桑沟湾养殖海域柱状沉积物中磷的赋存形态和生物有效性

以桑沟湾扇贝和海带两个养殖海区的柱状沉积物为研究对象,采用连续提取法将沉积物中磷的赋存形态分为交换态磷（Ex-P）、铁结合态磷（Fe-P）、自生磷（Au-P）、碎屑磷（De-P）和有机磷（Or-P）,并分析了各形态磷的垂直分布特征;利用沉积物年代序列测定的结果,结合桑沟湾水产养殖历史,探讨了近200年来桑沟湾养殖海域沉积物中磷形态的含量变化情况,并进一步分析了该区域的生物有效磷。结果表明,柱状沉积物中上层各形态磷的含量高于底层,表明养殖活动使桑沟湾表层沉积物中的磷含量增大。各形态磷的含量在贝壳沉积区内变化幅度均较大,Or-P是沉积物中磷的主要形态;扇贝养殖区沉积物中的总磷（TP）、Or-P和海带养殖区沉积物中的TP、Or-P在沉积时间序列上分布基本一致,其含量变化与各时期工业生产和海水养殖活动密切相关;两个区域柱状沉积物中潜在生物有效性磷占总磷的百分比为61.2%和71.0%。沉积物中Ex-P的含量对该海域的初级生产力的影响较大。     

旧镇湾海水中营养盐分布与富营养化的研究

根据2007年3月到2008年1月旧镇湾海域11个航次海水营养盐等的调查资料,分析了该海域生态环境中DIN和DIP的分布特征和时空变化,评价了水质富营养化状况。结果表明,旧镇湾DIN平均含量为0.283mg/L,以NO3-N为主要存在形式,占DIN的77.7%。旧镇湾DIP平均含量为0.023mg/L。旧镇湾海水5、7月份N/P比远远高于16,表明旧镇湾海水中磷相对于氮是匮乏的。8月份为最低,仅为4.84,其他月份N/P比平均值为11.98,略低于16,说明旧镇湾海水中氮相对供应不足。DIN和DIP变化趋势为旧镇湾内向湾外逐渐递减,与盐度分布呈负相关性。与历史资料相比,旧镇湾水质有明显改善,但仍具富营养化趋势。从春季到冬季,旧镇湾富营养化面积逐渐增加,秋季富营养化程度远高于其他季节,富营养化程度从湾内向湾外逐渐降低。     

渤海中部海域表层沉积物磷形态及潜在生物可利用磷分布特征

磷是海洋浮游植物生长和繁殖所必需的重要生源要素，也是海洋初级生产力和食物链的基础元素，沉积物中能参与界面交换的生物可利用磷（Bioavailable phosphorus, BAP）的潜在含量取决于沉积物中磷的形态，而渤海中部区域的相关研究较少。因此本文以渤海中部海域的5个区域（唐山沿岸、秦皇岛沿岸、渤海东北部海域、渤海海峡、渤海西南部海域）为研究对象，采用分级浸取法，测定了23个采样点的沉积物样品中磷的组分、含量，并计算潜在BAP含量，研究分析了其分布特性及影响因素。结果表明：渤海中部海域表层沉积物中无机磷（Inorganic phosphorus, IP）是渤海中部海域表层沉积物中总磷（Total phosphorus, TP）的主要存在形式，唐山沿岸、秦皇岛沿岸、渤海东北部海域、渤海海峡、渤海西南部海域这五个区域沉积物中IP含量平均分别占其 TP含量的78.39%、79.06%、71.46%、84.60%、81.46%，而有机磷（Organic phosphorus, OP）则均占较小的比例。IP均以碎屑磷（Detrital phosphorus, De-P）为主要赋存形态，平均分别占TP的54.02%、52.12%、33.33%、69.41%、57.28%，IP中各形态磷的含量顺序为：碎屑磷（Detrital phosphorus, De-P）>?闭蓄态磷（Occluded phosphorus, Oc-P）>铁/铝吸附态磷（Fe and Al oxidation state phosphorus, Fe/Al-P）>弱吸附态磷（Exchangeable phosphorus, Ex-P）>钙结合态磷（Calcium-bound phosphorus, Ca-P）。河流输入、沉积物粒度和沉积环境是影响渤海中部海域表层沉积物中不同形态磷含量及分布的主要因素。根据沉积物中潜在的BAP含量分析表明，唐山沿岸、秦皇岛沿岸、渤海东北部海域、渤海西南部海域表层沉积物中潜在的BAP含量平均分别占 TP 的44.77%、46.94%、64.87%、40.54%，具备较强的向水体中释放磷的潜力。为渤海中部海域有效地提供沉了积物环境的相关信息。     

