Soils and Native Vegetation in a Hilly and Mountainous Area in Central Greece

Soils and native vegetation were investigated in 24 sites in the hilly and mountainous province of Elassona, central Greece. Most soils consist of coarse alluvial material that originated from the weathering of hard limestone or schist. Mostly are acidic, and the coarse texture enhances the leaching of exchangeable cations. Mean soil organic matter is greater than values recorded in the lowlands. Low content of available phosphorous (P) was observed in certain soils, and this may be attributed either to P fixation in the clay minerals or to parent material. Copper (Cu) content was low in 11 samples, and the content of exchangeable calcium (Ca⁺⁺) was lower than the critical level in two thirds of samples. Similarly, low values were recorded for exchangeable magnesium (Mg⁺⁺) and potassium (K⁺). Results from annual plants have shown low nitrogen (N) content and partial deficiency in Ca, K, and Mg, which reflects the particular soil and climatic conditions. Furthermore, in certain samples Cu, manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were found at deficiency levels. Samples from perennial plants were selected from sites where vegetation was degraded. Results revealed nitrogen (N), Mn, and Cu deficiency, and the values for micronutrients iron (Fe), Zn, and boron (B) were greater than critical levels. Practices and measures are suggested to improve soils and to restore the degraded vegetation, such as application of lime material in the acidic soil for correction of pH, rational water management, cultivation of crops with low water requirements, banning of overgrazing in areas vulnerable to erosion, winter cover of slopes with pasture and fodder crops, establishment of permanent shrubs, reforestation of certain hilly and mountainous areas, and training of farmers. Findings of this study can assist local authorities in managing natural resources in a more rational and sustainable manner. Establishment of pasturelands in combination with rational grazing management should be of high priority to sustain livestock production.     

Successional Trajectory Over 10 Years of Vegetation Restoration of Abandoned Slope Croplands in the Hill‐Gully Region of the Loess Plateau

Revegetation has been the primary management approach for solving the problems caused by severe soil erosion in the Loess Plateau. The objectives of this work were to explore the successional trajectory of the different types of restoration and discuss their potential effectiveness for the control of soil erosion. The presence and coverage of plants in 40 permanent plots were investigated during two periods (2003–2006 and 2013). The naturally and artificially revegetated communities studied in the two surveys were classified using two‐way indicator species analysis, and their relationships were analyzed using detrended correspondence analysis. Under natural revegetation, the communities succeed in the following order: annual plants → perennial plants → short rhizome tufts and subshrubs. Under artificial revegetation, succession was interrupted by artificial planting, and a Gramineae herb layer persisted through the years with few changes in species composition. Additionally, species richness, diversity, and evenness increased, while ecological dominance decreased during succession in both revegetation types. Succession rate was rapid at the initial stage and then slowed down gradually. Succession followed different trajectories under natural and artificial revegetation, and based on the potential effects of the two approaches on soil erosion and soil desiccation, we suggest that natural revegetation is preferable over artificial revegetation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The natural environment of Cupressus sempervirens in Greece as a basis for its use in the Mediterranean region

This paper studies the natural stands of Cupressus sempervirens L. in Greece. C. sempervirens stands are located on the islands of Crete, Samos, Rhodes, Kos, Symi, and Milos, while populations on the islands of Chios and Kalymnos were discovered recently. Stands in the Peloponnese and in the Ionian Islands are considered introduced and naturalized. Data on natural populations show that C. sempervirens is indifferent to physiographic factors, substrate material, and physicochemical soil properties. The species grows on sites ranging from the semiarid bioclimatic zone with warm winters, to the wet zone with cold and fairly harsh winters. According to the xerothermic index in the taxon's natural distribution area, all Mediterranean bioclimate characters may appear, from intense thermo‐Mediterranean to weak meso‐Mediterranean. Cypress participates in all the vegetation zones from the thermo‐Mediterranean to mountainous Mediterranean and a cluster analysis (TWINSPAN) of sixty‐two cypress relevés led to the recognition of six woodland types defined by species composition, and assigned to three alliances: Oleo‐Ceratonion, Quercion ilicis, and Acero‐Cupression. This great plasticity of the species with regard to natural environmental factors, together with its relative resistance to fire, renders cypress one of the most valuable forest species for a large part of the Mediterranean region. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

