海南白蚁共附生放线菌的分离鉴定及其抗热带作物病原真菌活性研究

白蚁（Isoptera）的筑巢和觅食活动主要在土壤及腐烂的木材上进行,所以白蚁极易受到来自环境病原微生物的侵害。因此,白蚁需要依赖共附生微生物菌群形成防御体系,放线菌是其中一个重要的类群,且放线菌能产生具有抗菌活性的次级代谢产物。但是白蚁共附生放线菌能否对热带作物的病原真菌有抑制活性有待研究。为了挖掘在热带农业绿色健康发展中具有应用潜力的海南特色农用放线菌资源,以海南白蚁共生放线菌为研究对象,利用平板分离法从采集的健康白蚁体内分离纯化放线菌,利用平板对峙法筛选生防菌株;通过分子生物学确定其分类地位;平板对峙法研究拮抗菌株的抗菌稳定性、持效性和广谱性;滤纸片法研究抑菌物质的热稳定性。结果从海南白蚁体内分离得到1株拮抗活性较好的放线菌菌株W7,系统发育树分析结果表明该放线菌与链霉菌属（Streptomyces）亲缘关系接近。菌株W7的抗菌活性持久性强,平板接种30 d后仍对植物病原真菌具有抑菌活性,抗菌稳定性好;菌株W7抑菌谱广,对16株植物病原真菌有不同程度的抑菌活性,其中对芒果胶孢霉（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.）、香蕉炭疽霉（Colletotrichum musae）、辣椒棒孢霉（Corynespora cassiicola）、豇豆瓜果腐霉[Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp]抑制作用较强,对芦笋拟茎点霉（Phomopsis asparagi）、荔枝疫霉（Peronophythora litchi）抑制作用较弱;菌株W7发酵粗提物有较好的热稳定性,但是抑菌率会随着水浴温度的增高而降低。本文首次对海南白蚁共附生放线菌进行了分离鉴定,并从中筛选得到1株具有抑制多种热带作物病原真菌活性的生防菌株,为高效生防菌剂的研发提供新资源。     

14种AM真菌对枳生长的影响

在盆栽条件下,以柑橘砧木枳（Fructus aurantii）幼苗为试验材料,在基质中接种从广西土壤中分离得到的不同丛枝菌根（AM）真菌菌株,探讨不同AM真菌对枳根系的侵染能力和植株生长的影响。结果表明：用于试验的14个AM真菌菌株均能与枳根系形成共生关系,平均侵染率为36.16%,其中侵染率最高的菌株是黄雷德克囊霉（Redeckera fulvum, Rf）,侵染率高达92.83%,侵染率最低的菌株是副冠球囊霉（Glomus coronatum, Gc）,侵染率仅为0.23%;接种黄雷德克囊霉、摩西斗管囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae, Fm2）和副冠球囊霉这3个菌株处理的枳植株的株高、茎粗、叶片数和叶柄长均高于CK,是枳的优势菌株,能促进枳的生长。     

Detection of genetic variation among Indian wheat head scab pathogens (Fusarium spp./isolates) with microsatellite markers

Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat is responsible for extensive damage of wheat in humid and semi-humid regions of the world. Presently, FHB of wheat is a minor disease in India but due to global climate change, there is a chance that moist conditions and high humidity resulting from more rainfall during mid-anthesis could increase the susceptibility of wheat to Fusarium infection. For the present study, 27 isolates of three Fusarium spp. viz., Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium oxysporum were isolated from naturally infected wheat sampled from Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Wellington (Tamil Nadu) during 2000–2003. Genomic DNA was isolated from fresh mycelia using the CTAB method. Fusarium spp./isolates were analyzed with four newly developed microsatellite markers (MS-Fg1353, MS-Fg6808, MS-Fg307 and MS-Fg3654) and six previously published microsatellite markers (MS-Fg97, MS-Fc1, MS-Fg103, MS-Fg30, MS-Fg75 and MS-Fg90). All markers amplified a DNA fragment of variable length for different Fusarium spp./isolates. Microsatellite markers, MS-Fg103, MS-Fg103 did not amplify F. oxysporum and F. verticillioides isolates, respectively. MS-Fg307 amplified a fragment of 200 bp with F. graminearum isolates of Wellington. This study has shown that there is considerable genotypic variability among Fusarium spp./isolates causing FHB of wheat in India.     