乳山湾菲律宾蛤仔可溶性氮、磷排泄及其与温度的关系

菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)取自乳山湾东流区金港养殖区,其壳长范围为2.86~3.21 cm。实验结果表明,温度为20℃时,菲律宾蛤仔氮的排泄率最大(11.381μg.h-1.ind-1),是其他温度组(10℃、15℃、25℃、30℃)的2~8倍。菲律宾蛤仔代谢产物中NH4+-N占总无机氮的88%~91%,NO3--N和NO2--N占总无机氮的比例很小,分别为5.74%~7.89%和2.11%~4.01%,表明菲律宾蛤仔是排氨动物,氮的代谢终极产物主要为氨。磷的排泄随温度的变化不是很明显,排泄的磷中DOP的量明显小于DIP,总体趋势是随温度的升高略有增高,其中TDP和DIP变化幅度完全一致,DOP变幅相对较小,但上述3种形态P的水平随温度变化与N相比要小得多。通过实验分析表明,20℃时菲律宾蛤仔氮的排泄率最高。     

莱州湾和四十里湾贝类养殖海域水质调查

于2020年5—11月，对莱州湾和四十里湾贝类养殖海域营养盐含量以及相关环境因子进行调查，采用营养指数法、有机污染指数法、单因子评价指数法以及内梅罗环境质量综合评价指数法，对2处水质状况进行分析与评价。结果表明，莱州湾和四十里湾贝类养殖海域中ρ（无机氮）分别为0.056～0.277 mg/L、0.047～0.143 mg/L，ρ（活性磷）分别为0.007～0.012 mg/L、0.002～0.019 mg/L，ρ（总磷）分别为0.010～0.057 mg/L、0.008～0.032 mg/L，个别点位的无机氮和总磷超标，其余点位均符合《海水水质标准》（GB 3097—1997）二类水质标准；温度分别为13.4～28.3℃、13.6～24.8℃，盐度分别为2.72%～3.14%、2.92%～3.22%,p H值分别为8.0～8.4、7.9～8.3，ρ（溶解氧）分别为5.51～9.34 mg/L、5.65～8.78 mg/L，ρ（化学需氧量）分别为0.44～1.92 mg/L、0.32～2.04 mg/L，均符合《海水水质标准》（GB 3097—1997）二类水质标准；2处海域以贫营养水平...     

哑铃湾网箱养殖海区表层沉积物磷的含量特征

在哑铃湾不同养殖历史网箱下、距离网箱50m和100m以及对照海区共布设8个采样点,于2002年4月~2003年1月分四季采集表层沉积物样品,对沉积物中总磷、无机磷和有机磷进行了测定,分析了调查区磷的空间分布和季节变化特征。结果表明:哑铃湾海水养殖网箱下沉积物磷含量明显高于对照点,沉积物中总磷是对照点的3.71~9.99倍。养殖历史越长,沉积物中的磷含量越高;网箱养殖引起的沉积物磷累积仅限于网箱下及距离网箱50m范围内,对距离100m以外的海区影响较小;沉积物中的无机磷占70%以上,以无机磷为主;养殖历史较长的东升村养殖区沉积物磷的季节变化明显,有机磷的变化与养殖活动密切相关。     

对虾养殖对莱州湾氮、磷、COD的贡献

整理统计了莱州湾主要有机污染物入海通量，并于1998年7月，调查了莱州湾湾顶部对虾养殖区进、排水中氮、磷及COD的浓度，初步估算出了对虾病害发生后（1993年），对虾养殖过程中排入海中COD的增量增量平均约为1173.4t/a，为黄河年排放量的0.54%，小清河年排放量的0.29%；无机氮的增量平均为45.1t/a，为黄河年排放量的1.79%，小清河年排放量的1.10%。对虾病害发生后（1993年后）莱州湾沿岸对虾养殖的有机污染较黄河和小清河小的多。     

湛江市东海岛对虾养殖池水质污染状况分析

本文对湛江市东海岛对虾养殖场虾池水质的pH值、溶解氧（DO）、氨氮、化学需氧量（COD）和无机磷（DIP）进行连续监测。实验结果表明：对虾养殖池水质pH值为7．8—9．0,溶解氧浓度为6．23—10．34mg／L,氨氮浓度为0．038—0．112mg／L,无机磷浓度为0．017～0．042mg／L,化学需氧量浓度为8．23—14．57mg／L。应用单项指标评价法和综合指数法进行评价,其化学需氧量超出富营养化阈值,需要对水体进行增氧等措施,降低水体有机物负荷等,其它指标基本适合对虾养殖的要求．     

