星星草地上部6种元素含量季节动态及其分布

研究星星草人工草地地上部N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg含量的季节动态及其在不同器官和不同株高的分布情况。结果表明,在生育期间,元素含量由大到小的顺序均为K>N>P>Na>Ca>Mg。其中K、N、P、Na和Mg随着生育期的进程含量递减,而Ca在生育后期变化较小。供试元素积累量及积累速率的季节动态与生物量的变化趋势较为一致,即先升后降。在开花期后元素和干物质开始向根部运输。N在穗中最多,P、Ca、Mg在叶中最多,而K和Na则主要分布在茎中。近地面和茎的最上部元素含量相对较少。开花期为星星草最适合的收获期。     

西藏那曲地区高寒草地牧草矿物元素动态变化及盈缺分析

测定了那曲地区尼玛县高寒草地不同月份围栏内和围栏外牧草矿物元素（Ca、P、Na、K、Mg、Cu和Zn）含量，并根据元素的吸收率及藏山羊矿物元素需要量，对放牧藏山羊采食牧草中矿物元素的盈缺进行了分析。结果表明：同月份围栏内与围栏外的矿物元素含量差异不显著（P〉0．05），但不同季节的变异很大。夏秋季牧草Ca、P、Na、K、Mg、Cu、Zn的含量（Ca1．25％DM，P0．1419％DM，Na0．06％DM，K1．51％DM，Mg0．28％DM，Cu8．70mg／kg，Zn27．35mg／kg）高于冬春季（Ca0．72％DM，P0．0005％DM，Na0．02％DM，K0．43％DM，Mg0．10％DM，Cu3．02mg／kg，Zn8．49mg／kg）。除Mg和青草期的K能满足藏山羊的需要外，其余元素不能满足藏山羊生长、繁殖和泌乳对矿物元素的需要量。     

绵羊宿营法防除天然草地灌木杂草研究Ⅳ新鲜羊粪尿对土壤和植物矿物质元素含量的影响

新鲜绵羊粪尿对土壤和植物矿物质元素含量影响的试验于 1998年在贵州高原草地试验站进行。结果表明 ,绵羊新鲜粪尿加入土壤后 ,土壤 K呈波浪型升高。 K又显著影响土壤 Ca、Fe和Mn的浓度及土壤 p H值。土壤 Na水平呈下降趋势。土壤中 Ca含量与土壤可交换性亚硝态氮和硝态氮显著相关。土壤 Mg的变化不如其他元素变化明显。土壤 Cu受 Ca、Fe和亚硝态氮及硝态氮的影响显著。土壤 Zn比试验前有所下降 ,其含量与土壤铵态氮和亚硝态氮呈显著负相关 ,而与土壤Na、Mg和 Cu呈显著正相关。土壤 Fe在整个试验过程中呈上升趋势 ,UDT处理几乎呈直线上升。土壤 Mn的变化和土壤 K有显著正相关 ,还与铵态氮相关极显著 (R=0 .80 51,P<0 .0 1)。绵羊新鲜粪尿使植物体内 Fe、Zn水平降低 ,但促进植物 Mn的含量升高 ,而对植物 Cu水平影响最小。结果还表明 ,植物体内 K含量受土壤 Cu和 Na的抑制 ,同时还与植物吸收 Mg、Na和 Fe发生拮抗作用 ,促进了植物 Ca的吸收。植物吸收 Na与土壤 Na的浓度显著相关 ,但受到植物吸收 K、Ca和 Mn的抑制。植物 Ca水平与降雨及植物体内 Fe水平呈显著负相关 ,而与土壤可交换性铵态氮和植物体内 K、Mg含量呈显著正相关。植物体内 Mg含量受土壤可交换性铵态氮和硝态氮的显著影响 ,但受土壤 Ca的抑制     

Analysis of muscle elements, water, and total lipids from healthy dogs and Labrador retrievers with hereditary muscular dystrophy