我国热带作物多主棒孢种群多样性及致病力分化分析

多主棒孢（Corynespora cassiicola）是一种全球分布的重要植物病原真菌,寄主范围十分广泛。近年来,该病原菌侵染危害多种热带作物,并在局部地区大面积暴发流行,造成巨大的经济损失。本研究利用核糖体转录间隔区（Internal transcribed spacer, ITS）、翻译延伸因子（translation elongation factor 1 alpha, EF-1α）、β微管蛋白（β-Tubulin, TUB）,对来自橡胶树、木薯、番木瓜和瓜菜等多种热带作物的70株多主棒孢进行种群多样性分析。结果发现,利用最大似然法,在相似系数为0.97时可将供试菌株划分为两大遗传类群：类群Ⅰ为国内和一些国外橡胶树的多主棒孢;类群Ⅱ为其他寄主多主棒孢,遗传类群与寄主来源具有显著的相关性。致病力测定表明,多主棒孢种内致病力分化明显,类群Ⅰ的橡胶树多主棒孢仅能侵染橡胶树,不能侵染其他寄主,具有明显的寄主专化性,且不同地理来源的菌株致病力差异不显著。类群Ⅱ的多主棒孢在不同寄主间可以相互侵染,但菌株在致病力和发病症状上存在一定差异,表现出对其原寄主的高度致病力。多基因序列聚类分析与致病力分化分析结果具有较好的一致性,这为研究我国热带作物多主棒孢的种群结构、主要致病型以及为多主棒孢病害的发生、流行和防治提供了理论依据。     

甘蔗梢腐病菌Fusarium sacchari CYP51基因克隆及遗传转化

甾醇14α-去甲基化酶（CYP51）是生物细胞膜合成所需的一个非常重要的酶,在病原菌的耐药性、致病性和生长繁殖等方面发挥着非常重要的作用。研究表明干扰真菌的CYP51基因表达导致其无法正常生长,显著降低其致病性。本研究以甘蔗梢腐病菌甘蔗镰刀菌（Fusarium sacchari）为试验材料,根据基因组测序数据设计特异性引物克隆得到了FsCYP51基因全长和CDS全长。生物信息学分析表明,该基因序列全长1947 bp,编码区由2个内含子和3个外显子组成,CDS全长1554 bp,编码517个氨基酸,编码蛋白理论相对分子量为58.61 kDa。其编码蛋白的二级结构主要由α-螺旋和无规卷曲构成,具有典型的CYP51保守结构域。预测其亚细胞定位于细胞膜,且存在2个跨膜区域。系统进化分析表明,FsCYP51基因属于CYP51C这一类,与串珠镰刀菌（F. verticillioides）的CYP51C基因亲缘关系最近。同时,根据克隆到的基因全长和CDS全长构建了多价HIGS植物表达载体,并利用基因枪介导的遗传转化方法将干扰片段成功转化至甘蔗受体材料,为研究FsCYP51基因功能和创制抗梢腐病甘蔗种质奠定基础。     

甘蔗镰孢菌碳水化合物结合模块效应基因Fs11724的分离鉴定及功能分析

甘蔗镰孢菌(Fusarium sacchari)是引起毁灭性病害甘蔗梢腐病(sugarcane pokkah boeng disease,PBD)的主要病原菌之一.病原菌分泌的效应蛋白在病原与植物互作中发挥至关重要的作用.本研究基于课题组前期甘蔗镰孢菌全基因测序数据,设计基因特异性引物,通过RT-PCR扩增得到一个新的...     

