填赉高产塘的底栖动物及其利用率

自１９８８年至１９９０年，在吉林省镇赉渔场高产池中，先后应用了定性、定量采集，池底铺网、昆虫挂网等手段，得出在集约化养鲤池中，鲤对水蚯蚓的利用率为现存量的４８％至７３．７％，平均约６１％左右。摇蚊科幼虫的区系季节变化，一年中有两个高峰期，其羽化率为现存量的２８．９７％至４７．５７％，平均４１．６％。鲤对摇蚊科幼虫的利用率为现存量的３５％到６７％，平均５０％左右。     

黄河三角洲平原型水库摇蚊幼虫对磷的积累效应

2003年4次对黄河三角洲7座平原型水库55个底泥样品的调查发现:摇蚊科幼虫体内(干重)P含量随底泥DP的增加而呈指数型增加(P<0.001),摇蚊幼虫对P的积累系数亦随DP含量的增加而增加(P<0.001),但摇蚊幼虫体内P含量与水层TP不相关,摇蚊幼虫的生物量亦不与水层TP和DP显示出相关关系,仅有摇蚊幼虫最高生物量随DP增加而增加的趋势。通过无鱼围栏内外底栖动物的对比发现,放养鱼类的存在影响了底栖动物的现存量。     

黄河三角洲平原型水库摇蚊幼虫对磷的积累效应

2003年4次对黄河三角洲7座平原型水库55个底泥样品的调查发现:摇蚊科幼虫体内(干重)P含量随底泥DP的增加而呈指数型增加(P<0.001),摇蚊幼虫对P的积累系数亦随DP含量的增加而增加(P<0.001),但摇蚊幼虫体内P含量与水层TP不相关,摇蚊幼虫的生物量亦不与水层TP和DP显示出相关关系,仅有摇蚊幼虫最高生物量随DP增加而增加的趋势。通过无鱼围栏内外底栖动物的对比发现,放养鱼类的存在影响了底栖动物的现存量。     

乌梁素海摇蚊科幼虫

摇蚊科幼虫种类多、分布广，是内陆水体中主要的底栖动物之一。是鱼类的天然饵料。它们的食性不一，是研究水体生态系中不可缺少的对象。不同种类对水环境的污染忍受能力不同，因而还可利用它们来作为水体营养类型和监测水环境污染的指标生物。对它们的研究有着一定的理论与实践意义。然而国内的工作甚少，在内陆水域自然渔业资源调查中，我校师生在1981年6月与9月，协助内蒙进行黄河流域重点水体、乌梁素海的调查里，共获得摇蚊科幼虫24种，其中有似杯前突摇蚊Procladius culiciformis(L．)环足摇蚊Cricotopus sp．、中足摇蚊Metriocnemus lundbecki johatlrlse、小式直突摇蚊Orthocladilnae g．?L．fontana Панкратова、托克索里摇蚊Tokunagayusurika sp．、优美摇蚊Chiromus exquisitus Mitchell、小鸦长跗摇蚊Tanytarsus coracina k．、简单长跗摇蚊Tanytarsus exiquus J．、长跗摇蚊Tanytarsus sp．9个种为国内首次录。并分述如下：     

大连市的摇蚊科幼虫及新记录

根据1985—1987年4至7月,在大连市5个区。16个地点调查、采集摇蚊科幼虫,经鉴定分类于4亚科16属。共28种,其中有10种为国内新记录。即:喀氏粗腹摇蚊Peloia Kratzia Kieff。伤残长跗摇蚊Tanytarsusmancua Wulp、劳氏长跗摇蚊Tanytarsus Lauterborni Kieff、簇状长咐摇蚊Tanytarsus gregarius kieff、云斑乡足摇蚊Polypedilum nubeclutsum Meigen、多足摇蚊Polypedilum sp Lipina、三齿沼摇蚊LimnoChironomus .friromus Kieff.神经沼摇蚊LimnoChironomus (?) staeg.污秽刀突摇蚊Psectrocladius Sordiellus(Zettertedt)棒脉摇蚊Corynoneura sP.文中对大连市摇蚊科幼虫作了检索外,对国内首次记录种类进行了简要形态描述,同时也对大连市摇蚊的分布作了简介。     

