南方低山丘陵区泡桐无性系主要性状的综合选择

[目的]为了选育出适宜南方低山丘陵区栽植的白花泡桐优良无性系。[方法]以湖北省赤壁市5年生的18个泡桐无性系为研究对象,对其4个生长性状(胸径、主干高、总材积、接干高)和2个干形性状(主干削度、形数)进行变异分析、遗传参数估算、性状间的相关性分析以及多性状综合评价。[结果]结果表明:各性状在无性系间的差异均达到极显著水平。胸径、主干高、总材积、接干高和形数的重复力较大,均在0.785 8以上,主干削度的重复力较小(0.516 3)。胸径、主干高、总材积和接干高之间均呈极显著的表型和遗传正相关关系;除与主干高、接干高分别呈不显著和显著的表型负相关外,主干削度与其它性状间的表型和遗传负相关关系均达极显著水平;除与主干高呈不显著的表型正相关外,形数与其它性状间的表型和遗传相关关系均达极显著水平;通过多性状选择指数方程选择出的3个优良无性系与CK相比,其胸径、主干高、总材积、接干高、主干削度和形数的遗传增益分别为13.33%、6.59%、28.68%、40.08%、12.99%和8.89%,实际增益分别为13.82%、7.55%、32.04%、43.31%、25.16%和11.31%。[结论]依据建立的多性状指数方程,选择出适宜在南方低山丘陵区栽植的白花泡桐优良无性系3个,分别为01-23、01-22和1-58,入选率17%。     

修枝对8年生三倍体毛白杨生长及生理的短期影响

以8年生三倍体毛白杨优良无性系B301速生人工林为对象,从胸径、树高、材积生长、叶片净光合速率、树干边材液流等生长、生理角度,探讨修枝对三倍体毛白杨的短期影响。结果表明,修枝第二年,消除初始条件影响后,轻度修枝三倍体毛白杨胸径年生长量显著大于对照(P=0.034);5月中旬到6月中旬,轻度修枝胸径生长量显著大于重度修枝和对照(P=0.024),分别为重度和对照的1.59和1.69倍。修枝可提高三倍体毛白杨材积生长,轻度修枝材积生长显著高于对照(P=0.008),较对照和重度修枝分别高140.66%和90.16%,重度修枝也较对照高26.56%。对照和轻度修枝叶片净光合速率较重度高9.43%(P0.05),但在某些特殊点,不同处理间净光合速率差异显著。修枝对三倍体毛白杨树干边材液流无影响,未修枝处理较修枝平均高3.36%。总体来看,修枝可促进三倍体毛白杨林木生长,提高其整体水分利用效率,轻度修枝最佳。     

泡桐自然接干性状的遗传变异

运用野外观察、田间试验和统计分析的方法研究泡桐自然接干性状的遗传变异规律.结果表明;1)自然接干性状在无性系水平上存在着广泛和明显的遗传变异;2)8个自然接干性状(接干高、全干高、主干材积、接干材积、全干材积、主干平均削度、通直度和丛枝病等级)属于高度变异型性状,其变异系数(CV)≥30,CV变幅为30.159-52.620;3)接干高性状在影响和决定其他自然接干性状的总体表现和最终状况上起着重要作用,而通直度性状在泡桐自然接干性状的遗传改良中起着至关重要的作用;4)初步提出划分泡桐自然接干类型的"三分法"标准并证明了连续接干类型是最好的自然接干形式;5)除通直度性状没有达到显著性差异外,其他自然接干性状都达到极显著差异;6)自然接干性状在无性系间存在极显著差异;7)很多具有胸径生长杂种优势的杂交无性系的自然接干性却很差,而有些杂交无性系既有强大的胸径速生性又有特别优良的自然接干性;8)接干材积因子、主干材积因子和主干平均削度分别为第一、第二和第三主成分.一三者的累积贡献率达75.91%;9)"9501"、"9502"和"8508-2"是呈连续自然接干且自然接干性状表现最好的3个速生优质抗病优良无性系;10)简单估算了一些重要遗传参数.     

修枝对福建柏林分生长及无节材形成的影响

1998—2002年在福建省南靖国有林场对6年生福建柏林分进行的修枝试验表明:修枝促进林分生长和干物质的积累,修枝4a后,树高生长增加10 5%～20 9%,胸径生长增加2 6%～8 1%,单株生物量增加14 9%～37 2%,单株材积增加18 2%～44 3%,材积生长率提高3 48%～7 32%,林分蓄积量增加6 84～16 68m3·hm-2,其中促进林分生长效果最好的处理是修枝强度为50%;修枝降低了福建柏林木的尖削度,与对照相比较H/D值增加了7 0%～14 1%;在一定修枝强度范围内,修枝促进福建柏圆满度的增加;6年生开始修枝对降低尖削度、提高材积增长速率、促进节疤愈合效果最好,其次是5年生,11年生为最差;6年生的福建柏林分,在修枝强度为50%的条件下,树高、胸径、单株生物量、单株材积、材积生长率等以1200株·hm-2保留密度为最好。修枝强度和修枝间隔期可通过侧枝相对生长量法确定。     