Skeletal muscles from healthy dogs and Labrador Retrievers with hereditary muscular dystrophy were examined morphologically and histochemically and were analyzed biochemically for Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Cl-, total muscle water, and total neutral lipid content. Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for elemental quantitation of hydrochloric acid tissue extracts. Muscle samples from dystrophic dogs contained substantially increased concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Cl-, and a considerable reduction in the content of K+ and Mg2+ compared with samples from healthy dogs. Total muscle water and total fat content was higher in muscles from dystrophic dogs. Most muscle samples from dystrophic dogs had a type-2 fiber deficiency and an increase in number of fibers with internalized nuclei.     

三江源区不同高寒草地植物矿物元素含量特征及分析

本试验对三江源区不同高寒草地植物中6种矿物元素（钾K,钙Ca,钠Na,镁Mg,锌Zn,铁Fe）的含量进行了测定和分析,结果表明：植物中K元素含量为7.314～12.803 g·kg^-1之间,Ca元素含量为2.851～6.823 g·kg^-1之间,Na元素含量为64.404～185.553 mg·kg^-1之间,Mg元素含量为1.272～2.655 g·kg^-1之间,Zn元素含量为14.718～51.387 mg·kg^-1之间,Fe元素含量为161.056～531.677 mg·kg^-1之间;豆科（Leguminosae）植物和杂类草（Forbs）矿物元素含量显著高于禾本科（Gramineae）和莎草科（Cyperaceae）植物;植物中K元素与Mg元素、Ca元素与Na元素、Ca元素与Zn元素、Na元素与Zn元素含量之间呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,Ca元素与Fe元素、Mg元素与Fe元素之间呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）;根据美国国家研究理事会（National research council,NRC）绵羊日粮矿物元素需求标准,三江源区各草地植物中Na,Zn元素相对缺乏,其它4种元素均能满足放牧藏羊的矿物营养需求。     

Concentrations of macro- and micro-elements in the milk of pasture-fed thoroughbred mares

OBJECTIVE: To determine the changes in Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, S, Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations of milk during the lactation in pasture-fed Thoroughbred mares and then calculate the dietary mineral requirements of the sucking foal and the lactating mare. PROCEDURE: Milk was sampled on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and at various times between 55 to 65, 85 to 95 and 135 to 150 days after parturition from 21 pasture-fed mares. The concentrations of macro- and micro-elements in the milk were determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. RESULTS: Concentrations (mg/L) of these elements were highest in colostrum (Mg 302, Na 561, K 955, S 1035, Cu 0.76, Fe 0.79 and Zn 5.5) except for Ca (1245) and P (895), which where highest on day 7. The mean milk mineral element concentrations (mg/L) over days 55 to 150 were Ca 843, P 543, Mg 47, Na 120, K 590, S 219, Cu 0.19, Fe 0.34 and Zn 2.1. The mean plasma element concentrations (mg/L) over the same period were Ca 120, P 77.1, Mg 17.0, Na 3110, K 168, S 983, Cu 1.1, Fe 1.5 and Zn 0.49. Concentration gradients between plasma and milk were observed and, in the case of Ca, P, Mg, K and Zn, their concentrations in milk were greater than those in plasma, while a reverse situation was observed for Na, S, Cu and Fe. CONCLUSION: With the exception of Ca and P, the highest concentrations of mineral elements were observed in the colostrum. The nursing foal should have access to good pasture or creep feed, because the intakes of Ca, P and Cu from milk may be less than optimum to meet the daily mineral element requirements.     