谢家店植物群落恢复中种类组成及物种多样性分析

于2014年采用样方法对地震重灾区谢家店的植被自然恢复情况和生境条件（包括海拔高度、土壤温度、湿度和盐度）进行调查,分析了各样地物种多样性之间的相关性及不同恢复年限植被恢复的效果,通过研究植被的动态恢复效果及其立地条件的影响,把握地震灾区植物的演替规律,以期为当地制定植被恢复的方案提供参考和借鉴。结果表明:（1）已统计到植物46科66属84种,桤木（Alnus cremastogyne）为乔木层优势种（重要值是0.29）,同时也是群落的建群种,群落类型为桤木+灰白毛莓+木贼（A. Cremastogyne+Rubus Tephrodes+Equisetum hyemale）。（2）2014年Shannon-Weiner指数（H’）、Margalef指数（M_a）、Pielou指数（E）和Simpson指数（D）分别为2.06,2.942,0.73,0.189,相比2009年,物种丰富度上升,均匀度下降。（3）在不同生活型中Shannon-Weiner指数、Pielou指数和Margalef指数都是草本层 > 乔木层 > 灌木层;Simpson指数为灌木层 > 草木层 > 乔本层,灌木层物种数量分布不均衡。（4）土壤温度、湿度、盐度影响植物的生长和种类组成,进而影响物种的多样性指数,近几年植物物种和数量（物种的数量）都呈明显增大的趋势,但物种在样地中的分配并不均匀。     

华北土石山区天然森林植被演替中群落结构和物种多样性变化的研究

基于华北土石山区潮关西沟流域天然森林植被调查的基础上．对森林植被群落演替中群落树种组成、胸径结构和生物多样性变化进行了研究。结果表明，随着演替的进行．群落的乔灌木树种数先升高后降低，趋于稳定。而乔木密度呈增加趋势，而灌木密度和乔木树种的最大株数比例的胸径范围呈不断降低趋势。群落的乔木、灌木和乔灌木的物种多样性、丰富度随着演替的进行先升高后降低。除了栎树林乔木和平榛灌丛的乔灌木的均匀度较低外，乔木、灌木和乔灌木其他群落的均匀度变化不明显。     

抚仙湖流域磷矿开采废弃地恢复元江栲群落的树种配置研究

通过野外群落调查,对抚仙湖流域磷矿开采区地带性原生植被元江栲群落的结构特征及各物种在群落内的地位进行了分析.结果表明,元江栲作为群落的优势种,对稳定群落的结构和物种组成起着非常重要的作用,可作为磷矿开采废弃地上进行植被恢复的理想树种.研究并制定出磷矿废弃地恢复元江栲群落时合理的物种配置方案,使恢复后的元江栲群落结构合理、物种丰富、系统稳定,以尽快恢复矿区的生态服务功能     

抚仙湖流域磷矿开采废弃地恢复华山松群落的物种配置研究

为使抚仙湖流域磷矿开采区恢复的植被结构合理,物种丰富,系统稳定,对研究区分布较广的华山松群落的结构特征及各物种在群落内的地位进行了分析.结果表明,华山松林群落结构完整,物种丰富,生长旺盛,是磷矿开采废弃地上植被恢复的理想林种,并制定出用华山松、滇石栎、小白花杜鹃、厚皮香、地石榴等华山松群落各层优势种,及当地耐贫瘠的乡土物种做磷矿开采废弃地华山松群落恢复的物种配置方案.     