橡胶树多主棒孢病菌Cassiicolin基因条形码数据库构建及分子检测技术

多主棒孢（Corynespora cassiicola）是为害我国主要热带作物的植物病原真菌,其寄主范围广、形态差异显著、症状类型多样,且含有一种寄主专化性毒素Cassiicolin,存在6种毒素类型。本研究利用已公布的Cassiicolin毒素基因（Cas1~Cas6型）,构建了含287个菌株的国内橡胶树和部分热带作物多主棒孢Cassiicolin基因条形码数据库,建立了一套特异性强、灵敏度高的分子检测技术,可检测100 pg/μL的目标基因组DNA,系统分析了我国橡胶树、木薯、番木瓜、瓜菜等主要热带作物的919株多主棒孢的毒素类型,发现国内仅存在Cas2和Cas5这2种毒素类型,其中Cas5型的菌株占94.8%,为橡胶树多主棒孢的优势种群和特有毒素类型。而Cas2型是橡胶树和其他作物多主棒孢共有的毒素型。系统发育分析发现,不同毒素类型的多主棒孢菌株与寄主来源密切相关,但与地理来源没有明显的相关性,且Cas5型多主棒孢具有明显的寄主专化性。通过构建多主棒孢Cassiicolin基因条形码数据库,为明确我国主要热带作物多主棒孢病菌的种群结构和优势种群情况,发掘、保存多主棒孢菌种资源以及制定病害的防治策略上具有重要的指导意义。     

Effect of antagonistic Fusarium spp. and of different commercial biofungicide formulations on Fusarium wilt of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

The ability of antagonistic Fusarium spp. to control Fusarium wilt of basil caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. basilici was tested under glasshouse conditions from 1994 to 1996. Fusarium oxysporum antagonistic strain 251/2, a protoplast fusion-derived hybrid coded FI-11 and F. moniliforme strains TF4 and TF4 RB were able to decrease (P = 0.05) the incidence of Fusarium wilt significantly. Biocontrol was consistent, especially when the antagonists were applied by mixing a talc preparation of propagules in the substrate (10⁵ CFU/ml of substrate) 1–2 weeks before sowing or at sowing. Seed coating with the biocontrol strains (10⁸ CFU/g of seed) did not generally provide sufficient disease containment, whereas the combination of substrate treatment and seed coating did not improve wilt control in comparison with substrate treatment alone. Two commercial formulations, based on antagonistic F. oxysporum strains and one containing the antagonistic strain K61 of Streptomyces griseoviridis, were generally not sufficiently effective at the tested dosages.     

Long-term dry preservation of viable mycelia of two mycoherbicidal organisms

The production of large amounts of fungal spores for preservation and formulation are considered constraints to effective use of fungal biocontrol agents. Few successful attempts have been made to store fungal mycelia alone. Late log-phase liquid fermenter cultured isolated mycelia of two Fusarium spp. specific to the parasitic broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) from fermenters were formulated in alginate beads or in ‘Stabileze’ (starch, sucrose, corn oil, and silica) and air-dried. ‘Stabileze’ formulations exhibited <30% loss of mycelial viability for >9 months and retained pathogenicity to the weed for over a year, while mycelia harvested earlier, and conidia from liquid culture exhibited >40% loss of viability. Mycelia from liquid culture yielded >20 times more colony forming units (cfu) of F. arthrosporioides and >2 times more cfu of F. oxysporum than spores at late log phase. Efficient formulation of mycelia should significantly change the economics of biocontrol.     

甘蔗镰孢菌FsANT基因的克隆及表达模式分析

甘蔗是我国主要的糖料作物,是生产蔗糖最主要的原料,甘蔗生产过程中受到的病虫害威胁给蔗糖产业造成了严重的损失。甘蔗镰孢菌（Fusarium sacchari）引起的梢腐病是一种真菌性病害,严重影响甘蔗作物生产。镰孢菌致病基因的研究对于梢腐病的防治具有重要意义。腺苷酸转移酶（adenine nucleotide translocase, ANT）介导线粒体与细胞质基质之间ADP/ATP的交换,在真核细胞能量代谢中发挥重要作用,与细胞的生长、发育和凋亡密切相关。本研究克隆获得了长936 bp具有完整开放阅读框（open reading frame, ORF）的甘蔗镰孢菌ANT基因序列,命名为FsANT,其编码311个氨基酸,并且与小麦条锈菌病原菌ANT蛋白和小麦白粉病病原菌ANT序列相似性较高。蛋白软件分析显示,该基因编码的蛋白为稳定的疏水蛋白,含有5个跨膜结构,一个ADP/ATP transporter结构域,有3个同源重复的MCF基序,与粒体转运蛋白家族（mitochondrial carrier family,MCF）的基本结构特点相吻合。软件预测分析发现FsANT基因可能定位在线粒体。qRT-PCR结果显示,FsANT基因在菌丝生长时期的表达相对稳定无显著差异;在与甘蔗互作过程的表达模式表现为：接种后12 h该基因开始上调表达,24 h表达量显著升高,72 h达到表达高峰。推测FsANT基因的表达不仅与甘蔗镰孢菌细胞的生长相关,同时可能参与F. sacchari与甘蔗的互作过程,且主要在侵染后期发挥功能。研究病原菌生长保守基因为甘蔗抗梢腐病育种提供新思路。     