武汉南湖摇蚊幼虫群落的研究

１９８７－１９８８年及１９９１年对武汉南源摇蚊幼虫分别进行了定量的水平和垂直采样，获得幼虫１５种，隶属３个亚科，１０个属。中国长足摇蚊、Ｐｒｏｐｓｉｌｏｃｅｒｕｓ ａｋａｍｕｓｉ（Ｔｏｋｕｎａｇａ）和半褶皱摇蚊（Ｃｈｉｎｏｍｕｓ ｐｌｕｍｏｓｕｓ ｆ．ｓｅｍｉｒｅｄｕｃｔｕｓ ｌｅｎｚ）是３个优势种。幼虫群落的平均密度为１３９２个／ｍ＾２，其中５月密度最低，９月最大；平均生物量为１０．４ｇ／ｍ＾２     

中国北方盐碱水域中的底栖动物

1975～ 1 994年对山西省、河北省、内蒙古自治区和宁夏回族自治区的 2 6个盐碱水域 (盐度 0 5 8～ 1 6 3 0、pH 8 46～ 1 0 1 0 ) ,进行了 92个点的采集。共见到底栖动物 1 0 3种 ,分别隶属于环节动物、软体动物、昆虫类等 1 5个目。其中摇蚊科幼虫有 1 1个属、 48个种。其余为蠓蚊科幼虫、颤蚓科、锥实螺科、扁卷螺科、科、伪蜓科、划蝽科、牙虫科、叶科等种类。分析结果表明 ,所有水域的共同特点是以摇蚊幼虫为优势种群 ,其中花纹前突摇蚊幼虫和羽摇蚊幼虫出现率最高 ,均为 3 0 8%,其次为穴居摇蚊幼虫 ,出现率为 2 6 9%。其它底栖动物如鞘翅目牙虫科幼虫和寡毛纲颤蚓的出现率均为2 3 1 %。对水体主成分的水质分析结果表明 ,决定底栖动物分布和种数的主要因素是与总硬度、盐度和总碱度相关的水化学特征 ,其中底栖动物种数与总碱度呈显著的负相关关系 (R2 =- 0 3 4 2 ,n =2 6 ,P <0 0 5 )。     

黄河青海段干支流及主要附属水体的摇蚊科幼虫

摇蚊幼虫在青海省的各种类型水体中均有分布，其种类数量都比较多。构成青海省经济鱼类的天然生物性重要部分。为此我们自1981年至1982年进行黄河青海段的渔业资源调查中所获44个种的摇蚊幼虫，和其21个种中为国内新记录，现分述与描述如下：     

摇蚊幼虫的人工培育

摇蚊幼虫又名血虫、赤虫,在各类水体中都有广泛的分布,其生物量常占水域底栖动物总量的50%～90%.摇蚊幼虫营养丰富,虫体含干物质为1.4%;干物质中,蛋白质含量为41%～62%,脂肪为2%～8%,是多种经济水生动物如鲤、鲫、鲮、鲟、青鱼、黄鳝、泥鳅、河蟹、鳖、龟等的优良天然饵料.     

3种农药对花翅摇蚊毒力和AChE活性影响

[目的]研究3种农药对花翅摇蚊毒力和AChE活性影响.[方法]以花翅摇蚊为对象,测定氧化乐果、甲萘威和辛硫磷对花翅摇蚊4龄幼虫毒力和体内AChE活性的影响.[结果]氧化乐果、甲萘威和辛硫磷24h致死中浓度LC50分别为193.45、73.53和100.30mg/L.亚致死浓度（LC5、LC10和LC20）胁迫下,氧化乐果和甲萘威对摇蚊幼虫AChE活性抑制率分别为-9.03％ ～53.89％和5.14％ ～38.14％,主要表现为抑制作用.辛硫磷对AChE活性抑制率为-27.27％～33.13％.[结论]摇蚊幼虫AChE对3种农药有高敏感性,可作为监测水体农药污染的生化标志物.     

