Burst Conditions of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions Recorded on Microbarographs

Explosive volcanic eruptions generate pressure disturbances in the atmosphere that propagate away either as acoustic or as shock waves, depending on the explosivity of the eruption. Both types of waves are recorded on microbarographs as 1- to 0.1-hertz N-shaped signals followed by a longer period coda. These waveforms can be used to estimate burst pressures and gas concentrations in explosive volcanic eruptions and provide estimates of eruption magnitudes.     

Measurements of the stratospheric plume from the mount st. Helens eruption: radioactivity and chemical composition

Gas measurements made in the stratospheric plume from the eruption of Mount St. Helens on 18 May 1980 were not consistent with a reported large injection of radon-222 into the atmosphere. No enrichment in the volatile element polonium was found in filter samples, and the ratio of polonium-210 to lead-210 was not different from background values. Data obtained with an experimental impactor, flown shortly after the eruption, showed an increase of 10(3) in the stratospheric number concentration of submicrometer sulfate particles compared to concentrations before the eruption.     

Characterization of aerosols from eruptions of mount st. Helens

Measurements of mass concentration and size distribution of aerosols from eruptions of Mount St. Helens as well as morphological and elemental analyses were obtained between 7 April and 7 August 1980. In situ measurements were made in early phreatic and later, minor phreatomagmatic eruption clouds near the vent of the volcano and in plumes injected into the stratosphere from the major eruptions of 18 and 25 May. The phreatic aerosol was characterized by an essentially monomodal size distribution dominated by silicate particles larger than 10 micrometers in diameter. The phreatomagmatic eruption cloud was multimodal; the large size mode consisted of silicate particles and the small size modes were made up of mixtures of sulfuric acid and silicate particles. The stratospheric aerosol from the main eruption exhibited a characteristic narrow single mode with particles less than 1 micrometer in diameter and nearly all of the mass made up of sulfuric acid droplets.     

Tsunamis generated by eruptions from mount st. Augustine volcano, alaska

During an eruption of the Alaskan volcano Mount St. Augustine in the spring of 1986, there was concern about the possibility that a tsunami might be generated by the collapse of a portion of the volcano into the shallow water of Cook Inlet. A similar edifice collapse of the volcano and ensuing sea wave occurred during an eruption in 1883. Other sea waves resulting in great loss of life and property have been generated by the eruption of coastal volcanos around the world. Although Mount St. Augustine remained intact during this eruptive cycle, a possible recurrence of the 1883 events spurred a numerical simulation of the 1883 sea wave. This simulation, which yielded a forecast of potential wave heights and travel times, was based on a method that could be applied generally to other coastal volcanos.     

Airborne studies of the emissions from the volcanic eruptions of mount st. Helens

The concentrations of particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter in the ash emissions from Mount St. Helens have been more than 1000 times greater than those in the ambient air. Mass loadings of particles less than 2 micrometers in diameter were generally several hundred micrograms per cubic meter. In the ash clouds, produced by the large eruption on 18 May 1980, the concentrations of several trace gases generally were low. In other emissions, significant, but variable, concentrations of sulfur gases were measured. The 18 May eruption produced nuées ardentes, lightning flashes, and volcanic hail.     

Eruption of the nevado del ruiz volcano, Colombia, on 13 november 1985: gas flux and fluid geochemistry

The 13 November 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano, in Colombia, released a small volume of pyroclastic material and a disproportionately large volume of volcanic gas. Before the eruption, summit fumarole gases became less water-rich, and the sulfur/chlorine ratio increased. Remote measurements of sulfur dioxide flux after the eruption indicated active degassing at levels associated with eruptive or inter-eruptive stages of other volcanoes. Thermal water analyses revealed increases in magnesium, calcium, and potassium and an increase in the magnesium/chlorine ratio, suggesting that these elements may have been leached from new magma. Ash leachate data showed sulfate and chloride concentrations and ratios that would be expected for the late stages ofa major Plinian eruption. Water from the lahar contained high concentrations of sulfate and had a sulfur/chlorine ratio of 4.67, suggesting that water ejected from the crater lake and turbulent mixing of pyroclasts and glacial ice triggered the lahar. Microprobe analyses of pumice from this eruption and the most recent previous event showed similar mixed andesites. The uniform composition of the pumices and the unusually high ratio of gas to magma suggest that, although a new batch of magma triggered this eruption, the pumice that erupted may actually be old. Large volumes of new magma and glacial ice make the volcano dangerous and should stimulate development of an integrated long-term monitoring program to include Tolima volcano, 25 kilometers to the south.     