豆科绿肥残体对连作蕉园土壤肥力的影响

采用室内恒温箱培养方法,探讨2种豆科绿肥残体对连作蕉园土壤理化性质和可培养微生物数量的影响。以连作障碍严重的蕉园土壤为研究背景,共设置4个处理：无残体添加（CK）、添加田菁残体（S）、添加白三叶残体（W）和添加香蕉残体（B）。结果表明：（1）在培养第5天时,与CK相比,B、S和W添加后均增加了土壤可培养尖孢镰刀菌、真菌、细菌的数量;然而在培养第45天,S和W尖孢镰刀菌数量逐渐下降。45 d时,与B相比,S和W尖孢镰刀菌数量分别降低33.09%和79.92%;（2）与CK和B相比,S显著降低土壤pH,而W能显著提高pH和速效钾含量;（3）主坐标分析 (PCoA) 和多元回归树分析 (MRT) 结果均说明,添加不同豆科绿肥残体（S和W）与CK差异显著,说明不同豆科绿肥残体添加可改善土壤肥力。因此,在高发病香蕉园地,间套作白三叶可改善其土壤理化和土壤可培养微生物状况,对香蕉连作障碍有较好的缓解作用。     

与尖孢镰刀菌枯萎病相关的抑病型土壤研究进展

由尖孢镰刀菌引起的枯萎病是制约作物生产的世界性重要土传维管束病害,危害的作物种类多,损失严重,生产中尚无经济有效的防治方法。抑病型土壤是指对土传作物病害有抑制作用的一类土壤,具有有益微生物种群结构稳定、对土传病害防效持久等特点,因此国内外专家进行了许多卓有成效的研究。本文对尖孢镰刀菌枯萎病相关抑病型土壤的形成因素、作用机制等方面的研究进展进行综述,并对今后尖孢镰刀菌枯萎病抑病型土壤研究的重点方向及应用前景进行了分析和展望,以其为下一步深入研究尖孢镰刀菌枯萎病抑病型土壤的微生物种群结构、有益微生物种类构成、抑病型土壤的构建方法及复合微生物菌肥研制提供新的参考。     

钝叶草叶斑病病原鉴定

为鉴定钝叶草叶斑病的病原,通过对61份来自中国海南、广东、广西、云南、福建、江苏,以及美国和南非的疑似钝叶草叶斑病的叶片样品进行分离培养,获得120个菌株,对其进行纯化培养、形态学观察、致病性测定,利用来自海南的钝叶草为靶标寄主,并利用rDNA-ITS、GAPDH、TUB2引物对55号菌株进行分析鉴定。结果表明,经柯赫氏法则验证40株菌株不致病,70株致病性较弱,10株致病性强;选择55号致病性强菌株,进行形态观察,初步确定该病的病原菌为新月弯孢霉（Culvularia lunata）,经3种引物的PCR扩增测序鉴定,和C. lunata相似性达到99%,进一步确定钝叶草叶斑病的致病菌为新月弯孢霉。研究结果将为今后对钝叶草叶斑病的发病规律、防治方法及抗病机制等方面的研究提供理论依据。     