不同盐分类型胁迫对豌豆幼苗离子吸收、累积及运输的影响

为了探究不同类型盐分(NaCl、混合Na盐和混合Cl盐)胁迫下3个品种(‘银豌1号’、‘S5001-1’和‘737’)的豌豆幼苗对离子吸收与运输的生理机制,采用水培方法对3个品种的豌豆幼苗的盐分离子吸收、分布、累积特性进行了研究。结果表明,1)3个品种的豌豆幼苗在NaCl和混合Na盐处理下,地上部和根系Na⁺ 含量较对照均显著增加,而K⁺、Ca²⁺含量则显著降低;混合Cl盐处理下,豌豆幼苗地上部和根系Na⁺ 含量较对照均无显著差异,而Cl^-、K⁺、Ca²⁺ 和Mg²⁺含量均显著高于NaCl处理和混合Na盐处理。2)3个品种的豌豆幼苗在正常生长条件下均优先吸收并富集K⁺,其次是Ca²⁺;在NaCl和混合Cl盐处理下优先吸收并富集K⁺,其次是Na⁺ 和Cl^-;混合Na盐处理下则优先吸收并富集Na⁺ 和K⁺,其次是Ca²⁺,但不同处理下离子的分布和累积状况在不同品种的豌豆幼苗间有所不同。3)NaCl和混合Na盐处理下,3个品种的豌豆幼苗的离子选择性吸收系数SA_K,Na、SA_Ca,Na和SA_Mg,Na显著升高,而在混合Cl盐处理下显著降低。同一处理下,3个品种的豌豆幼苗间的离子选择性运输系数也表现不同,NaCl和混合Na盐处理下,‘S5001-1’的ST_K,Na和ST_Ca,Na较对照显著升高,而‘银豌1号’的ST_K,Na和ST_Ca,Na在混合Na盐和混合Cl盐处理下较对照显著降低,3个品种的豌豆幼苗间的ST_K,Na在混合Cl盐处理下无显著差异。以上结果说明,NaCl和混合Na盐处理下,豌豆幼苗地上部对Ca²⁺、K⁺和Mg²⁺的累积量明显下降,同时为了应对盐分胁迫,根系对Ca²⁺、K⁺和Mg²⁺的吸收及运输能力则显著增强;在混合Cl盐处理下,豌豆幼苗地上部对Ca²⁺、K⁺和Mg²⁺的吸收及累积量较其他两种盐分处理明显增加,但根系对于Ca²⁺、K⁺和Mg²⁺的吸收及运输能力则显著低于其他两种盐分处理,而且品种间差异显著。本结果对于阐明不同盐分类型胁迫下植物对离子吸收与运输的生理机制提供一定的理论依据。     

FAAS法测定羊奶中矿物质元素的含量

采用火焰原子吸收法（FAAS）分别测定羊奶中钾、钙、钠、镁、铁、锌、铜等元素的含量。结果表明,羊奶中钾、钠、镁、钙、铁、锌、铜的含量依次降低,且RSD均小于1．479,6。说明该方法测定羊奶中多种矿物元素的含量简便、灵敏、准确度高。     

盐胁迫对枸杞属两种植物幼苗离子吸收和分配的影响

以枸杞属2种植物(黑果枸杞和宁夏枸杞)幼苗为试验材料,采用不同浓度的NaCl溶液进行胁迫,对其不同器官中Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Si⁴⁺、Cl^-6种离子的吸收与分配情况进行研究。结果表明,在盐胁迫下,黑果枸杞和宁夏枸杞各器官中的Na⁺和Cl^-相对含量均显著高于对照,且随着盐浓度的增加,其含量也逐渐增加,尤以叶片中积累最多;K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Si⁴⁺在盐处理组各器官中的相对含量比对照降低或无差异。同时,各器官中的K⁺/Na⁺、Ca²⁺/Na⁺、Mg²⁺/Na⁺及Si⁴⁺/Na⁺均随盐浓度增加而呈逐渐下降的趋势。盐处理组中,黑果枸杞各器官中K⁺/Na⁺、Ca²⁺/Na⁺、Mg²⁺/Na⁺和Si⁴⁺/Na⁺离子比值均显著高于同浓度胁迫下的宁夏枸杞,且高盐胁迫下黑果枸杞各离子比值相对于对照下降的幅度远小于宁夏枸杞,说明黑果枸杞比宁夏枸杞有较强的耐盐能力。     