虾池混养花蛤技术

虾池综合利用已被广大养虾生产者所重视。近年来厦门市同安区等地在秋冬季利用虾池进行日本对虾与花蛤混养得到迅速发展，经济效益显著。根据多年的实践，笔者认为具体应抓好以下几个环节。 1池塘选择 1.1虾池条件 进行混养的虾池除具备一般对虾养殖池的基本要求外，还要求排灌方便，池底为沙泥底，含沙量 60％以上，池深大于 1.2米。 1.2水质条件 海水比重要求在 1.010～ 1.022之间， pH值稳定在 7.8～ 8.4，氨氮含量 0.6mg/l以下，底质硫化氢低于 0.01mg/l，有淡水注入的内湾水质尤佳。 2放养前的准备工作 2.1清污和翻整 虾塘早季收成后…     

鳌山湾氮、磷营养盐的分布及变化特征

1996年11月-1998年5月在鳌山湾进行了6个航次的调查,根据所获资料分析了氮、磷的含量变化及分布情况。结果表明,鳌山湾氮磷营养盐的分布以北高南低为主,有明显的季节变化;溶解无机氮在冬、春季由沱底东北向湾外呈减小趋势,在夏、秋季由北向南呈增加趋势;无机磷（IP）基本上由北向南呈减小趋势;溶解无机氮的组成在大部分时间主要以NO3^- -N形态存在。鳌山湾水体的营养水平较低,NO3^- -N浓度范围为0.4-59.62μmol/L,IP为0.03-14.68μmol/L,特别是氮浓度较低,故该湾为氮元素限制海区。     

北海珍珠养殖区与非养殖区春、秋季磷的形态特征及其相关性

利用2008年9月和2009年4月对北海珍珠养殖区和非养殖区的调查资料,对该海区磷的循环特征及其生态效应进行了分析研究.研究结果表明,该海区磷的储量不高,无论是养殖区还是非养殖区均表现为有机态磷和无机磷含量明显偏低.除颗粒态磷外,所有形态磷均表现为秋季明显高于春季,突出体现了生物释放的补充影响作用.在磷的形态转化上,春...     

湛江港沙湾对虾养殖场虾池水质状况分析

2002年4～7月,对湛江港沙湾对虾养殖场虾池的水质及对虾的生长情况进行连续监测,应用单项指标评价、富营养化评价等方法,对该养殖场的水质状况进行了评价和营养分级。结果表明,该养殖场的水质呈高N低P状态,水温、DO和大部分池的pH、DRP符合第二类海水水质标准,DIN超标,超标率达70%,该养殖场目前处于P中等限制潜在性富营养水平阶段。     

Utilization of dissolved organic phosphorus by the two toxic dinoflagellates, Alexandrium tamarense and Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae)

ABSTRACT: The utilization of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) by the two toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech and Gymnodinium catenatum Grahamm which were isolated from Hiroshima Bay, Japan, was studied. Alexandrium tamarense grew poorly on fructose-6-phophate, glucose-1-phosphate, glycerophosphate, and ribose-5-phosphate with a phosphomonoester bond, although it grew well on the nucleotides adenosine-5-diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), as well as on dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP; as metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, tripolyposphate and orthophosphate). The results imply that A. tamarense was able to utilize DOP and DIP from ambient water using nucleotidase, pyrophosphatase and poly-phosphatase, which hydrolyze phosphodiesters. In contrast, G. catenatum was able to utilize DOP compounds of various molecular weights and structures as well as DIP. In time-course experiments, alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) was induced at orthophosphate concentrations of 0.43 mmol/L and 3.3 mmol/L for A. tamarense and G. catenatum , respectively, and APA increased with orthophosphate depletion. The experiments also demonstrated that APA was maximum at the optimum temperatures for the growth of A. tamarense and G. catenatum ; that is, 15°C and 25°C, respectively. These results suggest that the DIP-depleted conditions in Hiroshima Bay might have led to the outbreaks of noxious dinoflagellates in recent years.     