湖羊BMP7基因遗传多态、表达及与羔皮毛囊性状的关联

【目的】研究BMP7基因对湖羊不同花纹形成的影响及其与毛囊性状的发育可能存在的调控机制。【方法】利用PCR-SSCP方法在205个样本中检测BMP7基因外显子1、2、3的单核苷酸多态性;通过组织学方法和显微观察法对湖羊皮肤毛囊进行组织学观察,对不同花纹皮肤组织中初级毛囊直径、次级毛囊直径、初级毛囊数、次级毛囊数进行统计分析;利用荧光定量PCR技术检测BMP7基因在大花、中花、小花间的相对表达量,用SPSS17.0软件进行差异显著性分析,探讨BMP7基因对湖羊不同花纹形成及其毛囊性状可能存在的调控机制。【结果】PCR-SSCP方法检测BMP7基因外显子1、2、3的单核苷酸多态性,结果均未发现多态性;在组织切片分析中,湖羊大花初级、次级毛囊直径均大于中花、小花,小花初级、次级毛囊直径均介于大花、中花之间;大花次级毛囊数多于中花、小花,而小花次级毛囊数介于大花、中花之间。通过差异显著性分析可知,湖羊大花与中花、小花初级毛囊直径呈极显著差异（P＜0.01）,小花与中花初级毛囊直径差异不显著（P＞0.05）;中花次级毛囊直径与大花、小花次级毛囊直径呈极显著差异（P＜0.01）,但小花次级毛囊直径与大花次级毛囊直径差异不显著（P＞0.05）;初级毛囊数大花、中花、小花间差异均不显著（P＞0.05）,但相同视野中大花初级毛囊数多于中花、小花;中花次级毛囊数与大花、小花次级毛囊数呈极显著差异（P＜0.01）,但大花、小花次级毛囊数差异不显著（P＞0.05）;qRT-PCR结果显示,在同一时期BMP7基因在大花、中花中的表达量高于小花,且在大花、小花毛囊组织中表达量差异显著（P＜0.05）;BMP7基因相对表达量与小花初级毛囊直径呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,与小花次级毛囊数呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,与中花初级毛囊直径和中花次级毛囊数呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）,这与组织学与显微镜观察的结果相符。【结论】未发现BMP7基因存在单核苷酸多态性,但BMP7基因表达量与毛囊部分指标存在相关性且与组织学观察结果相一致,可初步推测BMP7基因可能参与毛囊发育,调控被毛生长。     