芽胞杆菌JK05的鉴定及其对香蕉、玉米的促生和生防潜能研究

解淀粉芽胞杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌和苏云金芽胞杆菌等是重要的有益微生物,被广泛应用于植物病虫的生物防治。前期分离获得1株芽胞杆菌JK05,对其形态、生理生化特征、16S rRNA和gyrA基因序列进行分析,将其鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌植生亚种Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum。对峙培养实验结果显示,JK05菌株对多种植物病原镰刀菌具有拮抗作用。植物生长促进实验表明,JK05菌株对香蕉和玉米生长具有明显促进作用。盆栽实验结果显示,JK05菌株对香蕉枯萎病具有良好的防治效果。采用特异引物对JK05菌株基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,其可扩增到表面活性素（surfactin）、丰原素（fengycin）、伊枯草菌素A（iturin A）等抗生素合成基因。综上,JK05菌株具有良好的生防潜力,有望应用于生物农药和微生物肥料。     

Field tests of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai aggr. as a biocontrol agent of seedling disease in several crops and Rhizoctonia root rot of sugar beet

In field studies, mean stands of crops of snapbean, field corn, pea, soybean, and squash in New York were somewhat greater from seeds treated with conidia of Trichoderma harzianum applied in a Methocel slurry than from non-treated controls; however, stands were generally poorer than those from captan-treated seed. The biocontrol agent and captan had little effect on kidney bean and sweet corn since these crops are only slightly susceptible to seedling disease caused by Pythium spp. which were present in the field. In Colorado fields also infested with Pythium spp., stands of sugar beet from T. harzianum-treated seed (Pelgel slurry) tended to be greater than those from non-treated seed and equal to those from maneb-treated seed, but differences were not significant. In Colorado, Rhizoctonia solani, cause of root rot, was also present in the soil. A combined analysis of variance of treatments across 2 years showed that a preplanting-incorporated in-row application of T. harzianum in a wheat-bran carrier or a maneb seed treatment slightly, but significantly, reduced the severity of Rhizoctonia root rot in sugar beet as compared with the non-treated control. Seed treatments with T. harzianum had little or no effect. In plots where the agent was applied to the soil, numbers of Trichoderma propagules increased 600-fold by harvest; where maneb seed treatment was used, they increased only fivefold. Densities of the agent remained the same or decreased in plots where Trichoderma was used as a seed treatment.     

油菜F-box-LRR基因全基因组鉴定与核盘菌诱导应答分析

由核盘菌引起的菌核病是一种重要的真菌性病害,筛选菌核病抗病基因对抗病育种具有重要意义。F-box基因多参与植物抗逆反应,LRR作为抗病基因的重要结构域,在植物抗病防卫中起着重要的作用。本研究通过生物信息学方法在甘蓝型油菜基因组中对F-box-LRR基因进行了全基因组鉴定,基于已发表的中双11组织表达数据以及油菜不同品种中油821（抗病）和Westar（感病）接种核盘菌前后的转录组数据,对可能响应核盘菌诱导的BnF-box-LRR基因进行筛选,并结合荧光定量PCR进行验证。共鉴定到161个BnF-box-LRR基因,从系统进化树上可分为4个亚类（FBXLRR1,FBXLRR2,FBXLRR3和FBXLRR4）,其中第四亚类FBXLRR4在蛋白保守序列分布以及基因结构方面,与其它三个亚类具有较大差异,且与拟南芥参与植物抗逆的同源基因聚为一类,因此推测该分支可能主要参与植物胁迫响应。表达分析表明FBXLRR4家族基因在根和叶中有较高的表达水平,且在核盘菌诱导后具有明显的表达变化,暗示这些基因可能参与油菜菌核病抗性功能。     

长春花接种丛枝菌根真菌对柑橘黄龙病菌的抑制效果

通过筛选获得具有显著促生和抗病能力的AM真菌菌株,为防治柑橘黄龙病提供理论依据和基础,并探索防治新途径。采用盆栽法,于长春花幼苗期分别接种17株AM真菌进行长春花农艺性状和对柑橘黄龙病的抗病性比较试验,研究不同丛枝菌根真菌菌株对长春花的促生效果及对柑橘黄龙病的抑制效果。结果表明,长春花接种AM真菌后,菌株GZ10、GZ5和JX70能显著促进植株生长,其中接种GZ10的株高和茎径分别比CK增加了23.1%和12.1%,接种GZ5的叶片数比CK增加了12.9%;接种菌株GZ1、BNMJ和PWJ有效提高了长春花对柑橘黄龙病的抗病和耐病能力,其相对防效分别为78.39%、66.87%和69.75%。     