几种优良人工牧草矿质元素含量的比较研究

就地上部而言,在3种豆科牧草中,白三叶以N、P、K、Fe、Co、Na含量较高,红三叶以Mg、Zn含量较高。在3种禾本科牧草中,鸭茅以P、K、Mg、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mo含量较高,草地早熟禾以Fe较高。3种豆科牧草N、Ca、Mg、V、Sr的平均含量显著高于禾本科牧草。地上部与地下部比较,豆科牧草的P、K、Ca、Mn、Zn、Na含量前者显著高于后者;禾本科牧草的N、P、K、B含量,前者明显高于后者。     

新疆不同居群罗布白麻叶片的营养元素含量特征

对新疆阿勒泰市土山罗布麻保护区的5个不同居群的罗布白麻(Poacynum hendersonii)叶片中的N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn和Mn 10种营养元素含量进行了测定和比较。结果表明,青杆中花麻为N Ca类型、特细叶中花麻和红杆中花麻为N K类型,N含量在特细叶中花麻中显著高于其他4个居群（P＜0.05）;中细叶中花麻为K Ca类型、白花中花麻为K N类型,其K含量显著高于其他3个居群。5个居群罗布麻叶片中4种微量元素的含量,除红杆中花麻居群中Mn含量最高外,其余4个居群均为Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu;各居群Fe和Zn含量无显著差异;各居群间Mn含量差异显著;青杆中花麻、红杆中花麻和特细叶中花麻Cu含量显著高于中细叶中花麻,白花中花麻与各居群间均无显著差异。相关分析表明,罗布白麻居群中Mg与Mn,K与P,Ca与Mg,Fe与Zn含量呈显著正相关性;而Na与Ca,K与Cu和Mn,P与Cu和N含量呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。     

紫穗槐植株的养分含量及分布特征

为了探明紫穗槐植株的营养结构特征,测定了生长季(6,7,8,9月)紫穗槐叶和不同径级根、茎的10种养分(有机碳、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn)含量。结果表明,1)根和茎的N、P、K含量与径级呈典型逆相关关系,即随着径级的增大养分含量减少,含量最高的部位集中于叶及小径级的根、茎。2) 各级根、茎的Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量没有固定的分布特征。3)微量元素间的相关性比其与大量元素的相关性差,茎中所含相关元素对最多,其次是叶,根最少;从元素方面看,N、P、K与较多的元素间存在相关性,与C、Zn、Ca相关的元素较少。4)生长季紫穗槐叶的C、N、Ca、Mn、Cu含量高于根和茎,叶中大量元素的含量顺序为C＞N＞K＞Ca＞Mg＞P,微量元素为Fe＞Mn＞Zn＞Cu。     

NaCl胁迫对苜蓿幼苗生长及不同器官中盐离子分布的影响

研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫下(盐浓度处理为0,0.1%,0.3%,0.5%,0.7%,0.9%)苜蓿不同器官的生长情况(存活率、根长、茎长、叶片数),以及不同器官中Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的含量,并分析了K/Na、Ca/Na、Mg/Na值的变化。结果表明,存活率、根长、茎长与盐浓度呈负相关,且当NaCl≤0.1%时,有利于苜蓿的生长。除根茎叶中Na⁺含量、根中Ca²⁺与盐浓度呈正相关,茎叶中的Ca²⁺与盐浓度相关性不明显外,根茎叶中K⁺、Mg²⁺、K/Na、Ca/Na、Mg/Na均随盐浓度增加而显著下降,且盐处理与对照差异显著(P＜0.05)。另外从离子角度讨论了盐对苜蓿的毒害以及耐盐的原因。     

Electrolytes des sécrétions intra-utérines bovines lors d'infertilité sine materia

Serum and uterine secretions Na, K, Ca, Mg and P were studied in 15 normally reproducing and in 15 repeat-breeder cows. No cyclical variations were noted for these elements in the serum whereas the normal group showed cyclical and significant K, Mg and P variations (P <0.05) in the uterine secretions.