湖羊羔皮候选基因在不同花纹间的表达与毛囊发育特性关联的研究

【目的】研究5个候选基因在不同花纹组间的表达量与毛囊各指标的相关性,进一步了解候选基因与毛囊发育特性间的关联,筛选用于后期功能验证的基因。【方法】利用荧光定量PCR技术检测5个基因在不同组别间的表达量,结合组织学与显微观测技术,分析5个基因与毛囊发育间的关联。【结果】湖羊毛囊成群分布,湖羊大花、小花、中花多以3毛囊群居多,直径较大的为中心初级毛囊,直径相对较小的为侧部初级毛囊。湖羊大花与中花、小花初级毛囊直径呈极显著差异（P＜0.01）,小花与中花初级毛囊直径差异不显著（P＞0.05）。中花次级毛囊直径与大花、小花次级毛囊直径呈极显著差异（P＜0.01）,但小花次级毛囊直径与大花次级毛囊直径差异不显著（P＞0.05）。初级毛囊数大花、中花、小花间差异均不显著（P＞0.05）,但相同视野中大花初级毛囊数多于中花、小花。中花次级毛囊数与大花、小花次级毛囊数呈极显著差异（P＜0.01）,但大花、小花次级毛囊数差异不显著（P＞0.05）;MMP2基因在中花皮肤组织中的表达量与大花、小花分别呈极显著差异（P＜0.01）,在大花皮肤组织中的表达量与小花差异不显著（P＞0.05）;BMP7基因在大花皮肤组织中的表达量与小花呈显著差异（P ＜0.05）,在中花皮肤组织中的表达量与大花、小花分别差异不显著（P＞0.05）;SFXN1基因在小花皮肤中的表达量与大花、中花分别呈显著差异（P＜0.05）,在大花皮肤组织中的表达量与中花差异不显著（P＞0.05）。其余基因在3组个体间差异不显著;MMP2基因相对表达量与大花次级毛囊数呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。BMP7基因相对表达量与小花初级毛囊直径呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,与小花次级毛囊数呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,与中花初级毛囊直径、次级毛囊数呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）;SFXN1基因相对表达量与大花初级毛囊呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）,与小花初级毛囊直径、小花次级毛囊直径分别呈显著正相关及极显著正相关,与中花初级毛囊直径呈极显著负相关。在BMP7基因表达量相同情况下,小花初级毛囊直径比中花初级毛囊直径大,小花次级毛囊数比中花次级毛囊数多,这与切片结果相符。MMP2基因在表达量相同情况下大花毛囊数多于小花,中花最少,这与切片结果一致。此外,在SFXN1基因表达量相同情况下,小花毛囊直径最大,大花次之,中花最小,这虽与切片结果不相符,但大花、小花次级毛囊数相差很小,总体来说趋势相同,结果基本相符。其余基因虽与毛囊相关指标存在关联,但在大中小花组表达差异不显著,【结论】BMP7、MMP2、SFXN1三个基因可作为湖羊早期羔皮选育的重要候选基因。     

湖羊羔皮毛囊候选miRNA在不同花纹间的表达与毛囊发育特性关联的研究

【目的】通过前期高通量测序技术结合生物信息学分析研究湖羊大花、中花和小花羔皮毛囊间miRNA的差异表达,筛选出了14个候选miRNA,现进一步研究14个候选miRNA在不同花纹组间的表达量与毛囊各指标的相关性,以了解候选miRNA与毛囊发育特性间的关联,筛选用于后期功能验证的miRNA。【方法】利用高通量测序技术筛选湖羊大花、中花、小花不同花纹羔皮毛囊中的差异表达miRNA。利用与高通量测序同一批样品所提取的RNA进行RT-RCR验证,随机选取高通量测序结果中的5个差异表达miRNA,验证高通量测序结果的可靠性。通过荧光定量PCR技术检测14个候选miRNA在不同组别间的表达量,制作不同花纹羔皮组织的石蜡切片以评估不同毛囊的结构,并结合组织学观察与显微观测技术,采用SPSS 17.0分析14个候选miRNA的表达水平与毛囊组织学性质的相关性。【结果】湖羊毛囊成群分布,以3毛囊群的居多,直径较大的为中心初级毛囊,直径较小的为侧部次级毛囊。在显微镜相同视野中,湖羊大花、中花和小花3种不同类型花纹羔皮的初级毛囊数差异不显著（P＞0.05）,小花组的次级毛囊数多于大花组和中花组的次级毛囊数且差异极显著（P＜0.01）,中花组与小花组二者次级毛囊数相仿,差异不显著（P＞0.05）,在相同的单位面积中,小花的毛囊总数要高于大花组和中花组;大花组的初级毛囊直径比中花组和小花组的初级毛囊直径要大的多,与中花组和小花组的初级毛囊直径差异极显著（P＜0.01）,大花组的次级毛囊直径也比中花组、小花组的次级毛囊直径大,同时也与二者均呈极显著差异（P＜0.01）,中花组和小花组二者的初级毛囊直径以及次级毛囊直径均差异不显著（P＞0.05）;在已知的miRNA中,miRNA-143在大花组中的表达量与小花组差异极显著（P＜0.01）,miRNA-10a在小花组的表达量与大花和中花组差异显著（P＜0.05）,let-7i在大花组的表达量与中花组差异显著（P＜0.05）;在测序新预测的差异miRNA中,NW_004080184.1_6326在中花组的表达量与大花组差异显著（P＜0.05）、与小花组差异极显著（P＜0.01）,NW_004080165.1_8572在中花组的表达量与大花组和小花组差异极显著（P＜0.01）,NW_004080181.1_3961在中花组的表达量与小花组差异极显著（P＜0.01）,NW_004080190.1_13733在中花组的表达量与大花组差异极显著（P＜0.01）,其余miRNA在大、中、小花中的表达差异不显著。14个miRNA的相对表达量均与毛囊部分指标存在相关性,表明I4个miRNA均有可能参与毛囊的生长发育。【结论】 miRNA-143、miRNA-10a、let-7i、NW_004080184.1_6326、NW_004080165.1_8572、NW_004080181.1_3961以及NW_004080190.1_13733 等7个miRNA可作为对湖羊羔皮毛囊发育具有重要影响的候选miRNA,在后续试验中将进一步验证。     