白千层精油的化学成分与抑菌活性研究

研究白千层精油的化学成分及其对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性,为环境友好型农药的研发及白千层的综合应用提供理论依据。采用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用技术分析了白千层精油的化学成分,并用菌丝生长速率法测定了白千层精油对4种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。从白千层精油中分离鉴定出74种化学成分,占总含量的97.28%,其主要化学成分是左旋-α-蒎烯（2.07%）、β-月桂烯（1.05%）、1,8-桉叶素（67.29%）、萜品烯（2.52%）、芳樟醇（2.36%）、α-松油醇（7.93%）和(+)-g-桉叶油醇（1.26%）等。进一步研究表明,白千层精油在5.0~10.0 μL/mL浓度范围对立枯丝核菌菌丝生长抑制率为100%;处理2 d时,白千层精油在2.5~10.0 μL/mL浓度下对小孢拟盘多毛孢菌、水稻稻瘟病菌和香蕉枯萎病菌的菌丝生长抑制率达71.59%以上,其抑菌作用均随着处理浓度的增加而增强,随着白千层精油处理时间的延长,对3种植物病原菌表现出较好的持效性。白千层精油对立枯丝核菌、小孢拟盘多毛孢菌、水稻稻瘟病菌和香蕉枯萎病菌均具有较强的抑菌活性,在农用抗菌剂应用中有较好的应用潜力。     

生防细菌的抑菌谱和对大豆根腐病的防治

用8株生防细菌对15种病原真菌进行室内平板对峙试验,试验结果表明8株生防细菌都具用较广的抑菌谱,其中B021a、B072b对14种病原真菌具有较宽抑菌带,B09、B131对13种病原真菌具有较宽抑菌带。抑菌率为15.6％～67.5％。对大豆根腐病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium axyspo-rum）和茄腐镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）分别进行盆栽试验。防效最高为m4b（F．axysporum）达62.7％和mg（F.solani）达60％。各生防菌株对大豆种子发芽均有一定促进作用,同时在种子发芽过程中还能抑制尖孢镰刀菌的生长。田间试验大豆根腐病防效34.6％～47.6％,各菌株对大豆植株有一定的促生作用。     

Application of an emulsifiable mixture of 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin against root knot nematodes and soilborne fungi for greenhouse tomatoes in Italy

A mixture of 1,3-dicloropropene 60.5% w/w and chloropicrin 33.3% w/w (Telone C35 EC) may be registered in Italy for soil drip fumigation. Five experiments on greenhouse tomatoes in Northern, Central and Southern Italy compared the effectiveness of this mixture in comparison with methyl bromide to find the optimum application rate in soils infested by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici, Sclerotium rolfsii, Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita. Its efficacy against F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici and M. incognita was confirmed when applied to soils at 100, 200, 300 and 400 l ha⁻¹ (132.4, 268.4, 402.6 and 536.8 kg ha⁻¹) under gas-tight films with 15–45 mm of application water (900–1200 mg Telone C35 EC l⁻¹). In sandy soils, with slight F. radicis lycopersici infections and with heavy nematode (M. incognita) attacks, the mixture, drip applied at 900 mg l⁻¹ during late summer (fumigation: late summer; transplant: late-summer/autumn; last harvest: early spring), performed well up to 132.4 kg ha⁻¹ (100 l ha⁻¹). In sandy loam soils with slight F. radicis lycopersici infections and severe infections of F. lycopersici and galling nematodes (M. javanica), 268.4 kg ha⁻¹ (200 l ha⁻¹) of the mixture applied at 900 mg l⁻¹ as a drip provided yields similar to those of methyl bromide treated plots both in spring and summer cycles. In sandy loam soils, the diseases (F. lycopersici, F. radicis lycopersici) were controlled at rates 268.4 kg ha⁻¹ (containing 90 kg ha⁻¹ of chloropicrin), but the mixture was ineffective against Sclerotium rolfsii occasionally observed in sandy loam soils. In both sandy and sandy loam soils, no significant relationships were found between the rates of mixture applied (132.4, 268.4, 402.6 and 536.8 kg ha⁻¹) and the degree of nematode infestation.