Estimates of Bottom Soil and Effluent Load of Phosphorus at a Semi-intensive Marine Shrimp Farm

A phosphorus budget for a single crop was prepared for a 685‐ha semi‐intensive shrimp farm that consistently has produced about 3000 tonnes/yr of black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon. Phosphorus inputs were shrimp stock, 0.31 kg/ha; triple superphosphate, 1.38 kg/ha; incoming water, 25.8 kg/ha; and feed, 65.3 kg/ha. Phosphorus outputs were harvested shrimp, 5.43 kg/ha, and outflow for water exchange and draining, 42.7 kg/ha. The high clay‐content soil in pond bottoms adsorbed 45.2 kg/ha of phosphorus. Water was taken from and released back into the same estuary and bay. The phosphorus contribution of shrimp farming to the receiving water body was the difference between the amount of phosphorus in effluent and that in the incoming water, which was 16.9 kg/ha. Bottom soil accumulated 67.8% of phosphorus added to the ponds. Another estimate of soil phosphorus uptake based on the relationship between cumulative phosphorus applied to ponds as fertilizer and feed and soil phosphorus concentration suggested that 63.2% of fertilizer and feed phosphorus had accumulated in pond bottoms. The farm effluent phosphorus load was 23.5 tonnes/yr. The estuary and bay system has an estimated volume of 4.8 × 10⁹ m³, and the annual phosphorus input from the farm had a concentration equivalent of 0.005 mg/L, and there were no other major inputs of phosphorus. The estuary and bay are flushed by freshwater inflow and tidal action, and the farm input is not likely to cause eutrophication.     

闽江河口养虾塘水体可溶性有机碳、营养盐和叶绿素a浓度变化特征

为揭示河口区陆基养虾塘可溶性有机碳(DOC)、营养盐、叶绿素a时空动态变化及其生态化学计量特征,在福建省闽江河口鳝鱼滩选择3个陆基养虾塘作为研究对象,于2018年5-10月原位测定养虾塘水温、pH、盐度、溶解氧指标,并采集不同深度水样,实验室测定DOC、可溶性无机氮(DIN)、磷酸盐(PO43--P)、叶绿素a浓度,探讨其主要影响因素。结果表明,养虾塘水体中DOC、DIN、PO43--P和叶绿素a质量浓度分别介于5.73~16.79 mg·L-1、0.04~1.80 mg·L-1、0.03~0.16 mg·L-1和15.02~443.08μg·L-1,均存在明显的时空变化特征;养虾塘水体DOC、营养盐、叶绿素a浓度受到养殖水体水环境参数、人为活动、养殖生物的共同影响;养虾塘水体碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)营养元素组成与植物、土壤之间具有相似性,并且表现为碳盈余和氮限制。在养殖过程中,加强对养虾塘水体营养盐和叶绿素a的动态变化监测,通过人为方式调节养虾塘水体C、N、P比率,对于防止养虾塘水体富营养化,促进养虾塘生态系统绿色可持续生产具有重要作用。     

The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penaeus vannamei</Emphasis> ponds

ABSTRACT:   The effectiveness on water quality, population density of bacteria, and shrimp production in ponds treated with commercial probiotics was tested in Penaeus vannamei ponds in Hai-yan, China. Six ponds with replicates for treatment and control were used. Results showed that the probiotics could improve the population density of beneficial bacterial flora, reduce concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, and increase yields of shrimp. The average counts of Bacillus sp., ammonifying bacteria, and protein mineralizing bacteria were found to be significantly higher in treated ponds compared to control ponds ( P  < 0.05). In control ponds, an increase in presumptive vibrios was observed and the average density was up to 2.09 × 10³ cfu/mL, whereas that was only 4.37 × 10² cfu/mL in treated ponds ( P  < 0.05). The use of probiotics also significantly increased dissolved oxygen ( P  < 0.05) and reduced dissolved reactive-phosphorus, total inorganic nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand ( P  < 0.05). An average of 8215 ± 265 kg shrimp/ha was obtained in treated ponds with a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.13 ± 0.05 and survival rate of 81.00 ± 6.25% compared with 4985 ± 503 kg shrimp/ha, 1.35 ± 0.12 and 48.67 ± 3.51%, respectively, in control ponds. This indicates that the addition of the commercial probiotics had a noticeable influence on water quality of shrimp ponds and shrimp production.     

Carbon and nitrogen budgets in shrimp ponds of extensive mixed shrimp–mangrove forestry farms in the Mekong delta,Vietnam