河流网箱养殖与池塘养殖鲤鱼营养及品质评价

为较好的了解评价河流网箱养殖与普通池塘养殖鲤鱼鱼肉的营养品质及特点,分别对2种养殖方式的鲤鱼肉的感官、色泽、肌苷酸(IMP)含量、营养成分(粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分、灰分)、氨基酸组成、蛋白质体外消化率、模拟消化后相对分子质量分布以及蒸煮得率进行分析评价。结果表明：1)感官评价表明河流网箱养殖鲤鱼与池塘养殖鲤鱼相比,生肉清香味更强、土腥味和鱼腥味更低,熟肉具有更好的质地和口感,河流网箱养殖鲤鱼生、熟肉总体可接受度均更高;河流网箱养殖鲤鱼肉的亮度值L^*和白度值显著(P<0.05)高于池塘养殖鲤鱼肉;2)河流网箱养殖鲤鱼肉的主要鲜味物质IMP含量显著(P<0.05)高于池塘养殖鲤鱼肉;3)河流网箱养殖鲤鱼肉蛋白质质量分数(18.16%)显著(P<0.05)高于池塘养殖鲤鱼肉(17.43%),水分与灰分含量没有显著差异;河流网箱养殖鲤鱼肉的总氨基酸含量、总必需氨基酸含量、总非必需氨基酸含量、总鲜味氨基酸含量、总必需氨基酸总量与总氨基酸含量的比值、总必需氨基酸含量与总非必需氨基酸含量的比值均显著(P<0.05)高于池塘养殖鲤鱼肉;河流网箱养殖鲤鱼肉蛋白...     

放养鲢鳙对水体富营养化的影响

试验是用8个容积3立方米的水泥池和10个网箱进行的。一组池塘加水库底泥,一组只加库水,池塘和网箱都用空池、空箱对照,分别放入不同密度的鲢鳙鱼(2:1),经2天放养。放养期间测定了许多水化学、浮游生物的生物量和浮游植物的初级产量以及鱼的生长。发现随着鱼密度的增加,试验池和网箱内浮游植物的生物量和生产量增加,而个体小型化,易消化种类减少,浮游动物则随鱼的密度增加而减少,鱼对浮游植物的利用率及鱼的生产量和浮游植物生产量之比随放鱼密度的增加而降低。作者认为放养鲢鳙鱼对浅水水体确有促使富营养化的作用     

Effects of Stocking Density on Water Quality,Growth and Economic Benefits of Chinese Softshelled Turtle Pelodiscus sinensis in Ponds

The Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis is a high-valued freshwater species cultured in China.This study investigated the effects of stocking density on water quality,growth performance and economic return of Pelodiscus sinensis cultured in ponds.P.sinensis were stocked at densities of 1 ind./m~2(LD:low stocking density) and 2 ind./m~2(HD:high stocking density) in 3 000-m~2 ponds,with three replicate ponds for each density.P.sinensis juveniles were fed with a commercial dry pellet feed of 46% crude protein and minced fillet of silver carp ans cultured for 122 days.The results showed that the levels of total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorous(TP),Chlorophyll-a(Chl.a) and turbidity in LD treatment were significantly lower than those in HD treatment(P<0.05).The mean TN and TP concentration in LD treatment was 29.3% and 35.7% lower compared to the HD treatment at the end of the experiment,respectively.Mean survival rates,final weight,average growth rates and PER were significantly higher in LD treatment compared with the HD treatment(P<0.05),respectively.Production was significantly affected by stocking density,which was higher in HD treatment,but the net income was higher in LD treatment.The results suggest that turtles with mean weight 55.6 g rearing at a low stocking density(1 ind./m~2) in ponds had a positive effect on overall economic return and was effective at improving turtle growth performance and water quality.     

Effects of Stocking Density on Water Quality,Growth and Economic Benefits of Chinese Soft-shelled Turtle Pelodiscus sinensis in Ponds

The Chinese soft-shel ed turtle Pelodiscus sinensis is a high-valued freshwater species cultured in China. This study in-vestigated the effects of stocking density on water quality, growth performance and economic return of Pelodiscus sinensis cul-tured in ponds. P. sinensis were stocked at densities of 1 ind./m2 (LD: low stocking density) and 2 ind./m2 (HD: high stocking density) in 3 000-m2 ponds, with three replicate ponds for each density. P. sinensis juveniles were fed with a commercial dry pel et feed of 46% crude protein and minced fil et of silver carp ans cultured for 122 days. The results showed that the levels of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), Chlorophyl-a (Chl. a) and turbidity in LD treatment were significantly lower than those in HD treatment (P<0.05). The mean TN and TP concentration in LD treatment was 29.3% and 35.7% lower compared to the HD treatment at the end of the experiment, respectively. Mean survival rates, final weight, average growth rates and PER were significantly higher in LD treatment compared with the HD treatment (P<0.05), respectively. Production was significantly af-fected by stocking density, which was higher in HD treatment, but the net income was higher in LD treatment. The results sug-gest that turtles with mean weight 55.6 g rearing at a low stocking density (1 ind./m2) in ponds had a positive effect on overal economic return and was effective at improving turtle growth performance and water quality.     