湘潭锰矿废弃地土壤特性与植物生长关系研究

对湘潭锰矿废弃地的土壤特性与植物生长调查进行的分析表明:与非矿渣废弃地相比,锰矿废弃地土壤物理结构极不均匀,大都不适宜植物生长发育;土壤呈中性,N、P含量较高,具备植物生长所必需的养分;但土壤中微量元素含量大都严重超标,往往会使植物中毒,甚至杀死植物。建议在生态恢复时首先覆土改良土壤结构,其次选择高抗性的植物品种,特别是耐Mn、Zn、Pb的植物品种。     

吴旗柴沟流域植被物种多样性研究

为了解吴旗县植被自然恢复的基本过程及其物种多样性变化,对该县柴沟流域封禁多年的植物群落进行了研究,结果表明:柴沟流域植物种主要以猪毛蒿、达乌里胡枝子、赖草、铁杆蒿为主,阳坡的植被演替规律为猪毛蒿+狗尾草+华虫实→赖草+猪毛蒿(达乌里胡枝子、铁杆蒿、隐子草)→达乌里胡枝子+赖草(百里香、冷蒿、角蒿、铁杆蒿),阴坡植被恢复的演替规律为猪毛蒿(达乌里胡枝子、赖草)→铁杆蒿(冷蒿)。柴沟流域阴坡群落的物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度都较高,阳坡较低,混交林地的丰富度最大、均匀度最小。     

百山祖两种阔叶木本植物的光合蒸腾作用特性研究

利用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪分别对凤阳山—百山祖国家级自然保护区阔叶混交林中2种常见木本植物尖萼紫茎（Stewartia acutisepala）和小叶白辛树（Pterostyrax corymbosus）的光合蒸腾特性进行了研究,并应用相关性分析与逐步回归分析法就上述植物各生理生态因子对净光合速率（P_n）和蒸腾速率（T_r）的影响进行了分析。结果表明:（1）尖萼紫茎的P_n主要影响因子是水分利用率（WUE）、太阳辐射（PYR）,而小叶白辛树的主要影响因子则是胞间CO₂摩尔分数（C_i）,PYR,且在P_n日变化过程中,尖萼紫茎的值始终大于小叶白辛树,可以判断尖萼紫茎的光合作用比小叶白辛树要强;（2）影响尖萼紫茎T_r的主要因子是气孔导度（G_s）及光合有效辐射（PAR）,影响小叶白辛树的主要因子则是G_s、空气相对湿度（RH）,而据T_r日变化可发现尖萼紫茎的蒸腾作用强于小叶白辛树;（3）对2种植物WUE的分析可知,尖萼紫茎的碳水平衡性优于小叶白辛树。且总体而言,在该生境中,制约尖萼紫茎光合蒸腾作用的因子比小叶白辛树少。因此,尖萼紫茎对该生境适应性优于小叶白辛树,分布更为广泛。     

喀斯特石漠化演替中植物多样性及其与土壤理化性质的关系

为探明西南喀斯特石漠化演替过程中植物多样性演变规律、土壤理化性质的变化趋势以及土壤理化性质对植物多样性演变的影响,选取西南典型石漠化区贵州黔西县猴场为研究区,采用野外样方调查和室内试验分析方法,运用方差分析、多重比较、相关性分析等数理统计手段,研究了喀斯特石漠化不同演替阶段植物群落物种多样性、土壤理化特性以及二者的内在关系。结果显示:石漠化环境植被物种组成简单,植物多样性的4种指数均偏低,均匀度指数、多样性指数变化与石漠化等级演替有明显耦合关系;土壤理化性质在不同等级石漠化环境土壤中也具有显著差异,且随着石漠化等级的增加呈现先退化后逐渐改善的演变趋势;喀斯特石漠化土壤理化性质与植物多样性指数具有明显的相关性,喀斯特石漠化环境土壤理化性质的变化极易影响植物多样性的特征。研究结果对我国西南喀斯特森林生态保护和石漠化生态系统恢复重建具有明显的理论意义和实践指导价值。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地自然恢复植被主要物种生态位特征