泡桐优良无性系“TF33”干材表型性状杂种优势研究

以“毛泡桐×白花泡桐”的优良无性系TF33和两个标准对照品种(白花泡桐C001与兰考泡桐C125)为试验材料,研究了泡桐优良无性系干材表型性状的杂种优势.结果表明:(1) TF33、C001、C125无性系间各性状存在广泛和显著的变异;(2)3个生长性状(接干高、接干材积和主干材积)与3个干形性状(通直度、接干形数和主干平均削度)为高度变异性状(CV≥30％),CV变幅为33.10％～53.19％;(3)接干因子是影响和决定性状杂种优势最终状况和总体表现的最重要因素;(4)通直度性状的遗传改良是毛泡桐×白花泡桐杂种无性系干形遗传改良的关键和瓶颈;(5)多数性状间存在极显著或显著的相关性,且不同的性状间相关性变化较大;(6) TF33较C001有显著的材积生长杂种优势,较C125没有显著杂种优势.     

树冠结构对主干生长量垂直分配的影响

1985—1986年用定位测量方法研究了Ⅰ-69杨(Populus deltoides Bartr.cv.“Lux”ex.Ⅰ-69/55)树冠结构对主干生长量垂直分配的影响和主干、侧枝生长量分配的关系。结果表明,空旷地与人工林树干生长量分配趋势不同,前者树冠以下主干生长量较大,而后者的大生长量集中在冠部;人工林树干直径增量以地径处最大,向上逐渐变小,从枝下高处又开始增大,直到冠部。冠部树干直径增量一般都大于枝下干部,且呈波动式起伏;断面积与材积增量的分配,以树干基部较大,向上逐渐减小,随着修枝高度的上移,上部材积分配比额增大;侧枝生长影响主干上下生长量的分配,侧枝断面积增加1cm~2,可使分枝部位上下断面积的差值扩大0.7cm~2左右。修枝对调节树干的直径材积生长量分配有显著作用。可以促进树干上部直径材积生长。     

不同修枝强度对杉木干形的影响

在福建省洋口国有林场进行不同强度的杉木幼林(4a生)修枝试验,修枝每年进行1次.试验后6 a(10 a生)调查了不同修枝强度(6、8、10、12 cm)及其对照(未修枝)的杉木不同高度处的直径并建立了高精度的削度方程,通过削度方程推算单株材积和形数.结果表明:修枝对杉木的胸高形数和H/D值有显著影响,胸高形数和H/D值均随着修枝强度的增加而增加,但修枝强度为12 cm的形数和H/D值却小于对照.     

连续修枝对亚美马褂木生长及干形的影响

人工修枝是用材林无节良材培育的一项重要技术措施。本研究对亚美马褂木(Liriodendron sino-americanum)采用3种修枝处理,即分别修除占树高1/2、1/3、1/4处的下部枝条,连续3a对亚美马褂木3a生幼林进行修枝,每个生长季结束后测定,分析不同修枝强度对马褂木生长产生的影响。协方差分析结果显示:3次修枝后,1/3修枝强度下的树高生长显著优于1/2修枝处理及对照(未作任何修枝处理),在胸径生长上不同处理间及处理与对照间均无显著差异;在高径比上不同处理与对照差异不显著,但在胸径地径比上存在显著或极显著差异,1/3和1/4修枝处理具有较高的胸径地径比;从连续3a的观测结果来看,修除占树高1/4~1/3处的下部活枝,有利于促进亚美马褂木的生长,但过度修枝(≥1/2)对亚美马褂木生长有显著的抑制作用。     

修剪对木荷生长的影响及通径分析

为探索除叉干和修枝对木荷生长的影响,选择5年生木荷幼林为研究对象,以T_1(不除干+不修枝)为对照,采取T_2(修枝+除干)、T_3(不修枝+除干)的2种树体管理措施,对各项生长指标进行测定分析,结果表明:3组处理间所有指标均存在显著或极显著差异,其中,对木荷材积最直接影响的为平均分叉干数(1.826 1)和冠幅(1.079 6)。修枝、除干处理可以显著减少木荷的平均分叉干数、分叉率,T_1(CK)的平均分叉干数、分叉率分别是T_2和T_3的14.55倍、17.00倍和2.06倍、2.34倍;T_2和T_3的胸径、树高和材积分别比T_1(CK)高50.06%、29.46%、170.28%和24.68%、19.17%、77.28%。通过对木荷修枝+除干处理,可有效改善木荷分叉情况;在木荷造林1～2年时,加强除干和修枝有助于优质干材的培育。     

红锥地理种源在桂中的生长表现

对广西国有三门江林场 11 个红锥（Castanopsis hystrix）种源 15.25 a 生林分的生长性状进行了 研究,结果表明：15.25 a 生红锥种源试验林平均保存率为49.61%,林分密度为825 株 ·hm-2,平均树高 12.03 m, 平均胸径 12.57 cm,平均单株材积 0.087 6 m3,平均枝下高 3.37 m, 通直度 2.96。保存率在种源间 差异不显著;种源间的树高存在显著差异,胸径、单株材积、枝下高、平均通直度差异不显著。以树高、 胸径、单株材积、通直度4 个生长性状指标进行综合性状评定,云南种源综合性状表现最佳,树高、胸 径、单株材积、通直度性状指标分别超出总体平均值10.64%、5.01%、18.15%、22.64%,分别超出对照 19.05%、6.54%、31.18%、34.44%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.