The concentration of the studied uterine elements, with the exception of P, correlated with the concentration of their homologue in the serum at different stages of the cycle. It is believed that the concentration of serum Na, K, Mg and Ca maintains the intrauterine concentrations at the physiological level for the survival of the gametes and the embryo.

Significant differences in the uterine concentrations of Na, K and P were noted between the groups at different stages of the cycle. These various concentrations as well as the nonsignificant variations of the uterine secretions might explain the infertility in the abnormal group.

     

Effects of training on Na, K-ATPase contents in skeletal muscle and K homeostasis of African draught bulls and cows

In semiarid parts of Africa animal traction is still one of the most reliable sources for rural work power. However, draught animals have to produce most of their work power at an unfavourable moment of the year that is at the end of the dry season when feedlot is scare. To improve their condition prior to the planting season, a short training could help. The effect of training can be expressed by the changes in contents of Na(+), K(+)-pumps in the muscle cell membrane. After a training period of 15 days all cattle showed a mean increase in Na(+), K(+)-ATPase of 24% (P < 0.01) in the semitendinosus muscle of the hind leg, whereas the control group showed no change. Bulls demonstrated already after 8 days of training an increase of 20% (P < 0.05). The principal factor responsible for this up-regulation of the Na(+), K(+)-pumps is most probably the excitation of muscles during exercise. In the course of the 15 days training period, the surge of plasma K(+) in during exercise showed a tendency to decrease, but this was not significant. Nevertheless, the reduced elevations of plasma [K(+)] may delay the moment of fatigue and so improve endurance. In conclusion, a training period of 8-15 days improves the contents of Na(+), K(+)-pumps and so the possible work output of draught cattle.     

施氮和刈割对盐角草生长及盐分累积的影响

为了研究施氮与刈割对盐角草盐分累积规律及其生长的影响。本试验在大田种植情况下,研究刈割处理和4个氮水平(0,150,300,450 kg/hm²)对盐角草的生长、钾钠钙镁含量及其累积量的影响。结果表明,施氮能够增加盐角草生物量,提高钾钠钙镁的累积量,但施氮对盐角草体内盐分离子含量的影响与离子种类、生育时期及刈割有关。随施氮量递增,盐角草体内4种阳离子浓度变化趋势发生转变,但方向与拐点存在差异。刈割能够增加鲜物质量,减少干物质累积量。刈割能够提高盐角草体内钾离子浓度及其累积量;钠钙变化与施氮量有关;镁的浓度主要与刈割时期相关。随施氮量增加,刈割处理中钠含量呈先降低后升高的趋势,拐点在150～300 kg/hm²;未刈割相反。刈割盐角草体内钙含量随着施氮量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,拐点出现在300 kg/hm²处;未刈割反之,但拐点出现在150 kg/hm²处。花果期的镁浓度随着施氮量增加而降低;收获期镁浓度随着施氮量增加呈逻辑斯谛增长模式。本试验条件下,施氮刈割能够促进盐角草生长及提高盐渍土的生物改良效果。     

Concentration of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K in muscle, fat and bone tissue of lambs of the breed German Merino Landsheep in the course of the growing period

A growth experiment with 108 lambs (breed German Merino Landsheep) was carried out in order to examine how gender, body weight and feeding intensity affect major element concentrations in tissues and carcass. The lambs (50% male and 50% female) were fattened at three levels of feeding intensity ('high', 'medium' and 'low' by varying daily amounts of concentrate and hay) and slaughtered at different final body weights (30, 45 or 55 kg). Six male and six female animals were killed at a final body weight of 18 kg representing the live weight at the beginning of the comparative slaughter experiment. The left half carcass of each animal was divided into muscle tissue, fat tissue and bones/sinews and analysed for the major elements calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). The major element concentrations of all tissues were significantly influenced by the body weight. An influence of gender could be noticed for all elements except Ca in the muscle and fat tissue. In the bone tissue, however, only the elements Na and K were influenced by gender. The feeding intensity had no significant effect on the concentration of major elements in the tissues. In lamb muscle tissue combined from all parts (body weight range 18-45 kg, both sexes) the following concentrations of major elements were analysed: 323 mg K, 185 mg P, 61.7 Na, 20.2 mg Mg and 10.6 mg Ca (per 100 g meat, wet weight basis). In conclusion, the genotype investigated shows on the whole concentrations of major elements which are close to values reported for lambs in the literature.     