为了探究加速黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被恢复过程的人工物种干扰措施如物种选择与搭配的科学依据，利用TWINSPAN分类方法对33个自然恢复的退耕地样方进行分类，得出退耕地在40a内主要经历了5个群落演替阶段，分别为猪毛蒿群落、赖草群落、达乌里胡枝子＋长芒草群落、铁杆蒿群落和白羊草群落。以各个群落的综合资源环境梯度为依据，对各群落主要物种生态位特征进行了分析。通过物种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠特征分析，提出了不同演替阶段的合理物种组合。     

天津市填海造陆区自然植被演替特征及其影响因素

[目的] 探究天津市填海造陆区自然演替特征和影响因素,为填海造陆区生态恢复与重建提供科学依据。[方法] 以天津市不同时期填海造陆区为研究对象,采取野外调查采样、实验室测定与双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)、除趋势典范对应分析(detrended correspondence analysis,DCA)、典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)等分析方法,分析天津市填海造陆区植物群落类型、演替模式和影响因素。[结果] ①天津市填海造陆区自然植被演替序列为：盐地碱蓬群落→芦苇—盐地碱蓬群落→獐毛群落→芦苇群落→柽柳—鹅绒藤群落。随着演替的进行,土壤含盐量逐渐降低,植物种类逐渐增加。②土壤全盐含量、离市区二级道路的距离和离15 m等深线的距离在不同演替阶段间存在显著差异,是天津市填海造陆区自然植被演替的主要影响因子。[结论] 天津市填海造陆区的植被演替受自然和人为因子的共同作用,科学调控环境因子(如土壤全盐含量)可为填海造区植被恢复提供有利环境条件。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植物群落优势种对显著影响因子的响应

根据在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区具有代表性的安塞县退耕地植被样方的调查资料,利用TWINSPAN对退耕地植物群落的类型及其优势种进行了确定,即退耕地植物群落主要有猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)为优势种的群落、达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)和长芒草(Stipa bungeana)为优势种的群落、铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii)为优势种的群落和白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)为优势种的群落。典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis)得出:显著影响黄土高原丘陵沟壑区退耕地物种变化的主要因子为退耕年限、全磷、速效磷和土壤水分。结合物种生活型特征,认为白羊草和达乌里胡枝子在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区具有较强的适应性,可作为退耕地的适宜引种物种,以调控和加速植物群落演替,控制土壤侵蚀。     

抚仙湖流域磷矿开采废弃地恢复滇油杉群落的物种配置研究

运用法瑞学派野外群落样方调查方法,对抚仙湖流域磷矿开采区物种较丰富的滇油杉群落的结构特征及各物种在群落内的地位进行了分析,制定出用滇油杉群落乔灌层优势种滇油杉、高山栲、滇石栎、厚皮香、常绿蔷薇,及当地抗逆性强的乡土物种地石榴、葛根、滇蔗茅、狗牙根做磷矿开采废弃地恢复的物种配置方案,以使恢复后的滇油杉群落结构合理、物种丰富、系统稳定,尽快恢复矿区的生态服务功能。     

巴山山地退耕地植被自然恢复过程及物种多样性变化

 巴山山地是我国南北方过渡地区,亦是长江重要的水源涵养区,探讨该地区退耕地植被自然恢复演替过程及其物种多样性的变化规律,对于指导该地区的人工植被建设具有重要的理论价值与实际意义。采用时空互代法对巴山山地退耕地植被自然恢复过程及其物种多样性变化进行研究,结果表明:1)巴山山地退耕地植被演替依次经过1年生植被草本群落、多年生草本群落、杂灌草群落及以栓皮栎、橿子栎或栓皮栎为建群种的阔叶林群落等不同阶段,形成地带性植物群落大致需要40～50a;2)物种多样性会随立地环境的变化有所差异,阴坡的各物种多样性指标明显高于阳坡,但其变化规律基本一致。演替初期,植被群落的物种数、Shannon-wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数相对较低,随着植被群落演替的进行,各指标均呈波浪上升趋势;当植被恢复25a时,各多样性指数均达到最大,分别为23、2.5、0.89和0.8;到地带性植物群落阶段时,其各物种多样性指标又略有降低并趋于稳定。该结论对于充分利用植被自然恢复进行生态改善,并根据植被演替进程采取相应的人工管理措施具有重要的指导意义。     