Size distributions and mineralogy of ash particles in the stratosphere from eruptions of mount st. Helens

Samples from the stratosphere obtained by U-2 aircraft after the first three major eruptions of Mount St. Helens contained large globules of liquid acid and ash. Because of their large size, these globules had disappeared from the lower stratosphere by late June 1980, leaving behind only smaller acid droplets. Particle-size distributions and mineralogy of the stratospheric ash grains demonstrate in-homogeneity in the eruption clouds.     

Numerical models of caldera-scale volcanic eruptions on Earth, venus, and Mars

Volcanic eruptions of gassy magmas on Earth, Venus, and Mars produce plumes with markedly different fluid dynamics regimes. In large part the differences are caused by the differing atmospheric pressures and ratios of volcanic vent pressure to atmospheric pressure. For each of these planets, numerical simulations of an eruption of magma containing 4 weight percent gas were run on a workstation. On Venus the simulated eruption of a pressure-balanced plume formed a dense fountain over the vent and continuous pyroclastic flows. On Earth and Mars, simulated pressure-balanced plumes produced ash columns, ash falls, and possible small pyroclastic flows. An overpressured plume, illustrated for Mars, exhibited a complex supersonic velocity structure and internal shocks.     

Carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide from the eruptions of mount st. Helens

Ash from the massive 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens readily gave off large amounts of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide gases at room temperature. These findings suggest that the sulfur that enhances the Junge sulfate layer in the stratosphere after volcanic eruptions could be carried directly to the upper atmosphere as carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide adsorbed on ash particles from major volcanic eruptions.     

Carbon dioxide degassing by advective flow from Usu volcano, Japan

Magmatic carbon dioxide (CO2) degassing has been documented before the 31 March 2000 eruption of Usu volcano, Hokkaido, Japan. Six months before the eruption, an increase in CO2 flux was detected on the summit caldera, from 120 (September 1998) to 340 metric tons per day (September 1999), followed by a sudden decrease to 39 metric tons per day in June 2000, 3 months after the eruption. The change in CO2 flux and seismic observations suggests that before the eruption, advective processes controlled gas migration toward the surface. The decrease in flux after the eruption at the summit caldera could be due to a rapid release of CO2 during the eruption from ascending dacitic dikes spreading away from the magma chamber beneath the caldera.     

太湖水华成因及治理对策分析

随着太湖流域经济的高速发展,太湖的富营养化问题变得日益严重,蓝藻暴发频繁发生。针对这一问题,从宏观和微观2个层面对蓝藻暴发成因进行了分析,并采用系统工程法与环境管理科学相结合的方法,对目前常用的蓝藻处理方法进行了总结,将其划分为3类：治根性方法、缓解性方法和应急性方法,并对这3类方法的适用性和优缺点进行了深入剖析。     

Mount pinatubo aerosols, chlorofluorocarbons, and ozone depletion

The injection into the stratosphere of large quantities of sulfur during the June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo (Philippines) and the subsequent formation of sulfate aerosol particles have generated a number of perturbations in the atmosphere with potential effects on the Earth's climate. Changes in the solar and infrared radiation budget caused by the eruption should produce a cooling of the troposphere and a warming of the lower stratosphere. These changes could affect atmospheric circulation. In addition, heterogeneous chemical reactions on the surface of sulfate aerosol particles render the ozone molecules more vulnerable to atmospheric chlorine and hence to man-made chlorofluorocarbons.     