不同盐碱化草地对菊芋离子分布的影响

以轻度、中度和重度盐碱化草地上种植的菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)为试验材料,通过测定其不同生育期的离子分布,以期了解和揭示菊芋在不同盐碱胁迫下K⁺,Na⁺变化机制。结果表明:随土壤盐度的增加,菊芋植株Na⁺含量显著增加,K⁺含量和K⁺/Na⁺值显著下降(P<0.05),不同器官K⁺/Na⁺值的变化顺序为:叶片>茎>根系。随土壤盐碱度的增加,根系K⁺,Na⁺的选择性吸收比率AS_K,Na升高;中度盐碱胁迫下菊芋现蕾期茎和叶片的选择性运输比率TS_K,Na升高,而在重度胁迫下则下降。同一盐碱程度胁迫下,叶片TS_K,Na>茎TS_K,Na,地上部K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺含量和K⁺/Na⁺值大于地下部,而Na⁺含量小于地下部;不同生育期相比,在现蕾期菊芋中Na⁺含量较低,K⁺下降幅度小,K⁺/Na⁺值最高。     

Content and distribution of macro- and micro-elements in the body of pasture-fed young horses

OBJECTIVE: To determine the content and distribution of Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in the body of pasture-fed young horses and then use a factorial model to calculate the dietary mineral requirements for growth. PROCEDURE: Twenty-one foals were killed at about 150 days of age and the organs, soft tissues, skin and bones and a sample of muscle were dissected out and weighted. The mineral concentrations of elements in all soft tissues and bones were measured by inductively coupled emission spectrometry. The total mineral element composition associated with a tissue was determined from the weight of tissue and its mineral element concentration. RESULTS: Expressed as a percent of total body mineral elements, muscle contained 20% Na, 78% K, 32% Mg, 62% Cu, 36% Mn and 57% Zn, bone contained 47% Na, 99% Ca, 81% P, 62% Mg, 30% Mn and 28% Zn while the organs accounted for a smaller percentage ranging from 0.06% for Ca to 26% for Fe. In liver Cu accounted for 9.2% of total body Cu. Each kilogram of empty body weight was associated with 1.0 g Na, 2.5 g K, 17.1 g Ca, 10.1 g P, 0.4 g Mg, 1.1 mg Cu, 0.39 mg Mn, 52.5 mg Fe and 21.4 mg Zn. CONCLUSION: The mineral element content of body weight gain is a component used in the factorial model to determine dietary mineral element requirements for growth. The calculated dietary mineral requirements, expressed per kg dry matter, for a 200 kg horse gaining 1.0 kg/day were 1.0 g Na, 2.1 g K, 4.6 g Ca, 3.5 g P, 0.7 g Mg, 4.5 mg Cu and 25 mg Zn.     

微波消解ICP AES法测定配合饲料中无机元素

采用HNO3 H2O2酸溶体系对动物饲料样品进行微波密闭消解,利用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法（ICP AES）对样品中Ca、S、P、K、Mg、Na、Fe、Cu、Mn和Zn等无机元素含量进行测定。结果表明,该方法的相对标准偏差均小于5%;通过添加标准回收试验,回收率为94.7%～114.3%。因此,该方法具有良好的准确度和精密度,通过验证分析数据的可靠性,认为可满足动物饲料样品多元素同时检测的要求,为研究动物饲料矿物质元素含量以及在生产中科学应用矿物质元素与添加剂提供技术支持。