, B, Cu, Mo, and Zn. Significant differences were obtained for K and Ca; healthy Blood Red trees were found to be lower in K but higher in Ca than declining trees. Phosphorus content was observed to be borderline to low in both healthy and declining trees. Magnesium was low to deficient. Boron content was high to excessive in most orchards regardless of tree condition.     

Sufficiency ranges and crop nutrient removals for peppermint (Mentha X piperita L.) established from field and pot fertilizer experiments

Peppermint is an important aromatic and medicinal plant used across the world in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. However, there is a lack of agronomic research on this crop which hinders the implementation of best agricultural practice at farm level. Plant analysis, for instance, cannot be used as a tool to implement a suitable fertilizer recommendation program, since sufficiency ranges and crop nutrient removals have not yet been established. Thus, the main objectives of the present work were to assess the response of peppermint to varying nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and boron (B) rates, to establish sufficiency ranges from macro, micronutrients and SPAD-readings and to estimate crop nutrient removals in the aboveground biomass. Field trials and pot experiments were conducted from 2013 to 2015 in a wide range of conditions involving 12 N, P, K or B fertilizer trials and a total of 48 cuts of biomass. Nitrogen fertilization increased dry matter yield of peppermint on the vast majority of sampling dates. In contrast, P, K, or B did not produce a significant effect on dry matter yield in any of the experiments. The sufficiency ranges set for macronutrients N, P, K, Ca and Mg are respectively 32.0 – 42.0, 1.2 – 4.5, 10.0 – 30.0, 7.0 – 23.0, and 4.0 – 10.0 g kg^?1. Those for micronutrients B, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) are respectively 20 – 200, 5 – 25, 100 – 600, 25 – 300, and 30 – 200 mg kg^?1. Sufficiency range for SPAD-readings is 45 – 50 SPAD units. All these ranges were established for the commercial harvesting date. The amounts of N, P, K, calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) removed in aboveground biomass are respectively 22.7, 1.6, 26.4, 16.4 and 4.8 kg Mg^?1 of dry biomass.     

番石榴结合态多酚对小鼠肠道菌群结构及多样性的影响研究

为探究番石榴结合态多酚对小鼠肠道菌群的影响,本试验将CD-1小鼠分为空白组、高浓度组(500 mg·kg^-1)和低浓度组(100 mg·kg^-1)3组,在灌胃5周后,收集小鼠的无菌粪便,扩增肠道菌群16S rRNA基因高变域V3-V4,通过16S rRNA基因扩增子测序技术检测小鼠肠道菌群的α多样性、β多样性,以及门、属水平的物种组成。结果表明,与空白组相比,低浓度组中菌群的均匀性和丰富度显著提高(P<0.05);基于门水平分析,厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和疣微菌门3个菌门的相对丰度值较大;在属水平中,高低浓度组均能降低拟杆菌属相对丰度,低浓度组能提高乳杆菌相对丰度,并且高浓度组中艾克曼菌属的相对丰度大幅提高。综上所述,番石榴结合态多酚能提高小鼠肠道菌群的均匀性和丰富度,且对菌群结构具有调节作用,既能提高益生菌的相对丰度,也能降低有害菌的相对丰度。本研究结果可为番石榴结合态多酚的活性研究和实际应用提供理论参考。     

Diagnosis of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) nutrient imbalance by DRIS and CND-clr methods at two stages during early growth

High yield of sugar beet require adequate mineral nutrition. To be diagnosed across interacting nutrients using appropriate interpretation models, the plant must be sampled at a critical physiological stage. This study aimed to develop and validate norms at the 7-leaf and well-developed rosette stages, for diagnostic purposes using the Diagnosis and Recommended Integrated System (DRIS) and Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis based on centered log ratios (CND-clr). Data on nutrient concentrations and plant performance were obtained from 409 plots in West-Central Poland. With respect to the growth stages, for physiological and practical reasons, the 7-leaf stage is preferable for diagnostic purposes. At this growth stage, the high-yield subpopulation characterized by higher concentration of potassium and sodium compared to other nutrients. CND-clr indices were closely related to DRIS indices (R² > 0.93). The CND-clr indices, however, better explained the differences in the white sugar yield within the validated dataset than the DRIS indices.     

Comparative Boron Nutritional Diagnosis for Olive Based on July and January Leaf Samplings

In this work, diagnosis of boron (B) nutritional status based on leaf B concentrations was compared for the most common leaf-sampling times for olive trees, January and July. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted over 4 years (2003–2006) in two rainfed olive groves located in Mirandela and Bragança, northeastern Portugal. Leaf samples were collected in January and July and analyzed for B by standard procedures. Fruit harvest occurred in December of each year. The crops followed typical alternate fruiting cycles. During the 4 years of the study, mean olive yields in the Bragança orchard fluctuated, yielding 3.6, 28.1, 5.5, and 22.7 kg tree^?1. Yield variation per individual tree was also great. In the Bragança orchard and in the 2004 harvest, yields ranged from 1.2 to 52.7 kg tree^?1. Leaf B concentrations also varied greatly between individual trees. In the Bragança orchard in the July sampling of 2004, values for individual trees varied from 12.2 and 23.7 mg B kg^?1. From a total of 16 scatterplots generated from the relationship between leaf B concentrations and olive yields, 10 significant linear relationships were established; six of them were related to July sampling dates and four were related to January dates. The number of significant linear relationships established between leaf B concentration and olive yield was used as a criterion of the accuracy of the B nutritional diagnosis, because this represented the lowest experimental variability. By using this criterion, the July sampling date proved as better for B nutritional diagnosis, although the difference from January sampling date was not sufficient to disregard this. Leaf B concentrations were consistently greater in July than in January. Averaged across the 4 years of the study in both orchards, the difference was 4.3 mg B kg^?1. This difference should be taken into account in the interpretation of leaf analysis results when B levels are close to the deficient critical concentration.     

Comparison of DRIS and alternative nutrient diagnostic methods for soybean

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) provides advantages over the Sufficiency Range (SR) approach to diagnosing the nutrient status of soybean (Glycine max L.). However, a number of modifications to DRIS have been proposed, including the use of only one method for calculating nutrient indices, and incorporating nutrient concentrations. In previous research, the author found that derivation and interpretation of DRIS diagnoses could be simplified by: 1) using a logarithmic transformation of nutrient ratio data; 2) using population parameters rather than high‐yield subpopulation values; 3) using a single index calculation method; and, 4) incorporating a measure of the probability of yield response to a treatment. Diagnoses by the SR approach, DRIS, three revisions of DRIS, and two new concentration‐based diagnostic methods were compared using diagnostic norms derived from a data base of over 4000 soybean tissue analyses and yield observations. Virtually all diagnoses of the most limiting nutrient were the same, except that the SR method did not make diagnoses on 5 week‐old samples. Traditional DRIS diagnoses were the least conservative, indicating only the order in which N, P and K would likely limit yield. Revised methods, particularly the concentration‐based methods, indicated fewer limiting nutrients, and agreed well with the SR method. Yields in the test data set increased with nearly every nutrient application, so the least conservative DRIS showed the greatest yield advantage. No diagnostic method consistently identified the nutrient causing the greatest yield response as most limiting.