华北土石山区植物群落多样性特征分析

根据12个样地的调查资料，分析了八达岭地区天然林植物群落物种多样性的特征，群落内部各层次物种多样性指数的顺序依次为：草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层，但在糠椴（Tilia mandshurica）林和核桃楸（Juglans mandshurica）林中由于特殊的生境表现为：灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层。白梨（Pyrus bretschneideri）山丁子（Malus baccata）林和核桃楸林群落中Sorenson指数最小，共有种最少，群落间多样性最大。     

Bats in a fragmented landscape: Species composition, diversity and habitat interactions in savannas of Santarém, Central Amazonia, Brazil

Species response to forest fragmentation may strongly vary according to ecological requirements, shape, spatial configuration and connectivity of fragments, and the structure of the surrounding matrix. Bats are natural candidates for studies on forest fragmentation. However, the conclusions of such studies are often contradictory. We present the results of a study on the effects of forest fragmentation on bat communities in Alter do Chão, Santarém area, in Central Amazonia, Brazil, an area composed by forests and fragments surrounded by savanna-like vegetation. We compared the species composition between habitats, tested the effect of size, shape and density of trees of forested areas on the presence species and their relative frequency of captures, and investigated the savannas as an ecological barrier for the dispersion of bats. With an effort of 5678 mistnet-hours, we captured 3740 bats (64 species). Multidimensional Scaling indicated no strong separation between the habitats sampled, however, savanna sites were grouped distinctly of fragments and forest sites. Multiple linear regressions indicated no significant correlation between the number of bat species recorded and the size, shape or tree density in forest sites and fragments. There was a significant correlation between the number of captures and the variables tested, explained by the shape of the sites, but not by size or tree density. In general, sites with bigger shape indices had fewer captures. Ten of the 20 most captured species showed no significant difference between the three habitats. The bat communities in Alter do Chão were not strongly affected by forest fragmentation, and the savannas did not appear to act as an ecological barrier to bats.     

六盘山香水河小流域地形与植被类型对降雨径流系数的影响

基于GIS和SPSS支持下的数据分析,结合宁夏六盘山区香水河小流域2004—2005年6—10月的降雨、径流观测资料,对流域的坡向、海拔和植被对降雨径流的影响进行研究,结果表明：就不同植被类型来看,径流系数以人工林的最大,灌丛的次之,亚高山草甸的最小;就海拔而言,径流系数大小依次为低海拔（2060-2350 m）〉中海拔（2350-2640 m）〉高海拔（2640-2930 m）,随着海拔从低到高的变化,天然林的径流系数表现为从高到低再升高的变化趋势,而人工林和灌丛则表现为先增加后减小的变化趋势,亚高山草甸从中海拔至高海拔区呈增大趋势;从不同坡向来看,径流系数大小依次为南坡〉西坡〉北坡〉东坡。     

基于物种生存域的干旱半干旱区地下水与植被关系研究

土壤水分和盐分是干旱半干旱区植被生态最直接和最主要的环境因子,是地下水与植被相互作用关系的关键纽带。以宁夏回族自治区盐池县的地下水浅埋区为研究对象,通过野外生态地质调查,获取了每个调查点的植被类型及土壤水分和盐分含量,并以土壤含水率和含盐量为变量,圈划了5个优势物种的生存域,并根据不同物种生存域范围叠加图,分析了地下水位下降对植被的影响。生存域叠加图分析表明,地下水位的下降将导致研究区植被类型出现以盐蒿—芨芨草—苦豆子—骆驼蓬—沙蒿等优势种为代表的盐生—湿生—旱生—沙生植被类型演替趋势。研究表明,以土壤水盐为变量绘制物种生存域范围图,能形象地刻画干旱半干旱区不同植被物种的适生环境,并可用来预测地下水位变化后植被物种的演替趋势。