Initial effects of ashfall from mount st. Helens on vegetation in eastern washington and adjacent idaho

Extensive plant damage from the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was largely restricted to acaulescent andprostrate dicot species in the ashfall area east of the Cascade Range (more than 150 kilometersfrom the vent). Veratrum californicum, a large monocot, displayed widespread stem death through mechanical overloading of the plant's clasping leaves. The ash surface in this area presents new opportunities for both seeds and seed predators.     

Gaseous constituents in the plume from eruptions of mount st. Helens

Measurements in the stratosphere of gaseous constituents in the plume of Mount St. Helens were obtained during five flights of the NASA U-2 aircraft between 19 May and 17 June 1980. Mixing ratios from gas chromatographic measurements on samples acquired about 24 hours after the initial eruption show considerable enhancement over nonvolcanic concentrations for sulfur dioxide (more than 1000 times), methyl chloride (about 10 times), and carbon disulfide (more than 3 times). The mixing ratio of carbonyl sulfide was comparable to nonvolcanic mixing ratios although 3 days later it was enhanced two to three times. Ion chromatography measurements on water-soluble constituents are also reported. Very large concentrations of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate ions were measured, implying large mixing ratios for the water-soluble gaseous constituents from which the anions are derived. Measurements of radon-222 present in the plume are also reported.     

Fallout of pyroclastic debris from submarine volcanic eruptions

Volcanic fallout deposits on land, being widespread and accessible for study, have received much attention and have revealed a great deal about subaerial eruption mechanisms. In contrast, virtually nothing is known about equivalent deposits produced by submarine volcanoes, despite the probable abundance of such material in today's oceans and in accreted volcanic arc terrains. Many submarine deposits may form by the fallout of debris to the sea floor downcurrent from the umbrella region of submarine eruption columns. Experiments on water-saturated pumice and pieces of rock (lithics) show that particles settling to the sea floor at terminal velocities of 10 to 50 centimeters per second will display conspicuous bimodality of particle diameters: pieces of pumice may be five to ten times as large as codeposited lithic fragments. Similar material, erupted into the air and deposited on land, displays less well-developed bimodality; pumice diameters are generally two to three times as large as associated lithics. Submarine fallout deposits are therefore distinctive and may be used to indicate a subaqueous origin for some of the great thicknesses of nonfossiliferous volcanic debris contained in ancient volcanic terrains worldwide whose environment of deposition has been uncertain.     

Iridium enrichment in airborne particles from kilauea volcano: january 1983

Airborne particulate matter from the January 1983 eruption of Kilauea volcano was inadvertently collected on air filters at Mauna Loa Observatory at a sampling station used to observe particles in global circulation. Analyses of affected samples revealed unusually large concentrations of selenium, arsenic, indium, gold, and sulfur, as expected for volcanic emissions. Strikingly large concentrations of iridium were also observed, the ratio of iridium to aluminum being 17,000 times its value in Hawaiian basalt. Since iridium enrichments have not previously been observed in volcanic emissions, the results for Kilauea suggest that it is part of an unusual volcanic system which may be fed by magma from the mantle. The iridium enrichment appears to be linked with the high fluorine content of the volcanic gases, which suggests that the iridium is released as a volatile IrF(6).     

Earthquake waves and the geomagnetic dynamo

It is proposed that earthquake waves energize the geomagnetic dynamo. Fluid motions generated by earthquakes may have enough energy to be in equipartition with fields as large as 100 gauss. Seismic waves from meteoritic impacts with energies sufficient to reverse the field occur every 170,000 years.