Co-culture of roughskin sculpin (Trachidermis fasciatus) with common carp, medaka and freshwater shrimp

Co-culture of roughskin sculpin and common carp, roughskin sculpin and medaka, and roughskin sculpin and freshwater shrimp were carried out in three earthen ponds from late May till late October of 2009 in a suburb of Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China. In the sculpin/medaka and sculpin/shrimp co-culture ponds, aquatic plants (cattail and reed) composing approximately 25% of the pond area were settled. Commercial feed was administered in all the three ponds for the three forage animals: common carp, medaka and freshwater shrimp. In the sculpin/carp co-culture pond, though common carp grew properly with a yield of 4550 kg per hm², the sculpin gradually decreased in number, and eventually only a few were left. In the sculpin/medaka co-culture pond, the pelagic medaka and benthic roughskin sculpin made full use of the water column of the pond, with the former breeding continuously to provide fry and juveniles for the latter to prey on, yielding 61.4 kg roughskin sculpin per hm² and 1550 kg medaka per hm². In the sculpin/shrimp co-culture, adult freshwater shrimp were also bred to supply fry and juveniles for the growing roughskin sculpin to prey on, yielding 46.4 kg roughskin sculpin per hm² and 304 kg shrimp per hm², less than that in the sculpin/medaka co-culture, as both freshwater shrimp and roughskin sculpin lived in the same niches, i.e. the pond bottom and the plant stems and leaves, with the open water column left vacant. Further improvements were also proposed.     

集装箱式与池塘养殖草鱼营养品质的分析比较

为比较集装箱式与池塘养殖草鱼鱼肉的食用品质差异,以蒸煮得率、色泽、三磷酸腺苷关联物含量、模拟消化后相对分子质量分布为指标,研究2种养殖方式草鱼生、熟状态下的品质差异;利用感官评价、电子鼻和固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱分析技术,研究2种养殖方式草鱼在生、熟状态下的气味及挥发性风味物质组成差异.结果表明:1)集装箱式养殖和池...     

投喂不同饲草的草鱼主养池塘中鱼类的生长和效益比较

在湖南省岳阳洞庭黄龙水产养殖股份有限公司生态养殖基地的鱼池中,分别投喂桂牧1号草、美国矮象草、苎麻3种饲草,研究草鱼主养池塘中鱼类的生长及效益。150 d的养殖试验结果表明：桂牧1号草组的草鱼增重率、特定增长率均显著高于美国矮象草组、苎麻组(P <0.05),其中苎麻组的草鱼增重率、特定增长率又显著高于美国矮象草组(P <0.05);各试验组中,鲢鱼和青鱼的增重率、特定增长率差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05),但美国矮象草组中的鳙鱼增重率、特定增长率显著高于其他2组(P <0.05);桂牧1号草组鲢鱼成活率显著高于美国矮象草组、苎麻组(P <0.05),其中苎麻组又显著高于美国矮象草组(P <0.05),各试验组中的草鱼、鳙鱼、青鱼成活率差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05);投喂桂牧1号池塘中的鱼类总产量及效益最高,分别为934.25 g/m2、26 967.75元/hm2。综合分析,投喂桂牧1号池塘中的鱼类生长良好,且养殖效益最高。     

一种新抗冻剂DMF在淡水鱼类精液超低温保存上的应用

本文首次报导了一种新的抗冻剂——N-N-二甲基甲酰胺(DimethylFormamide,DMF)对淡水鱼类精液超低温冷冻保存具有明显效果,冻精的受精效果优于二甲亚砜(DMSO)。团头鲂、鲤、草鱼、鲢、鳙使用13%DMF抗冻剂,精液液氮保存3—4周,受精率分别为76%、54.03%、68.6%、37.9%和40.60%,而用13%DMSO作为抗冻剂时,则分别为69.1%、42.6%、67.6%、19.4%和37.4%。结果表明10—15%DMF作为抗冻剂,含0.5%NaCl的稀释液稀释精液,精液与稀释液按1:4比例混合冷冻;2%NaCl作为激活剂,以10倍体积激活剂稀释解冻精液进行授精为宜。     

春繁赣昌鲫与湘云鲫当年养成商品鱼的生长速度比较试验研究

在养殖管理相同的条件下,将赣昌鲫与湘云鲫夏花鱼种分别混养在草鱼+鳙鱼鱼种培育池中。试验结果显示:赣昌鲫与湘云鲫的平均存活率分别为88.75%、92.92%,赣昌鲫的群体生长速度较湘云鲫的群体生长速度快10.37%,个体增长速度快14.28%。