Mass balance estimates of carbon and nitrogen flux through two extensive shrimp ponds in the Mekong delta, Vietnam, were constructed to identify major sources and sinks of organic matter potentially available for shrimp production. Nutrient transformations in the sediments were measured to further assess rates of decomposition and burial and quality of organic matter. Tidal exchange was the major pathway for inputs and outputs of carbon and nitrogen in both ponds, with net primary production, nitrogen fixation and precipitation being minor inputs. No fertilizers or artificial feeds were added to either pond. The nutrient budgets identified burial and respiration as the next most important outputs after tidal exchange losses of particulate and dissolved carbon and nitrogen. There was no measurable denitrification in either pond, and volatilization was negligible. Mineralization efficiency of carbon in the water column was high (> 100%) in pond 23 reflecting rapid respiration rates; efficiency was lower (36%) in pond 12 waters. Mineralization efficiency of sediment nutrients averaged 34% for C and 41% for N in the pond with a higher annual shrimp yield (pond 12); lower mineralization efficiencies (11% for C, 10% for N) were calculated for the lower yield pond (pond 23). High burial efficiencies for both C (66–89%) and N (59–90%) in the sediments of both ponds suggest that little organic matter was shunted into biological production. Conversion efficiency for shrimp averaged 16% for C and 24% for N from pond 12, and 6% for C and 18% for N from pond 23. The high quantity but low quality of organic matter entering the ponds coupled with other factors, such as poor water quality, limits shrimp productivity. On average, nutrient outputs were greater than inputs in both ponds. This imbalance partly explains why shrimp yields are declining in these ponds.     

Digestive enzyme activity and food ingesta in juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) as a function of body weight

A study was conducted to evaluate variations of digestive enzyme activities in Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) reared in commercial ponds under semi‐intensive conditions. Shrimp were collected at each body weight increase of 2 g. As the shrimp grew (2–12 g), significant increases in the activities of lipase and chymotrypsin were observed. The total protease activity decreased from 6 g onwards. Trypsin activity showed a peak at 6 g and amylase activity increased two‐fold after 2 g. Additionally, the stomach contents were analysed microscopically for shrimp between 2 and 10 g. Plant matter contributed above 30% of the total stomach content in 6‐, 8‐ and 10‐g shrimp. Detritus represented 58% and 62% of the total stomach content in 2‐ and 4‐g shrimp, respectively, decreasing to 33–43% at greater shrimp weights. Artificial feed showed a maximum contribution of 20% in 6‐g shrimp. The present results show changes in the enzyme activity after the shrimp reach 6 g in body weight, evidenced by a decrease in total protease and an increase in lipase and amylase activities. The amylase/protease ratio was 2.6 in 2‐g shrimp and increased steadily to 9.6 in 12‐g shrimp. These findings suggest an adaptation of the enzymatic activity to diets with lower protein content as body weight increases, and may be related to the variation of the different items found in the stomach.     

Study of zooplankton communities in shrimp earthen ponds, with and without organic nutrient-enriched substrates

Zooplankton communities were studied in shrimp ponds using different strategies to enhance natural productivity. The traditional treatment consisted of performing the strategy of simple fertilization (TT); for the alternative treatment (AT), fertilization was combined with the use of organic substrates enriched with nutrients; both treatments were stocked with shrimp post-larvae (Litopenaeus vannamei). Additionally, ponds with substrates but without shrimp were also studied (C). Total zooplankton concentration was greater in C ponds (1,002 org L^?1) followed by AT (309 org L^?1) and TT (124 org L^?1), respectively. Copepods were the most abundant organisms in all treatments (≥65 %), but their concentration decreased when shrimp were present in ponds. Such decline of copepods enhanced the proliferation of other zooplankton organisms such as polychaetes, protozoans, barnacles, ciliatea and others. Contents of shrimp stomachs exhibited a shrimp preference for copepods, polychaetes and protozoans; in addition, stomach contents of shrimp revealed their higher consumption of zooplankton when these organisms are abundant in the culture. Finally, shrimp reared in AT had a better growth performance than those from TT. It is concluded that enriched substrates are useful to improve and maintain high concentrations of zooplankton; copepods seem to suppress the proliferation of other zooplankton populations; however, they are preferred preys by shrimp.     

Effects of Major Water Quality Variables on Shrimp Production in Inland,Low‐Salinity Ponds in Alabama

Common water quality variables in nine, inland low‐salinity shrimp ponds in Alabama exhibited wide variation in concentrations among ponds and over time. Shrimp performance also varied considerably among ponds in 2008 as follows: survival, 16–128%; production, 928–5950 kg/ha; feed conversion ratio (FCR), 1.18–2.89. Measured water quality variables were not at concentrations high enough to be lethal to shrimp; but water temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, total ammonia nitrogen, calcium, and magnesium were occasionally outside optimum ranges for shrimp production and may have stressed shrimp. Survival and production both were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with increasing concentrations of methyl orange alkalinity, total alkalinity, and calcium hardness. Negative correlations (P < 0.05) between production and higher pH and water temperature may have resulted from lower water temperature and pH during final days of the crop in ponds harvested in October rather than from an actual effect of temperature and pH on growth. Nevertheless, those variables that were outside optimal ranges or correlated with shrimp survival or growth should be further investigated to ascertain whether or not excursions outside optimum ranges are harmful and to determine if observed correlations are causal.